Ion sulphuration-an effective surface engineering technique for reducing friction and wear of rubbing-pairs

The low temperature ion sulphuration-an effective surface engineering technique for reducing friction and wear of rubbing-pairs was introduced. It involves the principle of ion sulphuration process, microstructure of FeS film on 1045 steel, tribological properties of FeS film on steels, microstructions and tribological properties of MoS2 and nano-FeS/MoS2 multi-layered films, as well as their applications.

Post-sulphuration enhances the performance of a lactone polymer donor

Remarkable progress has been made in conjugated copoly-mer donors due to the development of novel fused-ring ac-ceptor(FRA)building units[1−15].The copolymers based on FRA units have delivered excellent power conversion efficien-cies(PCEs)up to 18.69%in organic solar cells(OSCs)[16].Fused-ring aromatic lactones are promising FRA units[17−19].

Characteristics of Gold and Its Mineralization Style in the Boulon Djounga Eastern Perimeter of Liptako Mining Company (Central Southwestern Niger)

The Boulon Djounga eastern perimeter is part of the Tiawa operating permit of the Société des Mines du Liptako (SML), located in the central southwestern part of Liptako (Niger). In this study, we used field data, Reverse Circulation (RC) surveys and chemical analyzes of gold to determine the characteristics of gold and its mineralization style. The eastern perimeter of Boulon Djounga is represented by a succession of metabasalts and metasediments both intersected by intrusions of quartz and dolerite dykes, and covered by sandstone and clayey rocks. Gold is present in low contents (0.00 - 0.30 ppm) in the sedimentary cover and in medium (0.30 - 1.00 ppm) or high contents (1.00 - 4.534 ppm) in the metasediments, and in the gray quartz veins and locally in the volcanics. It exists in a disseminated state or in a concentrated state in the surrounding areas in the form of discrete grains associated with sulphurous minerals (pyrite: FeS2, chalcopyrite: CuFeS2 or arsenopyrite: FeAsS). The presence of gold in the quartz veins, and the NE-SW and NW-SE orientations of the ore bodies suggest that the eastern Boulon Djounga gold mineralization would be established during a late magmatic extensive phase.

Influence of the Partial Substitution of Bitumen by a Mixture of Sulphur and Tyre and Plastic Bottle Powders on the Behaviour of Bituminous Concrete

This article deals with the influence of the partial substitution of bitumen by a mixture of sulphur and tyre and plastic bottle powders on the characterization of asphalt concrete. The approach adopted was to subject a control asphalt concrete to level 2 formulation tests as well as those modified at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by substituting bitumen with a mixture of tyre powder, plastic bottle powder and sulphur at 40%, 28% and 32% respectively. The results of the PCG, Duriez and rutting tests carried out on the control and modified bituminous concretes (manufactured using the wet process) revealed three (03) major findings, in particular with regard to workability, resistance to simple compression and rutting. The experimental results show an increasing trend in the essential parameters. At 40% substitution, there was a 22.73% increase in compactness, reflecting a significant improvement in the material’s workability. With regard to simple compressive strength, the increase is 34.02% at 40% substitution, highlighting the limitation of crack formation and propagation under heavy precipitation. With regard to rutting, the 16% drop in susceptibility at 40% substitution reflects a significant improvement in the behaviour of the material under dynamic mechanical stresses in heavy precipitation. The improvement in these behaviours results from the insertion of the plastic bottle powder into the interstices of the granular skeleton, thus reducing its cellular structure, and also from the interactions between the sulphur with the tyre powder and the sulphur with the plastic bottle powder, i.e. cross-linking or vulcanisation.

Spatial Variation and Sources of Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition in Nanchang

[Objective] The paper aimed to discuss the relationship between sulfur contents of mosses and the concentration of SO2-4 and the source of Atmospheric sulfur in Nanchang.[Method] 29 moss samples （Bryohaplocladium micriophyllum （Hedw.） R.Watanabe et Iwats） were collected from four sampling points,including North campus and Qianhu campus of Nanchang Power Station were determined.[Result] The results showed that sulfur contents of mosses tissues in North campus of Nanchang University （0.45±0.059%） were higher than Qianhu campus of Nanchang University （0.26±0.002%）,which coincided with the changing law of the concentration of SO2-4.Sulphur isotope of mosses tissues was-0.64‰-9.71‰.Sulphur isotope of mosses tissues in Meling （4.02‰-9.71‰） was higher than Qianhu campus of Nanchang University （0.55‰-0.56‰） and power plant （-0.64‰-0.45‰）.[Conclusion] Relationship between sulphur contents and sulphur isotopes of mosses tissues showed sulfur source of sulphur deposition in Nanchang city was mainly affected by 34S-enriched sulphur transported from northerly air masses and biogenic sulfur.

聚丙烯中硫酯类抗氧剂的质谱分析

采用齐格勒-钠塔催化剂使丙烯催化聚合得到聚丙烯.聚丙烯树脂本身具有优良的性能,如机械强度好,易加工成型,质量轻,成本低等,但也存在一些缺陷,如由于聚丙烯结构中存在叔碳原子,在造粒加工、贮存和使用过程中,易受热、光、氧等的作用而降解,导致材料的性能降低.……

Cu_2S-FeS-SiO_2-CaO系熔体氧化动力学及机理

在气体喷吹熔体表面的情况下,测定了Cu_2S-FeS-SiO_2-CaO系熔体氧化动力学。结果表明,熔体中FeS优先于Cu_2S氧化;硫的氧化反应对po_2为一级反应,对aFeS为零级反应,反应表观活化能为55.7kCal/mol;反应前期硫的氧化速率明显高于Fe^(2+)的氧化速率。随着反应的进行,Fe^(2+)的氧化速率显着增加。渣中CaO在一定范围内增加,脱硫速率及渣含Fe_3O_4提高;氧通过渣相的传递为总速率的控制步骤,氧的传递按两类机构来完成;气相氧浓度提高及渣中CaO增加的作用在于提高渣相中氧的传递速率。

Analysis and Producing Causes of Available Sulphur Status quo(Rich or Insufficient) in Farmlands and Countermeasures in Dengzhou City

In the research, available sulphur in 4 700 soil samples was tested and analyzed in 2006-2007 in Dengzhou, and the results showed that available sulphur was insufficient in farmlands in Dengzhou for cereal crop and about 60% farmlands with available sulphur belong to the farmlands with potential shortage of available sulphur for Cruciferae, Liliaceae and Leguminosae. Meanwhile, the producing causes were analyzed from the perspectives of fertilization structure and planting structure and the countermeasures were proposed in terms of sulphur movements in plants and characters.

Lignite oxidative desulphurization Notice 1.Process condition selection

The process of lignite desulphurization via its treatment by an oxidant(air or air–steam mixture)has been studied.The research objective was useful determination of steam application in oxidative lignite desulphurization.It has been proved that the water steam should be included in the oxidant composition to increase the hydrogen sulphide and combustible constituent content in the gases obtained during the processes under research.The impact of factors which affect the reactions between solid(in our case–lignite)and gaseous reagent(oxidant,i.e.air and or air–steam mixture)upon the research process has been investigated,if these reactions occur in the kinetic area.Such factors are linear rate of oxidant movement and coal grain size.The values of oxidant movement linear rate and coal grain size,which the reaction transfer from pyrite sulphur and organic content of lignite from diffusion into kinetic area occurs by,have been determined.Under these‘‘transfer’’conditions,the values of coefficients of oxidant mass transfer(β,m/s)as well as Sherwood criteria and boiling layer differences have been calculated.

Leaching of chalcopyrite with hydrogen peroxide in hydrochloric acid solution

The aim of this work was to investigate the leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate in hydrochloric acid with hydrogen peroxide as a strong oxidizing agent. The effects of the leaching variables on metal extraction, such as stirring speed, solid-to-liquid ratio, temperature and HCl and H2O2 concentrations, were studied. The maximum final copper extraction of 33% was attained with 3.0 mol/L H2O2 in 0.5 mol/L HCl at room temperature after 180 min of the reaction. The results showed that the copper extraction was increased in the first 60 min of reaction, after which it essentially ceased due to the fast catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Further, solid-to-liquid ratio affected the copper extraction significantly and the highest copper extraction was obtained in the most dilute suspension（i.e., S/L ratio of 1：100）. The dissolution process was described by the first order kinetics equation. The apparent activation energy of 19.6 k J/mol suggested that the dissolution process was under diffusion control. The reaction orders for HCl and H2O2 were established to be 0.30 and 0.53, respectively. The results of the XRD and SEM/EDS analysis of the leaching residue indicated the generation of the elemental sulphur on mineral surfaces which tended to inhibit the leaching rate.

Investigation on Steam Gasification of High-metamorphous Anthracite Using Mixed Black Liquor and Calcium Catalyst

The catalytic effects of single and mixed catalysts, i.e. single 3%Ca and 5%Na-BL（black liquor） catalysts and mixed 3%Ca＋5%Na-BL catalyst, on carbon conversion, gasification reaction rate constant and activation energy, relative amount of harmful pollutant like sulphur containing gases have been investigated by thermogravimetry in steam gasification under temperature 750℃ to 950℃ at ambient pressure for three high-metarnorphous anthracites （Longyan, Fenghai and Youxia coals in Fujian Province）. The mixed catalyst of 3%Ca＋5%Na-BL increases greatly the carbon conversion and gasification rate constant by accelerating the gasification reaction C＋H2O→CO＋H2 due to presence of alkali surfacecompounds [COM], [CO2M] and exchanged calcium phenolate and calcium carboxylate （-COO）2. By adding CaCO3 into BL catalyst in gasification, in addition to improving the catalyst function and enhancing the carbon conversion, the effective desulphurization is also achieved, but the better operating temperature should be below 900℃. The homogenous and shrinking core models can be successfully employed to correlate the relations between the conversion and the gasification .time .and to estimate the reaction rate constant, The reaction acUvaUon energy and pre-exponential factor are estimated and the activation energy for mixed catalyst is in a range of 98.72-166.92 kJ·mol^-1, much less than 177.50-196.46 kJ·mol^-1 for non-catalytic steam gasification for three experimental coals.

Grain yield and water use of winter wheat as affected by water and sulfur supply in the North China Plain

Water shortage has threatened sustainable development of agriculture globally as well as in the North China Plain（NCP）.Irrigation,as the most effective way to increase food production in dry land,may not be readily available in the situation of drought.One of the alternatives is to supply plants with enough nutrients so that they can be more sustainable to the water stress.The objective of this study was to explore effects of irrigation and sulphur（S）application on water consumption,dry matter accumulation（DMA）,and grain yield of winter wheat in NCP.Three irrigation regimes including no irrigation（rainfed,I0）during the whole growth period,once irrigation only at jointing stage（90 mm,I1）,and twice respective irrigation at jointing and anthesis stages（90 mm plus 90 mm,I2）,and two levels of S application including 0S0and 60 kg ha^–1（S60）were designed in the field experiment in NCP.Results showed that increasing irrigation times significantly increased mean grain yield of wheat by 12.5–23.7%and nitrogen partial factor productivity（NPFP）by 21.2–45.0%in two wheat seasons,but markedly decreased crop water use efficiency（YWUE）.Furthermore,S supply 60 kg ha^–1 significantly increased mean grain yield,YWUE,IWUE and NPFP by 5.6,6.1,23.2,and 5.6%（across two wheat seasons）,respectively.However,we also found that role of soil moisture prior to S application was one of important greater factors on improving the absorption and utilization of storage water and nutrients of soil.Thus,water supply is still the most important factor to restrict the growth of wheat in the present case of NCP,supplying 60 kg ha^–1 S with once irrigation 90 mm at the jointing stage is a relatively appropriate recommended combination to improve grain yield and WUE of wheat when saving water resources is be considered in irrigated wheat farmlands of NCP.

Microwave assisted atmospheric acid leaching of nickel from laterite ore

The recovery of nickel from laterite ore with sulphuric acid under the effect of microwave irradiation was studied.The experimental results indicated that the extraction rate of nickel was influenced by reaction time,sulphuric acid concentration,and temperature,especially by microwave power.The results obtained from the experiments of orthogonal arrays showed that the optimum conditions of sulphuric acid concentration,reaction time,microwave power,and temperature were 25 vol.%,1.5 h,600 W,and 90°C,respectively.Under the optimal conditions,the nickel recovery could reach approximately 90.8%,which was higher than that obtained by conventional water bath heating.Kinetic experiments showed that the leaching of nickel in a sulphuric acid medium was controlled by chemical reaction occurring on the surface of laterite ore.The apparent activation energy was 38.9 kJ/mol.Microwave heating technology is efficient,clean,and easy to control and facilitate continuous processing of materials.

Sulfidation roasting of lead and zinc carbonate with sulphur by temperature gradient method

In order to enhance the lead and zinc recovery from the refractory Pb-Zn oxide ore, a new technology was developed based on sulfidation roasting with sulphur by temperature gradient method. The solid-liquid reaction system was established and the sulfidation thermodynamics of lead and zinc carbonate was calculated with the software HSC 5.0. The effects of roasting temperature,molar ratio of sulphur to lead and zinc carbonate and reaction time in the first step roasting, and holding temperature and time in the second roasting on the sulfidation extent were studied at a laboratory-scale. The experimental results show that the sulfidation extents of lead and zinc are 96.50% and 97.29% under the optimal conditions, respectively, and the artificial galena, sphalerite and wurtzite were formed. By the novel sulfidizing process, it is expected that the sulphides can be recovered by conventional flotation technology.

Tribology properties of composite layer of CrMoCu alloy cast iron by combined treatment of ion nitrocarburizing and sulphurizing

Composite layer with nitrocarbonide and sulfide was made on the surface of CrMoCu alloy cast iron by combined treatment of ion nitrocarburizing and sulphurizing. The composite layer is composed of sulfide layer, nitrocarbonide hypo-surface layer and its diffusing layer, the size of sulfide globular grains distributing equably on the surface is in nano-micron-scale, and the phase structure of the composite layer is composed of FeS, FeS1-x, Fe2C and Fe3N. Under oil lubrication, sulphurized surface shows good scuffing-resistance only under low velocity, and nitrocarburized and sulphurized surface greatly improves the scuffing-resistance and wear-resistance of CrMoCu alloy cast iron, its integrated friction and wear properties are better than those of the plain and sulphurized surfaces under all the velocities.

Leaching Mechanism of the Spodumene Sulphuric Acid Process

Leaching mechanism of acid roasted ore in the spodumene sulphuric acid process was investigated. Experimental results of leaching rates along with variations of leaching temperature in the acidized and neutral leaching processes were reported. Applying ion exchange mechanism in acidized roasting and absorption entrainment mechanism at high temperature, leaching mechanism was discussed. A better explanation of experimental results was given.

Effect of sulfate erosion on strength and leaching characteristic of stabilized heavy metal contaminated red clay

Solidification/stabilization(S/S)technology has been widely used for remediation of the heavy metal contaminated soils.The heavy metal ions will be leached from the stabilized contaminated soil under sulfate erosion conditions,which gives rise tosecondary contamination to the areas around the mine sites.The commonly used Portland cement,fly ash and quicklime were takenas binder raw materials with various mix proportions.And then,the sulphuric acid and nitric acid method was used to investigate theleaching characteristic of stabilized heavy metal contaminated soils.The effects of binder types and binder contents,sulfateconcentrations(1.5,3.0and6.0g/L)and erosion time(0,7,14and28d)on leached concentrations of heavy metal ions fromcontaminated soils were studied.Moreover,a parameter named immobilization percentage(IP)was introduced to evaluate theinfluence of erosion time and sulfate concentration on immobilization effectiveness for heavy metal ions.The results showed that,theleached heavy metal concentrations increased with sulfate concentration and erosion time.Comparatively speaking,the compositebinders that had calcium oxide in it exhibited the worst solidification effectiveness and the lowest immobilization percentage,withthe largest leached heavy metal concentration.

Role of dissolved oxygen reduction in improvement inhibition performance of ascorbic acid during copper corrosion in 0.50 mol/L sulphuric acid

The kinetics of dissolved O_2 reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions on copper surface was studied in naturally aerated and air and O_2-saturated 0.50 mol/L H_2SO_4 solutions using polarization measurements combined with the rotating disc electrode (RDE).The Koutecky-Levich plot indicated that the dissolved O_2 reduction at the copper electrode was an apparent four-electron process.A correlation between the presence of dissolved O_2 and the formation of Cu_2O,confirmed from XRD,was discussed. Ascorbic a...

Extraction of aluminium as aluminium sulphate from thermal power plant fly ashes

Valuable metal extraction technology from thermal power plant fly ash is limited.In the present study,aluminium is extracted from fly ash as highly pure aluminium sulphate(>99.0%)by leaching with sulphuric acid,followed by pre-concentration and successive crystallization.Two types of fly ashes from different sources,i.e.,Talcher Thermal Power Station(TTPS)and Vedanta Aluminium Company Limited(VAL)were chosen for comparative study on the extraction of aluminium as aluminium sulphate.The product is characterized by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).Purity of aluminium sulphate was also investigated by inductively coupled plasma?optical emission spectrometry(ICP?OES).The extraction efficiency of aluminium depends on the varied solid-to-liquid ratio(fly ash:18mol/L H2SO4,g/mL)and particle size of fly ashes.Physico-chemical analysis indicates that the obtained product is Al2(SO4)3·18H2O,having low iron content(0.08%).