Effects of Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Nitrogen Accumulation of Summer Maize in Shajiang Black Soil Area

[Objectives] This study was conducted to verify the field application effect of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on summer maize in Shajiang black soil area by simultaneous sowing and fertilization, and explore the application scope and nitrogen metabolism mechanism, so as to lay a foundation for fertilizer reduction and efficiency improvement. [Methods] With maize variety Beiqing 340 and sulfur-coated urea as experimental materials, five nitrogen application levels were set, namely, control (C0), slow-release nitrogen 70 kg/hm^(2) (C70), slow-release nitrogen 140 kg/hm^(2) (C140), slow-release nitrogen 210 kg/hm^(2) (C210) and slow-release nitrogen 280 kg/hm^(2) (C280). The phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were all in accordance with the unified standard. [Results] With the application rate of slow-release nitrogen increasing, the nitrogen accumulation in organs increased first and then decreased after tasseling stage of maize. In order to reduce the fertilizing amount and increase efficiency, 210 kg/hm^(2) of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was the best fertilizing amount for summer maize in Shajiang black soil area. [Conclusions] This study provides reference for fertilizer reduction, efficiency improvement and sustainable development of summer maize in Shajiang black soil area.

Technical Regulations for Rain Shelter Cultivation of Summer Black Grape

The Technical Regulations for Rain Shelter Cultivation of Summer Black Grape(T/SDAS 36-2018)stipulates the terms and definitions of rain shelter cultivation technique of summer black grape,producing area environment,construction of rain shelter,seedling planting,types and con-struction of grape trellis,training and pruning,flower and fruit management,water and fertilizer management,disease and pest control,harvest,packing and storage,etc.,which is suitable for summer black grape planting in Shandong and the areas of the same ecological type in China.

Impact of European Black Carbon on East Asian Summer Climate

The remote response of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） to European black carbon （EUBC） aerosols was studied by using an ensemble of sensitivity experiments with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory （GFDL） atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） Atmospheric Model version 2.1 （AM2.1）.The results show that EUBC causes an enhanced EASM.The resulted enhanced southwesterly brings more moisture supply from the Bay of Bengal,which causes an increase in precipitation over the Yangtze River valley,northeastem China,the eastern part of the Yellow River valley,and the Tibetan Plateau.Diagnostic examination suggests that EUBC induces enhanced tropospheric heating over most of the Eurasian Continent through a propagating wave train and horizontal air temperature advection.This phenomenon results in intensified thermal contrast between land and ocean,which accounts for the enhanced EASM.Moreover,reductions in EUBC emission in 1992 may have contributed to decadal weakening of the EASM in the early 1990s.

Modeled Influence of East Asian Black Carbon on Inter-Decadal Shifts in East China Summer Rainfall

Two inter-decadal shifts in East China summer rainfall during the last three decades of the 20th century have been identified.One shift occurred in the late 1970s and featured more rainfall in the Yangtze River valley and prolonged drought in North China.The other shift occurred in the early 1990s and featured increased rainfall in South China.The role of black carbon(BC) aerosol in the first shift event is controversial,and it has not been documented for the second event.In this study,the authors used Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's(GFDL's) atmospheric general circulation model known as Atmosphere and Land Model(AM2.1) ,which has been shown to capture East Asian climate variability well,to investigate these issues by conducting sensitive experiments with or without historical BC in East Asia. The results suggest that the model reproduces the first shift well,including intensified rainfall in the Yangtze River and weakened monsoonal circulation.However,the model captures only a fraction of the observed variations for the second shift event.Thus,the role of BC in modulating the two shift events is different,and its impact is relatively less important for the early 1990s event.

Contribution of the Sea Surface Temperature over the Mediterranean-Black Sea to the Decadal Shift of the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation

Recent observational study has shown that the southern center of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation （SNAO） was located farther eastward after the late 1970s compared to before. In this study, the cause for this phenomenon is explored. The result shows that the eastward shift of the SNAO southern center after the late 1970s is related to the variability of the Mediterranean-Black Sea （MBS） SST. A warm MBS SST can heat and moisten its overlying atmosphere, consequently producing a negative sea level pressure （SLP） departure over the MBS region. Because the MBS SST is negatively correlated with the SNAO, the negative SLP departure can enhance the eastern part of the negative-phase of the SNAO southern center, consequently producing an eastward SNAO southern center shift. Similarly, a cold MBS SST produces an eastward positive-phase SNAO southern center shift. The reason for why the MBS SST has an impact on the SNAO after the late 1970s but why it is not the case beforehand is also discussed. It is found that this instable relationship is likely to be attributed to the change of the variability of the MBS SST on the decadal time-scale. In 1951 1975, the variability of the MBS SST is quite weak, but in 1978 2002, it becomes more active. The active SST can enhance the interaction between the sea and its overlying atmosphere, thus strengthening the connection between the MBS SST and the SNAO after the late 1970s. The above observational analysis results are further confirmed by sensitivity experiments.

GRAPES-REPS对我国南方2017年初夏持续性降水预报的检验评估

我国自主研发的GRAPES-REPS(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System-Regional Ensemble Prediction System)于2014年投入业务运行,为加深对该系统降水集合预报能力的认识,便于更好应用降水概率预报,本文以2017年5月中旬至6月下旬我国南方地区3次持续性降水过程为例,采用统计检验和个例分析相结合,评估该系统在72 h内不同预报时效的各量级24 h降水预报性能。结果表明:(1)GRAPES-REPS集合平均预报对小雨、中雨有较明显优势,但随着降水量级增大优势逐渐下降,对暴雨预报已不具有优势。其中,小雨预报范围接近观测,中雨(暴雨)有空报(漏报)倾向,大雨在较长预报时效上有空报倾向。(2)采用MRF边界层参数化方案和KF-eta积云对流参数化方案组合方案的控制预报成员和2个扰动预报成员为集合最优成员,其TS评分普遍高于采用其他组合方案的集合成员。(3)整体上集合成员降水预报离散度不足,尤其0~24 h预报时效,Talagrand分布呈U型,对小(大)量级降水预报概率偏大(小);随着预报时效增加,集合成员预报离散度显著增大,Talagrand分布逐渐接近理想概率分布。(4)集合预报在不同时效对各量级降水概率预报均具有参考价值,大雨、暴雨的概率预报效果优于小雨、中雨。(5)集合预报整体上能够较好把握典型暴雨日降水空间分布形态,对中央气象台漏报的广东中南部暖区暴雨有一定的概率预报能力。

“黑皇”葡萄在广西南宁引种表现及一年两收栽培技术

为解决广西鲜食葡萄栽培品种单一化问题,促进产业结构调整,增加广西葡萄品种种类,引进“黑皇”葡萄进行种植。通过连续2年4个生长周期对其植物学特征进行观察、记录,并研究配套的一年两收栽培技术。结果表明:“黑皇”葡萄在广西南宁地区表现出花芽分化好且整齐,果实着色正常,品质优良,适合在广西南宁避雨栽培条件下进行一年两收栽培。

CHOGTSO:SMALL GRAPES,BIG DREAMS

The hot summer ends and Autumn begins.Theonce colorful grapesturn redone byoneas theautumnwindblows through Damedyong Vineyard in Chamdo,Xizang Autonomous Region.

不同限根处理对‘夏黑'葡萄叶绿素及果实性状的影响

为筛选适宜大庆盐碱地鲜食葡萄栽培的根域限制模式,以‘夏黑葡萄为试验材料,采用5种不同根域限制方式,对限根葡萄叶片叶绿素含量和果实性状进行对比分析。与传统不限根栽培(对照)的葡萄相比,根域限制对葡萄叶片叶绿素含量,果穗、果实大小和重量的影响有限,但可以显著提高果实的含糖量和成熟系数、显著降低总酸含量。综合各项指标,以沟四周铺塑料布的限根方式效果最好,其次是沟四周铺限根器+底部铺无纺布,而沟四周铺无纺布未产生明显效果。限根栽培在促进果实成熟和提高果品品质方面作用明显,可以作为提升大庆盐碱地鲜食葡萄品质的新型栽培模式。

北疆夏黑葡萄优质高效栽培技术

利用北疆优势自然资源,依托新疆生产建设兵团第五师八十一团夏黑葡萄生产基地,以5年生夏黑葡萄为试验材料,连续5年开展定点比较研究和试验示范,集成应用以“厂”字形架面改造、水肥系统调控、花果精细管理、病虫害绿色防控、机械化等为核心的优质高效栽培技术,葡萄商品果率提高至90%以上,其中“一剪装箱”果品占商品果比率在85%以上,667 m^(2)产值约1.2万元,显著提升了葡萄种植效益,有效推动了北疆地区鲜食葡萄集约化、标准化、机械化发展。

夏黑葡萄一次果和延后果果实香气及关键基因表达分析

【目的】分析夏黑葡萄常规栽培一次果和延后果果实香气及关键基因表达,为提高湖南地区葡萄果实品质,延长葡萄上市时间及葡萄延后栽培技术提升提供参考依据。【方法】以9年生夏黑葡萄为试验材料,设常规一次果栽培为对照组(T1),分别于2022年5月26日(T2)、6月5日(T3)和6月15日(T4)3个时期对主梢第4节位短截,记录不同处理各阶段物候期,测定葡萄成熟期果实生理指标,包括果实单粒重、明度值(L^(*))、颜色指数、纵径、横径、硬度、可溶性固形物(TSS)和总酸(TA)含量等指标;利用气相色谱—质谱联用法测定不同处理夏黑葡萄果实挥发性香气成分,分析香气物质差异及化合物气味活性值(OAV),并绘制香气特征轮廓;通过对4个处理果实进行转录组测序(RNA-Seq),以|log2 Fold Change|≥1且P<0.05为筛选标准,采用DEGSeq筛选组间差异表达基因(DEG),并分析调控夏黑葡萄花香和玫瑰香的磷酸甲基赤藓醇(MEP)途径和类胡萝卜素代谢途径的关键基因表达量。【结果】T1夏黑葡萄从萌芽至成熟期所需天数较T2、T3和T4多30~39 d,T1成熟期果实单粒重(8.57 g)显著高于T2、T3和T4(P<0.05,下同),T1果实TSS含量最高,显著高于T2和T4,与T3无显著差异(P>0.05),T3果实中TA含量最低,固酸比排序为T3>T1>T4>T2。T1、T2、T3、T4果实中检测出的香气物质种类分别有25、25、24和24种,其中乙酸乙酯、己醛、反式-2-己烯基醛、丙酸酐和苯乙醇为优势化合物,含量占化合物总量95%以上,T3果实中萜烯类化合物的含量相对较高。乙酸异戊酯仅在T1和T3果实中被检测出;T3果实中橙花醇(16.30μg/kg)、香叶醇(8.74μg/kg)和柠檬烯(7.31μg/kg)含量在4个处理中最高。香气物质OAV与香气特征轮廓分析结果显示,T1、T2、T3、T4葡萄果实中分别检出OAV≥1的化合物种类为9、10、10和9种,果香和甜香气味强度最大的为T1,其次为T3,最小的为T4。RNA-Seq结果显示,T1 vs T3、T3 vs T2、T3 vs T4分别有2532、781和1113个上调DEGs,1397、703和426个下调DEGs。与萜类化合物合成有关的GPPS基因和与类胡萝卜素合成有关的PSY和CCD1基因在T3果实中的表达量最高。【结论】于6月5日左右对葡萄主梢第4节位进行短截的葡萄果实高糖低酸,果香和花香风味浓郁,果实品质较好。

海藻精处理对夏黑葡萄品质的影响

以夏黑葡萄为试验材料,研究海藻精不同喷施次数处理对夏黑葡萄品质的影响,确定海藻精的最佳喷施处理次数,为夏黑葡萄的种植、品质提升提供参考依据。对开始转色的果穗每隔10 d喷施1次0.25%海藻精,共喷施5次,测定单果质量、果形指数、单宁、维生素C、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总糖、色差值等指标,并进行单因素方差分析和相关性分析。结果表明,喷施0.25%海藻精后,可溶性固形物含量增加0.56%,总糖含量增加35.71%~74.69%,糖酸比增加31.27%~73.35%。维生素C含量在喷施1次时显著增加了7.03%。当喷施2次时,可滴定酸和单宁含量显著降低了12.90%、86.34%;色泽方面,L*、a*、h°和CIRG值增加,而b*和C*值降低。喷施1次时单果质量增加幅度最大,为4.17%,果形指数降低了2.06%~3.31%,果皮硬度降低了0.77%~18.85%,果肉硬度降低了1.02%~25.51%。横径和纵径在喷施3次时增加的幅度最大,分别为4.23%、1.54%。通过相关性分析显示,单果质量、果形指数、单宁、维生素C、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总糖、色差值等指标之间存在一定的相关性。综上所述:采用0.25%海藻精喷施夏黑葡萄1~3次,能提高葡萄果实的营养价值和果实品质,为夏黑葡萄的优质、高产提供了理论依据和技术指导。

华南复杂地形下GRAPES_Meso 3 km对流尺度模式前汛期精细化降水预报评估

为深入认识GRAPES_Meso(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)3 km对流尺度区域模式对华南前汛期精细化降水的预报性能,为模式改进及业务应用提供参考依据,利用广东省86个站点逐小时观测降水资料和国家气象信息中心多源融合降水资料,针对广东省复杂地形特点,结合距海岸线的远近及站点地形特点,将86个站划分为沿海东部、沿海西部和内陆地区三个子区域,采用二分类降水预报检验方法,定量评估了2020年5月18日—6月18日华南前汛期降水预报效果。结果显示,GRAPES_Meso 3 km模式精细化降水预报技巧受广东复杂地形影响较大,广东沿海东部和内陆地区24 h时累积降水的小雨、中雨、大雨量级预报成功指数(Threat Score,TS)、公平成功指数(Equitable Threat Score,ETS)评分高于沿海西部地区,尽管暴雨预报评分具有此相同特征,但三个子区域的暴雨预报评分总体较低;从3 h累积降水预报评分看,沿海东部、沿海西部及内陆地区等三个子区域存在明显的日变化特征,但是沿海东部及西部与内陆地区表现有所不同,沿海东部和西部降水预报评分夜间较低(预报偏差偏高),白天相对较高(预报偏差偏低),而内陆地区则是夜间较高(预报偏差偏低),白天相对较低(预报偏差偏高)。沿海西部预报评分相对较低的原因是由于检验时段内广东地区存在一个弱的风切变,而沿海西部大部分地区正好处于切变线南侧的温度高值区控制,但模式模拟该区域的日平均温度较实况偏低,导致沿海西部模式预报降水空报较多,降低其降水预报技巧。

夏黑葡萄电商物流品质评价及影响因素分析

目的对不同电商物流包装,不同产区夏黑葡萄的运输品质构建规范化评分模型,进一步完善运输过程中葡萄的品质评价体系,同时为不同运输包装的组合利用提供理论依据。方法以云南、江苏、天津等地的5个产区的夏黑葡萄为研究对象,采用4种典型电商包装进行48 h实物寄递试验。运用相关性和主成分分析,对夏黑葡萄的电商物流品质进行综合评价,筛选出适宜的电商包装方式,并进一步分析运输过程中造成品质差异的环境影响因素。结果主成分分析提取了3个主成分,累计贡献率达89.096%,对3个主成分得分进行权重相加和建立果实品质评分(Y)模型:Y=0.562Y1+0.186Y2+0.143Y3。结果表明处理组1(瓦楞纸箱/泡沫箱/冰袋/袋中袋)内夏黑运输品质最优且更稳定,其他3个处理组品质波动较大。通过分析运输过程中环境温度及振动的变化,发现EPS泡沫箱保温性能最好,冰袋辅助降温可以有效降低包装箱内温度,提高葡萄商品性;提高包装量是削弱Z轴振动对产品影响的有效手段。结论本研究建立了一套综合性的果实品质评分模型,利用该模型能够较为客观、准确地反映出夏黑果实的物流品质,对促进生鲜商品的电商物流快速发展具有重要意义。

基于改进BiSeNet的葡萄黑麻疹病害程度分级预测

为了准确对葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)黑麻疹病害程度进行分级预测,通过语义分割模型将叶片部分和病斑部分分割出来,以同一叶片上病斑面积与总叶面积的比值作为疾病严重程度分级的依据,对葡萄黑麻疹病害程度进行分级预测。精确标注了PlantVillage公开数据库中的419张葡萄疾病图像,细分为背景、叶片和病斑3个类别,并应用了数据增强技术增加样本多样性。以BiSeNet作为基准模型,引入GhostNet作为上下文路径的主干提取网络,不仅保持了较小的模型参数量,而且在精度上实现了明显提升,满足病害程度分级预测的需求。提出了累加空洞空间金字塔池化(CASPP)模块,用来替换BiSeNet模型中单一的上下文嵌入模块,以增强BiSeNet模型的多尺度上下文信息提取能力,提高了模型的分割精度。经过测试,本研究模型在测试集中的平均交并比为94.11%,在对葡萄黑麻疹病害程度进行分级预测时,准确率达98.21%,能够精确地对葡萄黑麻疹病害程度进行分级预测。

响应面法优化红提黑布林复合果酒发酵工艺

为研究红提黑布林复合果酒发酵工艺,通过单因素试验探究红提与黑布林的质量比、果酒酵母添加量、初始糖度、发酵温度、发酵时间对复合果酒发酵品质的影响。以感官评分为响应值,采用响应面试验优化得到复合果酒的最佳发酵工艺参数。结果表明,复合果酒最佳发酵工艺条件:红提与黑布林的质量比1:1、果酒酵母添加量0.3%、初始糖度25%、发酵温度23℃、发酵时间5 d。在此优化条件下,所得果酒酒精度9.1%vol,残糖9.6%,感官评分91分,果酒呈橘红色,果香浓郁,口感醇厚。研究结果可为复合果酒发酵工艺提供参考。

叶面肥替代植物生长调节剂对葡萄产量及品质的效果研究

在种植葡萄时常使用植物生长调节剂来促进果实膨大、增加产量,但是过量使用会导致果实品质下降。为探究替代植物生长调节剂使葡萄增产的方式,在葡萄不同生长期,对‘夏黑’‘阳光玫瑰’2个品种喷施阿米卡叶面肥和氯吡脲(一种生长调节剂)处理,调查葡萄的果实品质和产量。结果表明,喷施阿米卡叶面肥和氯吡脲处理能够促进葡萄果粒增大,提高产量,两者在‘夏黑’葡萄上增产差异不大,而在‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄上氯吡脲处理增产效果更明显。两个处理均会导致可溶性糖含量的下降,喷施阿米卡叶面肥可以降低可溶性酸含量,提高VC含量,提升葡萄的风味品质和营养价值,但氯吡脲处理会导致葡萄可溶性酸含量增加,影响葡萄的口感。总的来说,在‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄生产中与氯吡脲处理相比,喷施阿米卡叶面肥效果不显著,但在‘夏黑’葡萄生产中可以通过喷施阿米卡叶面肥来代替氯吡脲处理,达到提质增产的效果。

低氘水生物技术对咖啡碱和茶多酚浸出率的作用

为探讨低氘水含量对茶叶中咖啡碱和茶多酚浸出率的作用,以南岳云雾茶夏秋红茶为例,开展低氘水生物技术以及沸水浴浸提实验、微观结构测试和表征分析。结果显示:(1)4种含氘水的红外光谱图几乎重叠,在波长为1500~3400 cm^(-1)区间具有明显的特征峰。(2)对比蒸馏水组,低氘水组的南岳云雾茶夏秋红茶的茶汤颜色均有所增加;50 mg/kg低氘水组茶叶表面出现明显的裂痕和塌陷,而其他组没有显著的区别;与蒸馏水组相比,4个采集点不同低氘水组咖啡碱的浸出率均更高。(3)对比刚开始浸泡时间,4组咖啡碱的浸出率均有所提高,且在5、10、15 s不同低氘水组咖啡碱的浸出率均更高。研究表明不同含量的低氘水均有利于南岳云雾茶夏秋红茶中咖啡碱和茶多酚的溶出。

THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS AND DECADAL VARIATION OF GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN CAM3.0

Using the CAM3.0 model, we investigated the respective effects of aerosol concentration increasing and decadal variation of global sea surface temperature(SST) around year 1976/77 on the East Asian precipitation in boreal summer. By doubling the concentration of the sulfate aerosol and black carbon aerosol separately and synchronously in East Asia(100-150 °E, 20-50 °N), the climate effects of these aerosols are specifically investigated. The results show that both the decadal SST changing and aerosol concentration increasing could lead to rainfall decreasing in the center of East Asia, but increasing in the regions along southeast coast areas of China. However, the different patterns of rainfall over ocean and lower wind field over Asian continent between aerosol experiments and SST experiments in CAM3.0 indicate the presence of different mechanisms. In the increased aerosol concentration experiments, scattering effect is the main climate effect for both sulfate and black carbon aerosols in the Eastern Asian summer. Especially in the increased sulfate aerosol concentration experiment, the climate scattering effect of aerosol leads to the most significant temperature decreasing, sinking convection anomalies and decreased rainfall in the troposphere over the central part of East Asia. However, in an increased black carbon aerosol concentration experiment, weakened sinking convection anomalies exist at the southerly position. This weakened sinking and its compensating rising convection anomalies in the south lead to the heavy rainfall over southeast coast areas of China. When concentrations of both sulfate and black carbon aerosols increase synchronously, the anomalous rainfall distribution is somewhat like that in the increased black carbon concentration aerosol experiment but with less intensity.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET BASED ON GRAPES MODEL AND EXPERIMENTS ON INITIAL MODEL FIELDS

The Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES), a limited-area regional model, was used to simulate the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon. In view of the relatively insufficient information about the initial field in simulation predictions, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) data from a NOAA satellite were introduced to improve the initial values. By directly using the 3-dimensional variational data assimilation system of GRAPES, two schemes for assimilation tests were designed. In the design, Test 1 (T1) assimilates both sounding and AMSU-B data, and Test 2 (T2) assimilates only the conventional sounding data, before applying the model in simulation forecasts. Comparative experiments showed that the model was very sensitive to initial fields and successful in reproducing the monsoon onset, allocation of high- and low-level wind fields during the pentad of onset, and the northward advancement of the monsoon and monsoon rain bands. The scheme, however, simulated rainfall and the location of the subtropical high with deviations from observations. The simulated location of the subtropical high was more westward and northward and the simulated rainfall for the South China Sea was larger and covered a broader area.