A Comprehensive Review of Design and Technological Advancements across Various Types of Solar Dryers

This analysis investigates the widespread use of solar drying methods and designs in developing countries,particularly for agricultural products like fruits,vegetables,and bee pollen.Traditional techniques like hot air oven drying and open sun drying have drawbacks,including nutrient loss and exposure to harmful particles.Solar and thermal drying are viewed as sustainable solutions because they rely on renewable resources.The article highlights the advantages of solar drying,including waste reduction,increased productivity,and improved pricing.It is also cost-effective and energy-efficient.The review study provides an overview of different solar drying systems and technologies used in poor nations,aiming to identify the most effective and efficient designs.The focus is on comparing current models of solar dryers for optimal performance.The review underscores the importance of solar drying as a long-term,eco-friendly approach to drying food in developing countries.This review aims to evaluate how using solar-powered drying techniques can enhance food preservation,minimize waste,and enhance the quality and marketability of agricultural goods.The paper will specifically focus on examining the efficacy of these methods for drying bee pollen and pinpointing where enhancements can be made in their advancement.

Spectrum-Toxicity Correlation Study Revealed the Influence of the Nine-Time Steaming and Sun Drying Method on Hepatotoxic Components of Polygoni Multiflori Radix

Objective:Polygoni Multiflori Radix(PM)is a traditional herbal medicine with repeated reports of liver injury events in recent years.We wondered whether the classical processing method,namely,nine-time steaming and sun drying(NSSD),had toxicity-attenuating effects on PM and the relationships between toxicity and times of processing,as well as with the alteration trends of its compounds.Materials and Methods:The chemical fingerprints of different PM extracts were developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography.The spectrum-toxicity correlation between the chemical fingerprints and hepatocellular toxicity was analyzed with multiple correlation analysis.Results:The results suggested that the hepatotoxicity of NSSD processing products markedly decreased with the repeated steaming and sun drying,which was obviously superior to the product processed by the modern method.Comprehensive analysis revealed that the contents of cis-stilbene glycoside and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside related to liver injury susceptibility were reduced with the times of NSSD processing,which was consistent with the decreased trend of hepatocellular toxicity.After the five times of NSSD,the contents of them as well as the hepatotoxicity of PM were steady.Moreover,we found that the contents of catechin and physcion declined rapidly after the one time of NSSD and then remained stable until the nine times of NSSD.Based on the fact,they could be utilized to indicate whether PM products were processed by steaming and sun drying.Conclusions:This paper confirmed that the NSSD had a good influence on the toxicity attenuating to PM and found four compounds which could apply for the quality control of PM.

Antioxidant Effect of Plants Aqueous Extract on Lipid Stability of <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>during Traditional Sun and Smoke Drying in Far-North Cameroon

Fishes are suitable for sun drying and smoking. But their high contains of unsaturated fatty acids make them very prone to lipid oxidation. However, some plants are rich in natural antioxidants and have been shown to be potent inhibitors of lipid oxidation during processing of meat. The effect of three aqueous plants extracts on lipid stability of Oreochromis niloticus collected in Far-North Cameroon during processing was evaluated. Results show the high nutritious of these fish with high levels of proteins, lipid and ash (71.02%, 13.71% and 10.65%, respectively). It has been observed that oleic acid (C18:1), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) are the most dominant fatty acids present in Oreochromis niloticus lipids. Their lipid also showed a much higher content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to omega 6 PUFA. The total phenolic contents (TPC) of the three plants ranged from 12,150 to 16,050 mg/100 g. The leaves of Moringa oleifera exhibited the higher content of TPC. The results of iodine, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acids test were revealed that the aqueous extracts of the tree plants had antioxidant properties. These plants extracts inhibit lipid oxidation of Oreochromis niloticus during processing. Increasing of the concentration of plant extracts enhanced their antioxidant activities and the highest oxidation inhibitor was obtained at 30 g/l. Moringa oleifera leaves inhibit highly the lipid oxidation of Oreochromis niloticus.

日晒茶风味化学特征研究进展

茶叶利用日光萎凋或干燥,不仅可以节省大量能源成本,还可形成独特的风味品质。从日晒茶的风味品质特点、风味化学特征以及影响其形成的技术和环境因素等方面综述了相关研究进展。芳樟醇、香叶醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、癸醛等是日晒茶的关键呈香成分,其中1-辛烯-3-醇和1-辛烯-3-酮可能与日晒味有关;合理利用光照及空气湿度等环境因素,是加工高质量日晒茶的基本要求。在此基础上,从技术层面、理论层面以及产业层面展望了日晒茶工艺提升和理论挖掘研究的发展前景。

不同干燥方式对诺丽果多酚含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

为比较不同干燥方式对诺丽果多酚含量及其抗氧化活性的影响,本研究采用福林-酚比色法及高效液相色谱法(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)分别测定自然晒干、真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥后诺丽果样品的总酚含量及七种酚类化合物的含量,并采用自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力实验测定各样品的抗氧化能力。结果表明,自然晒干、真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥后诺丽果总酚含量分别是7.78、12.42和6.38 mg/g;对DPPH自由基清除能力分别是17.57、35.98、13.63μmol Trolox/g;对ABTS+·清除能力分别是17.57、36.09、13.63μmol Trolox/g;FRAP抗氧化值分别是43.12、73.49、39.12μmol Trolox/g:自然晒干和热风干燥的诺丽果中总酚含量及抗氧化性没有显著性差异(P>0.05),而两者与真空冷冻干燥的样品相比存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。HPLC分析结果表明,真空冷冻干燥后诺丽果中七种多酚化合物含量总值最高,达到1207.42μg/g。由此可见,真空冷冻干燥处理对诺丽果多酚的含量和抗氧化能力影响较小,优于其它两种干燥方法,适于工业生产较高品质及高抗氧化活性的诺丽果产品。

5种干燥方式对木薯酸淀粉性能的影响

为探究不同干燥方法对木薯酸淀粉性能的影响,本研究以木薯淀粉为原料,经乳酸菌发酵后,采用热风干燥、热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥和太阳光晒干5种干燥方法制备木薯酸淀粉,对其性能进行测定分析,并采用变异系数法对性能进行综合评分。结果表明,热风干燥的木薯酸淀粉粒径跨度最大,为2.36,透明度、碘蓝值和持油性最小,分别为21.57%、8.96和1.74 g/g;热泵干燥的木薯酸淀粉比表面积最小,为351.83 m2/kg,堆积密度、析水率和凝沉性最高,分别为0.87 g/mL、33.02%和74.89%;真空冷冻干燥的木薯酸淀粉堆积密度、休止角和析水率最低,分别为0.73 g/mL、37.49°和4.64%,透明度、碘蓝值和持水性最高,分别为27.03%、19.64和1.43 g/g,溶解性最高;喷雾干燥的木薯酸淀粉比表面积、休止角和持油性最高,分别为407.43 m2/kg、54.11°和2.33 g/g,凝沉性最低,为67.00%;晒干的木薯酸淀粉跨度和持水性最低,分别为1.73和1.08 g/g。综合评分结果显示,真空冷冻、喷雾、晒干、热风和热泵干燥的木薯酸淀粉性能综合评分分别为0.60、0.38、0.18、-0.50和-0.64。综合分析,真空冷冻干燥制备的木薯酸淀粉性能最好,其次为喷雾干燥,晒干次之,热风和热泵干燥的最差。

不同干燥方式的九制何首乌对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用

目的:探究不同干燥方式的九制何首乌对D-半乳糖诱导衰老小鼠的影响。方法:将50只ICR小鼠随机分成空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、九蒸九晒制首乌组、九蒸九烘制首乌组,每日腹腔注射D-半乳糖(0.5 g·kg^(-1))构建小鼠衰老模型,造模同时给药,持续12周。应用Morris水迷宫实验方法测定小鼠的空间记忆和学习水平,计算各组小鼠胸腺、脾脏指数,检测小鼠血清及脑、肝、肾匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)水平,检测小鼠肝肾功能水平。结果:与空白对照组相比,模型组空间记忆和学习能力明显降低,体质量、脏器指数明显下降,血清以及全脑、肝、肾匀浆中SOD、GSH-Px水平明显下降,而MDA水平显著上升,血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酐、尿素水平显著性上升;药物干预组与模型组相比,空间记忆和记忆水平明显改善,体质量、脏器系数显著增加,改善D-半乳糖诱导的氧化应激,提高SOD、GSH-Px水平,抑制MDA含量的升高,肝肾功能趋于正常。两种干燥方式的给药组小鼠的指标相当,无明显差异。结论:不同干燥方法的九制何首乌的水煎液对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠具有抗衰老作用,且两种方法的抗衰老作用无显著差异。

Study of the best decocting time of sun dried ginseng by using the hyperspectral imaging technology

In this research,a new method based on the hyperspectral imaging for searching the best decocting time of sun dried ginseng is reported.The spectral images at diferent decocting time of test sample have been taken by the st aring hyperspectral fAuorescence imaging systen and the solubility of active ingredients have been discussed by analyzing the changes on the spectral.curves.The spectr al range of the system is 400-720nm and the spectral resolution is 5nm.In the decocting process,the active ingredients of nonsoaked ginseng was dissolved in the tissue fluid at first,and reached equilibrium condition at last after the precipitation-dissolution reciprocating process of boiling.At last,the experiment al results show that the best decoction time of sun dried ginseng is about 60 min after boiling.

基于数据挖掘探析孙河治疗干眼用药规律

目的基于数据挖掘技术分析孙河治疗干眼的用药规律。方法纳入2020年9月—2022年6月黑龙江中医药大学附属第一医院孙河诊治的干眼患者的中药处方。将符合纳入标准的病历信息录入Excel建立数据库,对处方中出现的中药名称、性味、归经统一规范化处理后进行统计分析。结果(1)一般情况:共得到中药方116个,涉及中药130味,累计使用频次1,681次。四气以寒性药最多,共62味(47.69%);五味以甘味药最多,共48味(36.92%);归经以肝经最多,共41味(31.54%)。(2)使用频次:使用频次>20次的中药(高频中药)有28味。排在前5位的是茯苓(92次,79.31%)、甘草(87次,75.00%)、玉竹(63次,54.31%)、枸杞子(60次,51.72%)、生地黄(59次,50.86%)。(3)高频中药功效分类:以补虚药最多,共8味(28.57%),其次为清热药6味(21.42%)、解表药5味(17.85%),活血化瘀药3味(10.71%),安神药2味(7.14%)。(4)高频中药聚类分析:共得到4类组方,功效分别为养阴清热、滋阴降火、疏肝健脾、滋补肝肾。(5)高频中药关联分析:关联较强的前5位分别是当归、甘草-茯苓;山药、玉竹-枸杞子;延胡索-茯苓;山药、山萸肉-茯苓;山药、茯苓-山萸肉。结论孙河治疗干眼所选中药药性多为寒性,药味多甘,多入肝经,治疗总以滋阴清热、健脾利湿为主。

九蒸九晒和九蒸九烘干燥工艺对何首乌化学成分的影响

目的探讨何首乌在九蒸九晒和九蒸九烘干燥工艺中,其外观性状、浸出物和化学成分的变化规律。方法分别采用九蒸九晒和九蒸九烘炮制工艺制备样品,观察外观性状;参考2020年版《中国药典(四部)》通则2201浸出物测定法测定醇溶性浸出物;建立不同炮制样品的高效液相色谱指纹图谱,以二苯乙烯苷峰为参照峰,导入中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012.130723版),鉴定其中的化学成分。结果何首乌炮制后饮片颜色逐渐加深,显黑褐色或棕褐色,质硬,断面角质样,第9次炮制后有明显蜡样光泽,晒干品和烘干品无明显差异;醇溶性浸出物在2种炮制过程中均逐渐减少并趋于平稳。生品和炮制品的高效液相色谱图中共检出22个峰,其中7个共有峰,指认出没食子酸、5-羟甲基糠醛、二苯乙烯苷、大黄素、大黄素甲醚,发现7个新成分。3批炮制品中,第1批烘品中5种成分的含量比晒品稍高,第2批和第3批晒品中5种成分的含量比烘品稍高。结论何首乌经上述2种工艺炮制后的结果无显著差异,可考虑用九蒸九烘的现代工艺代替传统的九蒸九晒工艺。

晒田环境胁迫下克氏原螯虾卵巢的转录组学分析

【目的】运用转录组测序技术探究不同晒田环境胁迫下克氏原螯虾卵巢的基因表达变化,筛选出与其卵巢发育相关的候选基因及信号通路,为研究晒田胁迫方式促进克氏原螯虾卵巢发育的作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】以雌性克氏原螯虾为研究对象,分别在晒田环境胁迫0 d(CK)、3 d(T1)、7 d(T2)和10 d(T3)时采样,构建卵巢cDNA文库进行转录组测序,对差异表达基因(DEGs)进行GO功能注释及KEGG信号通路富集分析。【结果】共获得86377个Unigenes,在Nr、KOG/COG、Swiss-Prot和KEGG库中成功注释到22712个Unigenes;获得1115个胁迫组(T1、T2和T3)与CK的DEGs。KEGG信号通路富集分析结果表明,DEGs富集的PI3K-Akt信号通路、GnRH信号通路和雌激素信号通路与卵巢发育相关。实时荧光定量PCR验证结果表明,3个DEGs的表达模式与转录组分析结果基本一致,证明转录组数据准确可靠。筛选得到B2M、TUBA1B、MT-CYB、MT-ND1、MT-ND2、MT-ND4、DSX、Pck2、PIM3和serine prote-ase nudel-like等10个与卵巢发育相关的DEGs,并对其表达量进行分析,结果表明各基因在晒田胁迫期间均可调控卵巢发育。【结论】B2M、TUBA1B、MT-CYB、MT-ND1、MT-ND2、MT-ND4、DSX、Pck2、PIM3和serine protease nudel-like等10个DEGs及PI3K-Akt信号通路、GnRH信号通路、雌激素信号通路等3个富集通路在晒田胁迫期间参与卵巢发育调控。

孙河诊治年龄相关性干眼的临床经验

年龄相关性干眼系指围更年期发生的干眼,属于中医“白涩症”范畴。西医病因概与年龄因素所致的泪液总量、蒸发量及渗透压变化相关,中医学认为围更年期天癸不足,肝肾阴虚,精血失养目系致本病发生。孙河从事眼科临床教学科研近40年,以中医基本理论为指导,结合临床实践,治疗眼科疑难杂症积累了丰富的经验,辨证用药独有所长,效如桴鼓。笔者在跟师学习的过程中,观察、总结了其治疗年龄相关性干眼的辨证思路和诊疗特色,该临床经验可为今后的眼病诊疗提供新的诊疗思路及指导意义。

不同处理方式对八角莽草酸和茴香油含量的影响

为研究不同处理方式对八角莽草酸和茴香油含量的影响,以广西壮族自治区国有六万林场的八角果为原料,莽草酸和茴香油含量为指标,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取莽草酸和茴香油,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测莽草酸含量,气相色谱法检测茴香油中主要成分含量。研究结果表明,不同处理方式对莽草酸和茴香油含量影响不同。莽草酸含量最高的处理方式是100℃开水杀青后晒干,为9.64%;含量最低的处理方式是微波杀青后烘干,为7.35%。茴香油含量最高的处理方式是薄膜包住杀青后晒干,为4.23%;含量最低的处理方式是100℃开水杀青后烘干,为3.12%。不同方式处理八角所提取茴香油中茴脑含量均在90%以上。

合肥地区N_(2)O柱浓度的观测与反演研究

使用便携式地基傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(EM27/SUN)对合肥地区N_(2)O的柱浓度开展了观测与反演研究,分析评估优选了N_(2)O的吸收谱段,结合最优估算法反演N_(2)O的柱浓度,并与TCCON观测网高分辨率傅里叶变换光谱仪的反演结果进行了对比。结果表明,在六个月内晴空条件下观测的XN_(2)O在311.76~334.92 ppb之间,均值为323.26 ppb。对比分析与TCCON相同观测天的数据,两者观测的XN_(2)O变化范围分别为319.11~325.37 ppb和322.40~329.29 ppb,一致性较好。与TCCON站点反演结果相比,EM27/SUN光谱仪的反演结果略低,XN_(2)O总体误差为0.84~7.88 ppb,相对误差范围0.26%~2.41%。利用推导的校正因子对反演后的结果进行了后处理,误差降低到-0.90%~1.36%。

团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统晒塘阶段温室气体排放通量分析

为探讨团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统晒塘阶段温室气体的排放规律及综合增温潜势,采用静态暗箱——气相色谱法对团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统晒塘阶段温室气体(CO2,CH4,N2O)的排放进行原位测定。结果显示,团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统晒塘阶段均表现为CO2,CH4和N2O的排放源,其中CO2排放通量达(86.72±12.46)g/m2,CH4排放量达(2.01±0.34)g/m2,N2O排放量达(7.44±0.98)mg/m2;在100 a的时间尺度上,团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统在晒塘阶段综合增温潜势为(157.28±24.31)g/m2,团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统温室气体减排空间较大。

欧洲李不同品种晾晒制干特性研究

【目的】研究欧洲李不同品种在南疆地区晾晒制干特性，为欧洲李干制品种选择和制干提供借鉴。【方法】以新疆喀什地区伽师县种植的3个欧洲李品种法兰西、斯泰勒、女神为试验材料，在果实成熟后进行自然晾晒制干，分析3个品种果实经济性状、成熟期、失水率等对晾晒制干的影响，对3个品种晾晒制干特性进行评价。【结果】品种法兰西由于成熟早、可溶性固形物含量高，自然晾晒30d能够干燥；斯泰勒较法兰西晚熟10-15d，果实较大，自然晾晒36d能够干燥；女神成熟最晚，果实最大，自然晾晒需要的时间长且不易干燥。【结论】在南疆地区采用自然晾晒的方法，法兰西和斯泰勒2个欧洲李品种适宜自然晾晒制干，品种女神则不适宜自然晾晒制干。

制干方式对‘无核白鸡心’葡萄干品质的影响

【目的】探明制干方式对‘无核白鸡心’葡萄干品质的影响。【方法】以‘无核白鸡心’为试材,2010年、2011年连续2 a分别采用晒制和晾制2种方式制得葡萄干,采用气相色谱—质谱联用技术(GC-MS)和常规方法对其香气成分和营养指标进行测定。【结果】晒制和晾制方式对葡萄干的营养品质影响较小,但是对葡萄干的加工耗时、色泽以及葡萄干的香气影响较大,晒制葡萄干检出48种香气成分,晾制葡萄干检出54种香气成分,晒制葡萄干的乙醇和乙酸乙酯的相对含量低于晾制葡萄干,而2,3-丁二酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮和乙酸相对含量显著高于晾制葡萄干。【结论】晒制和晾制方式对葡萄干的营养品质无显著性影响,但是显著影响葡萄干的外观、香气物质的种类和含量。

枸杞晒干过程中黄酮类化合物和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的变化

本实验在枸杞表面涂抹Na2CO3、Na2SO3溶液作为除蜡剂,以不涂抹除蜡剂为空白对照,研究晒干过程中总黄酮和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase,PAL)活性的变化,并利用高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法检测枸杞中山奈酚、芦丁和槲皮素含量的变化。对总黄酮含量和PAL活性、3种不同处理方式条件下3种黄酮类化合物含量之间进行相关性分析。结果表明:Na2CO3、Na2SO3和空白对照处理下的枸杞在晒干过程中PAL活性、总黄酮含量呈现持续上升的趋势,山奈酚、芦丁和槲皮素含量均呈现先增加后下降趋势;同一处理下的PAL活性和总黄酮含量变化呈显著极强正相关,山奈酚、芦丁和槲皮素含量变化呈正相关;除蜡剂影响同一干燥时间下PAL活性、总黄酮、山奈酚、芦丁和槲皮素含量的大小,并且其达到最高值的时间也受除蜡剂的影响。

传统干燥工艺条件下葡萄制干特性及干燥模型研究

【目的】研究传统葡萄干燥工艺对葡萄果实干燥特性及水分扩散系数的影响,为新疆葡萄制干干燥理论提供理论依据。【方法】采用晾干和晒干两种传统的制干工艺制干,分析制干工艺对葡萄干燥特性及水分扩散系数的影响,建立干燥动力学模型。【结果】晒干工艺条件下,环境中的最高温度显著高于晾干环境中温度,最低温度低于晾干环境中最低温度。晒干条件下,葡萄果实的干燥速率高于晾干方式。通过对4种模型的拟合分析,Page模型是最符合葡萄干燥的模型,决定系数R^2值最大,卡方检验值χ~2和均方根误差R^2均值最小,分别为0.998 2、8.55×10^(-4)和0.001 5。通过有效水分扩散系数计算,晒干和晾干工艺的有效水分扩散系数分别为2.036 25×10^(-8)、6.468 8×10^(-9),晒干工艺的有效水分扩散系数明显大于晾干方式的有效水分扩散系数。【结论】Page模型可以有效的阐述传统葡萄会干工艺条件下葡萄果实水分的变化规律。

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱分析人参炮制品中的挥发性成分

人参炮制的化学成分变化研究主要集中在皂苷和糖类,本文首次从挥发性成分角度阐释了人参不同炮制品的物质基础。利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS/MS)方法,对鲜参、生晒参和红参中挥发性成分及其衍生规律进行研究。采用TG-5SILMS非极性气相色谱柱,以He为载气,通过NIST MS Spectral Database对挥发性成分进行检测并鉴定。鲜参、生晒参、红参中分别检出30、33和34种挥发性成分,其中生晒参中(-)-斯巴醇含量为鲜参含量的31.98倍,辛醛等8种挥发性成分为鲜参中含量的3倍以上,红参中有环癸等10种挥发性成分为鲜参中含量的3倍以上。生晒参和红参中各有4种挥发性成分在鲜参中未检出。