The Formation and Evolution of the Sun and the Source of Star Energy as Well as the Sunspots and Flares of the Sun

Nebula theory is the most widely accepted hypothesis about the formation and evolution of the Solar System. This theoryholds that the Sun is formed from a collapsed gas cloud 4.57 billion years ago;when the core temperature of the gas cloud rises to 10million K, the thermonuclear reaction of hydrogen fusion into helium is ignited, then the Sun become a star;once the hydrogen in thecore is exhausted, the life of the star will end. But the limited hydrogen element obviously cannot satisfy such a long-termthermonuclear reaction, in order to sustain long-term thermonuclear reactions, a steady stream of fuel must be obtained from space.So the existing hypothesis about the formation and evolution of the Solar System has serious defects. Thus the author has studied theformation of the Moon, the Earth and the Sun, and discovered the formation of the Sun and the real source of star energy. The authorcould also explain many solar activity phenomena such as sunspots, flares, prominences, etc.

CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF FOREST FIRES AND SUNSPOTS

This paper analyses the relationship of forest fires and sunspots in Hcilongjiang Province in the past 40 ycars(1950-1989). The results indicated that each of the forest fire indexes such as forest Fire rate(y1), times of forest firc(Y2), average forest fire area for one time Y4 (equals the Y5 / Y2) and total forest fire arca(Y5) has a negative correlation with mean annual relative sunspots of the same year; total times of forest fire inside and outside of forest stands( Y3) has a positive correlation with sunspots. The 5 indexes stated above has a similar relation to last year's mean annual relative sunspots.

The Sunspots

In the present paper, the theoretical frame work of magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) is used to give a solution of the problem about the origin, persistence and disappearance of the Sunspots;as well as their tendency to appear as bipolar magnetic couples. According to the results obtained, a possible explanation about the change of polarity in both solar hemispheres is given. Heuristic but logical arguments about the periodicity of the phenomenon of the observed magnetic polarity and the tendency of couples of Sunspots to appear solely in certain latitudes that can be called tropical regions of the Sun are presented. Finally, an indirect experimental test is proposed to show the possible process that produces the polarity of the Sunspots in a given cycle, as well as the invertion of that polarity in the next solar cycle.

Latitudinal migration of sunspots based on the ESAI database

The latitudinal migration of sunspots toward the equator,which implies there is propagation of the toroidal magnetic flux wave at the base of the solar convection zone,is one of the crucial observational bases for the solar dynamo to generate a magnetic field by shearing of the pre-existing poloidal magnetic field through differential rotation.The Extended time series of Solar Activity Indices（ESAI）elongated the Greenwich observation record of sunspots by several decades in the past.In this study,ESAI＇s yearly mean latitude of sunspots in the northern and southern hemispheres during the years 1854 to 1985 is utilized to statistically test whether hemispherical latitudinal migration of sunspots in a solar cycle is linear or nonlinear.It is found that a quadratic function is statistically significantly better at describing hemispherical latitudinal migration of sunspots in a solar cycle than a linear function.In addition,the latitude migration velocity of sunspots in a solar cycle decreases as the cycle progresses,providing a particular constraint for solar dynamo models.Indeed,the butterfly wing pattern with a faster latitudinal migration rate should present stronger solar activity with a shorter cycle period,and it is located at higher latitudinal position,giving evidence to support the Babcock-Leighton dynamo mechanism.

Using Optimized Distributional Parameters as Inputs in a Sequential Unsupervised and Supervised Modeling of Sunspots Data

Detecting naturally arising structures in data is central to knowledge extraction from data. In most applications, the main challenge is in the choice of the appropriate model for exploring the data features. The choice is generally poorly understood and any tentative choice may be too restrictive. Growing volumes of data, disparate data sources and modelling techniques entail the need for model optimization via adaptability rather than comparability. We propose a novel two-stage algorithm to modelling continuous data consisting of an unsupervised stage whereby the algorithm searches through the data for optimal parameter values and a supervised stage that adapts the parameters for predictive modelling. The method is implemented on the sunspots data with inherently Gaussian distributional properties and assumed bi-modality. Optimal values separating high from lows cycles are obtained via multiple simulations. Early patterns for each recorded cycle reveal that the first 3 years provide a sufficient basis for predicting the peak. Multiple Support Vector Machine runs using repeatedly improved data parameters show that the approach yields greater accuracy and reliability than conventional approaches and provides a good basis for model selection. Model reliability is established via multiple simulations of this type.

Sunspot Group Detection and Classification by Dual Stream Convolutional Neural Network Method

The automatic detection and analysis of sunspots play a crucial role in understanding solar dynamics and predicting space weather events.This paper proposes a novel method for sunspot group detection and classification called the dual stream Convolutional Neural Network with Attention Mechanism(DSCNN-AM).The network consists of two parallel streams each processing different input data allowing for joint processing of spatial and temporal information while classifying sunspots.It takes in the white light images as well as the corresponding magnetic images that reveal both the optical and magnetic features of sunspots.The extracted features are then fused and processed by fully connected layers to perform detection and classification.The attention mechanism is further integrated to address the“edge dimming”problem which improves the model’s ability to handle sunspots near the edge of the solar disk.The network is trained and tested on the SOLAR-STORM1 data set.The results demonstrate that the DSCNN-AM achieves superior performance compared to existing methods,with a total accuracy exceeding 90%.

Django框架下的Sun求职平台构建与功能实现

本文基于Django框架,设计与实现了Sun求职平台,旨在为求职者和招聘方提供一个高效、便捷的互联网招聘平台。通过采用Django的模型-视图-控制器(Model-View-Controller)架构,实现了用户注册、登录、简历上传、职位发布等核心功能。在前端方面,采用了Bootstrap框架进行页面布局,使界面简洁美观且具有响应性。在后端方面,利用Django的ORM系统实现了数据库的管理和交互,确保了系统的稳定性和安全性。通过整合第三方认证系统,提高了用户体验的同时,保障了信息的真实性。最终,Sun求职平台通过完善的功能和友好的界面,为求职者和企业搭建了一个高效的沟通桥梁,促进了人才与岗位的精准匹配。

The Influence of the Sun and Moon on the Observation of Very High Energy Gamma-ray Sources Using EAS Arrays

With great advance of ground-based extensive air shower arrays,such as LHAASO and HAWC,many very high energy(VHE)gamma-ray sources have been discovered and are being monitored regardless of the day and the night.Hence,the Sun and Moon would have some impacts on the observation of gamma-ray sources,which have not been taken into account in previous analysis.In this paper,the influence of the Sun and Moon on the observation of very high energy gamma-ray sources when they are near the line of sight of the Sun or Moon is estimated.The tracks of all the known VHE sources are scanned and several VHE sources are found to be very close to the line of sight of the Sun or Moon during some period.The absorption of very high energy gamma rays by sunlight is estimated with detailed method and some useful conclusions are achieved.The main influence is the block of the Sun and Moon on gamma rays and the shadow on the cosmic ray background.The influence is investigated considering the detector angular resolution and some strategies on data analysis are proposed to avoid the underestimation of the gamma-ray emission.

Solving the Olbers’s Paradox, Explaining the “Red-Shift”, and Challenging the Relativities by “Sun Matters Theory” and “Sun Model of Universe”, an Evolution of the Einstein’s Static Universe Model

Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.

Jovian Planet Influence on the Forcing of Sunspot Cycles

The history of our solar system has been greatly influenced by the fact that there is a large gas giant planet, Jupiter that has a nearly circular orbit. This has allowed relics of the early solar system formation to still be observable today. Since Jupiter orbits the Sun with a period of approximately 12 years, it has always been thought that this could be connected to the nearly 11-year periodic peak in the number of sunspots observed. In this paper, the Sun and planets are considered to be moving about a center of mass point as the different planets orbit the Sun. This is the action of gravity that holds the solar system together. The center of mass for the Jupiter-Sun system actually lies outside the Sun. The four gas giant planets dominate such effects and the four gas giant Jovian planets can be projected together to determine an effective distance from the Sun’s center. Taken together these effects do seem to function as a sunspot forcing factor with a periodicity very close to 11 years. These predictions are made without consideration of any details of what is happening in the interior of the Sun. From these estimates, sunspot cycle 25 will be expected to peak in about September-October of 2025. Sunspot cycle 26 should peak in the year March of 2037.

Variation in the Flaring Potential of Different Sunspot Groups During Different Phases of Solar Cycles 23 and 24

In this present study,we have analyzed different types of X-ray solar flares(C,M,and X classes)coming out from different classes of sunspot groups(SSGs).The data which we have taken under this study cover the duration of 24 yr from 1996 to 2019.During this,we observed a total of 15015 flares(8417 in SC-23 and 6598 in SC-24)emitted from a total of 33780 active regions(21746 in SC-23 and 12034 in SC-24)with sunspot only.We defined the flaring potential or flare-production potential as the ratio of the total number of flares produced from a particular type of SSG to the total number of the same-class SSGs observed on the solar surface.Here we studied yearly changes in the flaring potential of different McIntosh class groups of sunspots in different phases of SC-23 and 24.In addition,we investigated yearly variations in the potential of producing flares by different SSGs(A,B,C,D,E,F,and H)during different phases(ascending,maximum,descending,and minimum)of SC-23 and 24.These are our findings:(1)D,E,and F SSGs have the potential of producing flares≥8 times greater than A,B,C and H SSGs;(2)The larger and more complex D,E,and F SSGs produced nearly 80%of flares in SC-23 and 24;(3)The A,B,C and H SSGs,which are smaller and simpler,produced only 20%of flares in SC-23 and 24;(4)The biggest and most complex SSGs of F-class have flaring potential 1.996 and 3.443 per SSG in SC-23 and 24,respectively.(5)The potential for producing flares in each SSG is higher in SC-24 than in SC-23,although SC-24 is a weaker cycle than SC-23.(6)The alterations in the number of flares(C+M+X)show different time profiles than the alterations in sunspot numbers during SC-23 and 24,with several peaks.(7)The SSGs of C,D,E,and H-class have the highest flaring potential in the descending phase of both SC-23 and 24.(8)F-class SSGs have the highest flaring potential in the descending phase of SC-23 but also in the maximum phase of SC-24.

New Insight to the Surface Temperature of the Sun

Information is given on thermal radiation from the Sun, considered in practical engineering calculations of heat exchange. It was found that although the surface temperature of the Sun is assumed to be about 5800 K, the solar spectrum data measured by Kondratyev lead to a value of at least 7134 K. Such a higher value can be obtained by interpreting the Planck formula for the black radiation spectrum for the Kondratyev data. In addition, using the Stefan-Boltzmann law, the energetic emissivity of the Sun’s surface was determined to be 0.431. Furthermore, based on Petela’s formulae for exergy of thermal radiation, the exergetic emissivity of the Sun’s surface was also calculated at the level of 0.426.

SunGas Renewables公司与C2X公司合作扩大北美绿色甲醇产能

SunGas Renewables公司和C2X公司宣布建立战略合作伙伴关系,共同在北美开发和运营多个绿色甲醇生产设施,以增加可持续燃料的供应,并推进全球难减排行业的脱碳。SunGas Renewables公司是GTI Energy公司的分拆公司,是为可再生燃料生产提供成熟工艺技术和设备的领导者。

Simulation and Performance Analysis of Six Types of Sun Tracker Approaches:A Comparative Analysis for Solar Concentrating Technology Application at Burkina Faso

Modelization equations of six approaches for tracking the sun are recalled and used to evaluate the constraints and performances to which they lead to.The geographical study case is taken for the specific latitude of 12 North that is a good matching with the location of the country of Burkina Faso.Three decisive periods were locally established in order to consider the different travels of the sun on sky during one year.This work presents some technical data which facilitates the choice of sun tracking approaches with concern of a concentrator limits such as its angle of acceptance,its motion control card interpolation model,or its minimum irradiation level for energy conversion effectiveness.

Study on the preparation and properties of sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion

To solve the greasiness and irritation risks brought about by organic sun-screening agents in sunscreen emulsions,in this work,a sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion was prepared by two-step emulsification method,in which the outer oil phase was silicone oil and the inner oil phase was solid lipid nanoparticles coated with organic sun-screening agent.Several influencing factors on the formation and stability of the emulsion were analyzed,including inorganic salts,the volume fraction of outer oil phase(silicone oil),and the dosage of W/O emulsifier.The in vitro sunscreen performance,water resistance and skin permeability of different types of sunscreen emulsions were further studied.The results showed that the sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion containing 22.5%silicone oil,2.5%emulsifier and 0.2%NaCl had the best stability under the experimental conditions.The SPF value and water resistance of sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion were slightly higher than those of sunscreen W/O emulsion,but significantly higher than those of sunscreen O/W emulsion.Compared with sunscreen W/O emulsion,the in vitro transdermal permeability of organic sun-screening agent in sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion was reduced by approximately 60%,indicative of higher safety and good application prospect in sunscreen cosmetics.

上皮性卵巢癌组织中LRRC15、SUN2表达变化及其与患者预后的关系

目的探讨富含亮氨酸重复序列15(LRRC15)、SUN结构域蛋白2(SUN2)在上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)组织中的表达变化及其与患者预后的关系。方法选取102例EOC患者手术切除癌组织(观察组),以60例因卵巢良性囊肿行手术治疗的正常卵巢组织为对照组。采用免疫组化法检测癌及正常卵巢组织中LRRC15、SUN2表达。通过Spearman秩相关分析评估LRRC15与SUN2表达的相关性,采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线和Cox回归分析LRRC15、SUN2表达与EOC患者预后的关系。结果观察组LRRC15阳性率高于对照组,SUN2阳性率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组中LRRC15与SUN2表达呈负相关(r=-0.634,P<0.05)。LRRC15在EOC患者FIGO分期Ⅲ期、淋巴结转移中的阳性率高于FIGO分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期、无淋巴结转移癌组织,SUN2在EOC患者FIGO分期Ⅲ期、淋巴结转移中的阳性率低于FIGO分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期、无淋巴结转移癌组织,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。LRRC15阳性组EOC患者3年总生存率低于LRRC15阴性组,SUN2阴性组EOC患者3年总生存率低于SUN2阳性组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。FIGO分期Ⅲ期、病理分级Ⅲ级、淋巴结转移、LRRC15阳性是影响EOC患者预后的危险因素,SUN2阳性是保护因素(P均<0.05)。结论EOC患者癌组织中LRRC15表达升高、SUN2表达降低,LRRC15、SUN2表达与EOC肿瘤进展有关,检测二者水平有助于评估EOC患者预后。

SunGas拟扩大美国绿色甲醇产能

近日,美国GTI Energy子公司SunGas可再生能源公司宣布与马士基集团控股子公司C2X建立战略合作关系,拟在美国开发绿色甲醇项目,旨在扩大美国绿色甲醇产能,增加可持续燃料供应,推动燃料行业脱碳。

中山大学科技期刊出版史略(1866—2024)

本文力图较为完整地展现中山大学100多年的科技期刊出版历史全貌,在明晰中山大学办学源流的基础上将其前身各校的科技期刊出版情况纳入梳理,整理统计出中山大学及其前身各校在正式建校前(1866—1923年)出版科技期刊25种、建校后的民国时期(1924—1948年)出版科技期刊87种,共和国时期(1949—2024年)出版科技期刊60种,共计172种,并对代表性刊物进行简要介绍。中山大学的科技期刊出版以医学类期刊的贡献最为突出,其影响一直延续至今。这些科技期刊从科研学术角度记录了中山大学的学科发展历史,同时为中国近代科学技术的传播和发展作出了重要的贡献。

Dark Galaxies, Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction, Tunguska Event—Explained by WUM

Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth’s rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge;2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents of the charged Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by a huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.

基于Sun SPOT平台的无线传感器网络多跳路由协议设计

多跳路由协议是无线传感器网络中的关键技术之一,针对传统多跳传输协议在无线传感器网络的实际应用中存在部署过程过于复杂等问题,设计了一种灵活实用的基于Sink节点控制的无线传感器网络多跳传输协议(Sink Controlling Multi-hop Protocol,SCMP)。Sink节点通过发送命令信息实现对传感器节点的控制,并收集各个节点的路由信息从而获得全局路由,然后对传感器节点的数据传输进行进一步控制。在Sun SPOT平台上对SCMP进行了部署实验,结果表明,基于Sink节点控制的多跳传输协议更加方便灵活,在实际的无线传感器网络应用中具有一定的有效性和可行性。