Analysis on the Characteristics of Climate Changes in the Surrounding Area of Qinghai Lake

[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of climate changes in the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake.[Method] Based on the data of temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours from 5 representative meteorological stations in the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake during 1961-2007,the annual,seasonal and decadal variation of meteorological factors were analyzed.[Result] In recent 47 years,temperature showed obvious increase trend in the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake,and annual average temperature increased with the climatic tendency of ≥0.30 ℃/10 a,while annual average minimum temperature increased more significant than annual average temperature and annual average maximum temperature;annual mean precipitation decreased with the climatic tendency of-3.67 mm/10 a,and precipitation in spring and autumn reduced obviously,while precipitation in summer and winter increased slightly;annual sunshine hours also showed decrease trend with the climatic tendency of-1.79 h/10 a,while sunshine hours decreased most obviously in summer,and next came winter,while there was no obvious decrease in spring and autumn.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical references for the effective prevention of meteorological disasters in the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake.

The Characteristics of Changes in Sunshine Hours of Jimusi Region in Sanjiang Plain

Based on the data of sunshine hours from the four stations in Jiamusi region in Sanjiang Plain from 1961 to 2011, we analysed the changing tend and the abnormal year of sunshine hours in this region. The results showed that annual sunshine hours reduced extremely significantly in three stations of Jiamusi region in Sanjiang Plain in recent 50 years, especially in spring and winter, and the decrease of annual sunshine hours was the largest in the middle of Jiamusi region, followed by the west, while it was the smallest in the east. On the contrary, annual sunshine hours increased extremely significantly in Fuyuan in the northeast. Monthly sunshine hours of this area changed from 134.1 to 246.0 h, and the maximum data appeared in March, and the next was June, while the minimum one appeared in December. Total monthly sunshine hours reached the maximum in Tangyuan in the west, followed by middle Jiamusi and Fujin in the east, while the minimum appeared in Fuyuan in the northeast. Sunshine hours showed an increasing tendency only in July and August. From 2001 to 2011, annual sunshine hours showed a decreasing tendency in Jiamusi, while there was an obvious increase in Tangyuan, Fujin and Fuyuan; in the 20th century, annual average sunshine hours from the 1980s to 1990s decreased by 267.7 h compared with that from 1960s to 1970s. Among them, sunshine hours were the fewest in the 1990s. In recent 50 years, there was an abnormal increase in annual sunshine hours in Jiamusi in 1975 and 1982; while there were abnormal decreases in Tangyuan and Fujin in 1993, Fujin in 1995, and Fuyuan in 1982 and 1987.

Temperature Trends and Accumulation of Chill Hours, Chill Units, and Chill Portions in South Carolina

There is considerable concern about the potential impact of climate change on agriculture, such as the accumulation of chilling hours needed to break the dormancy of many perennial plants, like fruit trees. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if there had been a significant change in air temperatures and chill hours, chill units, and chill portion accumulation in South Carolina over the last two decades. Two decades of daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperature records were obtained from weather stations in thirty-one counties in South Carolina. Hourly temperature data, reconstructed from the daily data, were used to calculate the daily and annual chill hours, chill units, and chill portions accumulation using four different chill models for each location and year. The chill models included the T(t) °C model, the 0°C °C model, the Utah model, and the Dynamic model. For each county, regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the historical trends. Despite year-to-year variability, the tendency was a statistically significant (α = 0.05) increase in air temperature, averaging 0.089°C per year for 20 out of 31 counties in South Carolina. The other 11 counties had no significant change in temperature. The average temperature increase in the 31 counties was 0.072°C per year. The temperature increase resulted in a decrease in annual chill accumulation during the fall to spring, averaging 17.7 chill hours, 8.6 chill hours, 17.0 chill units, and 0.40 chill portions per year calculated with the T(t) °C, 0°C °C, Utah, and Dynamic models, respectively. However, whether this decrease in chill values was statistically significant or not depended on the chill model used. This study did not investigate the cause of the observed historical trends in temperature and chill accumulation. Still, if the trends continue, they could significantly impact the future of the temperate fruit tree industry in the state.

Variation Characteristics of Sunshine Hours and Its Reason Analysis over Loess Plateau of Shaanxi

[Objective] The research aimed to study variation characteristics of sunshine hours over Loess Plateau of Shaanxi during 1961-2010.[Method] By using the climate tendency rate,climate trend coefficient and linear correlation,the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of sunshine hours in Loess Plateau of Shaanxi in recent 50 years were analyzed.Moreover,the main reason for inducing variation of sunshine hours in the zone was discussed.[Result] In recent 50 years,the variation of annual sunshine hours in Loess Plateau of Shaanxi mainly presented decrease trend.The decrease zones were mainly located in windy desert region along the Great Wall line,central loess hilly region,most areas of plateau remains region and most areas of arid plateau region in north Weihe River.The increase zones were mainly located in west and northeast plateau remains region,southwest plateau remains region,some areas of arid plateau region in north Weihe River.Seen from four-season variation trend,except in spring,the sunshine hours in other seasons presented varying decrease trends.The decrease amplitude in summer was 24.34 h/10 a,and was the most significant.The second one was-16.62 h/10 a in winter.The decrease amplitude in winter was 3.55 h/10 a,and was unobvious.Seen from spatial variation,the annual sunshine hours presented significant increase trend in Mizhi of loess hilly region and significant decrease trend in Dingbian,Shenmu of windy desert region along the Great Wall line,Qingjian,Yanchuan of plateau remains region,Longxian,Fengxiang,Chunhua and Hancheng of arid plateau region in north Weihe River.There was no obvious variation trend in other research zones.The annual and four-season sunshine hours all presented negative correlations with rainfall,relative humidity,total cloud amount,low cloud amount,water vapor pressure and fog days.The sunshine hours presented positive correlation with visibility.The correlation coefficients between sunshine hours and relative humidity,rainfall,total cloud amount,water vapor pressure,fog days and visibility were all bigger in each region.[Conclusion] The research provided basis for analyzing climate variation over Loess Plateau of Shaanxi.

Impact of Climate Warming and Drying on Crop Growing Season in Northwestern Liaoning

Based on the observation data of the average temperature and precipitation of 8 national meteorological stations in the northwest region of Liaoning Province from April to October during 1961-2015,methods such as linear trend estimation,moving average,standard deviation and Mann-Kendall test are used to analyze the characteristics of average temperature and precipitation during the crop growing season in northwestern Liaoning.The results show that the average temperature during the crop growing season in the study area showed an upward trend,and the climate tendency rate was 0.193 ℃/10 a( P < 0.01).The largest contribution rate to temperature increase was in September,with a climate tendency rate of 0.27 ℃/10 a;the smallest contribution rate to the temperature increase was in July,with a climate tendency rate of 0.10 ℃/10 a.The warming trend was the most obvious in the second base year,with a climate tendency rate of 0.413 ℃/10 a( P < 0.01).The temperature was the lowest in the 1970s and the highest in the 2010s.The warming trend changed suddenly in 1996,and the sudden change reached a significant level of α = 0.05 after 2002.Precipitation was generally decreased,and the climate tendency rate was -7.68 mm/10 a.The decrease in precipitation was the most in July,and the climate tendency rate was -12.08 mm/10 a.The average temperature in the four base years failed to pass the correlation significance test.Among them,it showed an increasing trend in the second and third base year and a decreasing trend in the first and fourth base year.Rainfall was the highest in the 1960s and the lowest in the 1980s.After the abrupt change in 2002,precipitation decreased significantly.The research results provide reference for effective utilization of climate resources,rational adjustment of agricultural planting structure,and improvement of ecological environment quality.

湘西北地区雪茄烟种植气候适宜性评价

为了明确湘西北地区雪茄烟种植气候适宜性,以7个县1991-2020年的气候观测数据为基础资料,选取10项关键气候因子,运用模糊数学隶属函数和主成分分析法对湘西北地区的气候适宜性进行综合评价。结果表明,湘西北地区种植雪茄烟的气候适宜性由高到低依次为慈利县、麻阳县、靖州县、龙山县、凤凰县、桑植县、永顺县。湘西北各县均存在5月初-6月初降雨量和7月初-8月底降雨量偏多、5月初-8月底日照时数偏低的情况,这是雪茄烟生产种植的障碍因子。

1961-2020年宜昌市风速变化特征研究

利用宜昌市1961-2020年逐日2 min平均风速资料,采用气候倾向法、Mann-Kendall检验法和小波分析法,从不同时间尺度分析平均风速的变化趋势、突变和周期特征,揭示三峡局部地区长时间序列风速变化规律。结果表明:近60年来宜昌市年平均风速有增大的趋势,递增率为0.084 m/(s·10 a);四季平均风速均呈略增大趋势,四季气候倾向率相近。8月平均风速增大最快,6月平均风速增大最慢。Mann-Kendall突变检验分析得出宜昌市年平均风速在1971、1996和2013年发生突变。小波分析结果表明,年平均风速变化有周期性规律,其第一主周期为32年。

Trends in sunshine duration and atmospheric visibility in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,1961-2005

Using the observed data from 184 stations over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (YGP) from 1961 to 2005,the long-term trends in sunshine duration,cloud amount,dry visibility (Vd),dry extinction,and water vapor over the YGP are analyzed.The results show that 85% of the stations recorded shortening annual sunshine duration,with the decrease rates between -12.2 and -173.7 h/10yr.Results of Mann-Kendall tests indicate that,among the stations with decreasing sunshine duration,63.7% of them experienced an abrupt change that started in the 1970s and peaked in the 1980s.This decreasing trend has reversed in the early years of the 21st century.The cloud cover and water vapor content in the mid and lower levels over the YGP had no obvious changes during the study period.The annual averages of Vd declined from 34 km in the 1960s to 27 km at present.The annual mean dry extinction coefficient trended upward,from 0.176 to 0.190,on the YGP from 1980 to 2005.Analyses of cloud cover,water vapor,atmos-pheric visibility,and dry extinction coefficient revealed that emitted tropospheric aerosols (including air pollutants) resulting from increased energy consumption over the YGP could be a major factor influencing the reductions of sunshine duration and atmospheric visibility.

Change Trends of Accumulated Temperature and Effects on Agricultural Production in Shenyang during Recent 58 Years

[Objective] The aim was to study the change trend of accumulated temperature in Shenyang in recent 58 years, as well as its effect on agricultural production. [Method] Based on the surface temperature data in Shenyang, the change trends of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature in Shenyang in recent 58 years were analyzed by means of climatic statistics method, and the effects of accumulated temperature variation on agricultural production were discussed. [Result] In recent 58 years, the first day with temperature ≥0 ℃ advanced 10 d, and the last day put off slightly, while sustained days prolonged 13 d, and ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature increased by 343 ℃·d; meanwhile, the first day with temperature ≥10 ℃ advanced 9 d, and the last day put off 8 d, while sustained days prolonged 16 d, and ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature increased by 370 ℃·d; compared with the first 20 years, sustained days with temperature ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ prolonged 9 d in the last 20 years, and ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature increased by 196 and 202 ℃·d, respectively. In addition, the increase of heat resources affected agricultural production in Shenyang. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for grasping heat resources variation and adjusting agriculture distribution.

Simple Analysis on Change Features of Total Solar Radiation in Sanjiang Plain

The yearly,quarterly,monthly and daily change tendencies of total solar radiation at Jiamusi station of Sanjiang Plain were analyzed by statistical approach such as linear tendency estimate with its hourly ground meteorological observation data during 1986 to 2015.The research results indicated that the yearly tendency rate of total solar radiation was increasing obviously,with the velocity of 114.30 MJ/(m2·10 a),while the yearly total solar radiation was 3 667.28-4 935.88 MJ/m^2,and that of March to September was higher than the average.The summer total solar radiation was the most,followed by spring,and that of all the seasons increased except autumn which decreased.The daily total solar radiation increased rapidly from the last ten days of January and reached the peak at the end of June,while it plummeted from the beginning of September to the middle ten days of November,then tended to be gentle.The amount of 5-year total solar radiation was less after 1980s while it was more before1990s,and the total solar radiation was decreasing from 1996 to 2005 but on the contrary it kept increasing in recent ten years.Over the years the earliest record of solar radiation appeared at 05:00 and the latest at 20:00,and the daily variation of the hourly solar radiation got a normal distribution centered on 12:00 to 13:00.

辽西北地区近60 a气候变化趋势及空间分异特征

了解辽西北半干旱生态脆弱区的气候变化规律,对科学指导农业生产具有重要意义。基于1961—2020年辽西北地区23个气象站点的数据,利用Theil-SenMedian斜率估算、Mann-Kendall趋势分析及突变检验,在辽西北区域尺度,探讨1961—2020年的气温、降水量、风速、日照时间、潜在蒸散量、湿润指数、相对湿度、大气压等要素的变化趋势,在辽西北地区行政区的局域尺度上,探讨不同气象要素的空间分异特征。结果表明:辽西北地区年均气温以0.027℃·a^(-1)倾向率呈显著增加(p<0.01),降水量以0.686 mm·a^(-1)倾向率下降。风速、气压、日照时间呈显著下降(p<0.01),但潜在蒸散量、湿润指数的下降趋势及相对湿度的增加趋势均不显著。春季、冬季的增温倾向率(0.040、0.039℃·a^(-1)),明显高于夏季、秋季的增温倾向率(0.016、0.018℃·a^(-1))。夏季降水、日照时间倾向率降幅分别达到-0.949 mm·a^(-1)、-1.814 h·a^(-1)。辽西北地区气候变化呈现出,中部局域强暖干化趋势明显,而东北、西南局域暖干化趋势逐渐减弱的空间分异特征。日照时间下降倾向率呈现出由东北向西南逐渐递减的空间格局,其极显著下降趋势会给昌图、康平、彰武、阜蒙、朝阳等生态脆弱区的农业生产具有更大的负面影响。

Temperature Changes in Typical Karst Area of Guangxi to Global Warming during 1971- 2013

The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of temperature were analyzed by using climate tendency coefficient,climatic inclination rate and Mann-Kendall catastrophe test,based on the annual and seasonal average temperatures of 28 meteorological stations in Guangxi from 1971 to 2013. Under the global warming,the annual and seasonal average temperatures in typical karst area of Guangxi had an increasing trend. The climate inclination rate of annual average temperature reached a significant level,which was about 0. 17 ℃ /10 a,and the year of abrupt changes appeared in 1996. About seasonal temperature's trend,average temperatures of all the four seasons had an increase trend in the past 43 years,and the significant increase was happened in autumn with the temperature increase rate of 0. 28 ℃ /10 a,followed by increase rate of average temperature in winter with 0. 25 ℃ /10 a. A long-term warming tendency was observed by seasonal average temperature from 1971 to 2013,especially during 2002- 2013.

1961—2020年乌鲁木齐市气候舒适度变化

基于综合气候舒适度指数模型以及乌鲁木齐市及其周边9个气象站1961—2020年气候资料,采用统计学方法和ArcGIS的空间插值技术对近60年乌鲁木齐市气候舒适度时空变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)气候舒适度指数的年内变化,平原地带呈双峰双谷的“M”型,山区为单峰单谷的“∩”型。(2)受气温、相对湿度升高,风速、日照时数下降的共同影响,近60年平原地带春、秋、冬季气候舒适度指数显著(P=0.05)增大,夏季显著减小;山区夏、秋季气候舒适度指数显著增大,冬、春季变化不明显。(3)1991—2020年较前30 a(1961—1990年),春季和秋季气候较舒适区海拔上限升高了100~150 m,面积扩大950 km^(2),较不舒适区和不舒适区向高海拔抬升了50~100 m,面积分别减小694~828 km^(2)和131~236 km^(2);夏季气候舒适区向高海拔抬升了约100 m,面积减小514 km^(2),较舒适区海拔上限升高了100~150 m,面积扩大约718 km^(2),较不舒适区和不舒适区向高海拔抬升了50~100 m,面积略有减小;冬季全市属于气候不舒适区的状况未发生改变。

1991—2020年南宁市气候变化特征分析

为提高全球气候变化大背景下南宁市社会经济发展的气候应对能力,了解近30年来南宁市气候变化特征,根据1991—2020年南宁市平均气温、降水量、日照时数数据,本文运用线性回归法、滑动平均法及累积距平法对南宁市近30年的气候变化进行研究分析。结果表明:近30年来南宁市平均气温以0.0071℃/a的幅度下降,除春季外,其余3季平均气温均为下降趋势;降水量也以0.887 mm/a的幅度下降,除夏季外,其余3季平均降水量均为上升趋势;日照时数以6.3001 h/a的幅度上升,除秋季外,其余3季的平均日照时数均呈上升趋势。基于中长时间序列气象监测数据分析获得的南宁市气候变化特征,可有效助力南宁市提升农业生产的气候变化应对能力。

1960-2017年黄土高原地区风速时空变化特征

[目的]揭示黄土高原地区风速时空变化特征,为区域防灾减灾提供参考。[方法]基于黄土高原59个气象站1960—2017年逐月风速实测数据,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall检验和滑动t检验等方法,对黄土高原地区历年及四季风速的时空变化趋势进行了研究。[结果](1)1960—2017年黄土高原年均风速以-0.0075 m/(s·a)速率显著下降,春季降幅最大,其次为冬、秋季,夏季降幅最小;年内月平均风速先升后降,4月风速下降最快,7月下降最慢。(2)黄土高原历年及夏、秋、冬季风速均在1980s突变减少,春季平均风速未发生突变,冬季风速突变后较突变前降幅最大,秋季最小。(3)黄土高原历年均风速、历年及四季风速变率均表现出西北高、东南低的特征,站点呈下降趋势的春季最多,夏季最少。(4)AO指数的上升、气候变暖及地表植被覆盖增加等,可能不同程度地造成黄土高原风速长期下降趋势。[结论]黄土高原区应将春季作为防风御风重点时段,将西北部地区作为重点防御地区,增强防灾减灾能力建设。

STUDIES ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA IN RECENT 45 YEARS

Based on the data of monthly mean air temperature and precipitation from about 400 stationsin 1951—1995.and the data of maximum and minimum air temperatures,relative humidity,totalcloud cover and low-cloud cover,sunshine duration,evaporation,wind speed,snow-covered daysand depth,and soil temperatures in 8 layers from 0 m down to 3.2 m from 200 odd stations in 1961—1995.the climate change and its characteristics in China in recent 45 years have been analyzedand studied comprehensively.This paper,as the first part of the work.has analyzed the climatechange and regularities of such meteorological elements as mean air temperature,maximum andminimum air temperatures,precipitation,relative humidity and sunshine duration.The possiblemechanism on climate change in China and the climate change and regularities of othermeteorological elements will be discussed in another paper as the second part.

1971—2020年石河子棉区≥10℃积温变化特征分析

利用石河子棉区4个气象站1971—2020年逐日气象资料,采用气候倾向率、累积距平、均方差、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析了石河子棉区≥10℃积温的变化特征。结果表明:石河子棉区≥10℃初日呈显著提前趋势,终日略微推迟,持续日数显著延长,积温明显增多;≥10℃积温及持续日数均在1994年发生了由少到多的突变;≥10℃积温正常年份的概率超过64%,依次向两端递减;≥10℃积温偏低地区主要在莫索湾,偏高地区主要在乌兰乌苏。气候变化背景下,石河子棉区热量条件有较好的改善,棉花延迟型低温冷害有所减轻,石河子棉区品种布局应以早熟棉为主。

Climate change regionalization in China(1961–2010)

Since climatic condition is the important foundation for human subsistence and development and the key factor in sustainable development of economy and society, climate change has been a global issue attracting great attentions of politicians, scientists, governments, and the public alike throughout the world. Existing climate regionalization in China aims to characterize the regional differences in climate based on years of the mean value of different climate indexes. However, with the accelerating climate change nowadays, existing climate regionalization cannot represent the regional difference of climate change, nor can it reflect the disasters and environmental risks incurred from climate changes. This paper utilizes the tendency value and fluctuation value of temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2010 to identify the climate change quantitatively, and completes the climate change regionalization in China(1961–2010) with county administrative regionalization as the unit in combination with China's terrain feature. Level-I regionalization divides China's climate change(1961–2010) into five tendency zones based on the tendency of temperature and precipitation, which are respectively Northeast China-North China warm-dry trend zone, East China-Central China wet-warm trend zone, Southwest China-South China dry-warm trend zone, Southeast Tibet-Southwest China wet-warm trend zone, and Northwest China-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau warm-wet trend zone; level-II regionalization refers to fourteen fluctuation regions based on level-I regionalization according to the fluctuation of temperature and precipitation.

1965—2020年梅州地区气候季节及其变化特征

基于梅州地区7个国家气象站1965—2020年气温观测资料,采用统计方法分析了梅州地区气候季节及其变化特征,结果表明:常年气候季节划分下,梅州地区属于无冬区,夏季季节长度最长,约占全年日数的一半。1965—2020年,梅州地区年平均气温以0.017℃/年的速率呈显著上升趋势,1997年发生了气温的突变性上升。入夏时间呈不显著的提前趋势;入秋时间呈不显著的推迟趋势。春季季长以0.067 d/年的速率呈不显著下降趋势;夏季季长以0.180 d/年的速率呈不显著上升趋势;秋季季长以0.112 d/年的速率呈不显著下降趋势。

呼和浩特市近60年生长季地温变化特征分析

为研究气候变化对呼和浩特市生长季地温的影响,使用呼和浩特市6个国家气象观测站1961—2020年5~80 cm土壤不同土层逐月平均温度资料,运用气候倾向率、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验等统计方法,分析该地区60年地温变化特征。结果表明,呼和浩特市生长季平均地温呈显著升高趋势,增幅为0.21~0.59℃/10 a。不同土层平均地温的年际变化特征也呈上升趋势,经历了“冷—暖”的演变过程。20世纪60、70年代为冷期,80年代冷暖交替,90年代至21世纪初期为暖期。地温变化普遍具有5~10 a周期。5~80 cm土层平均地温分别在1990、1986、1986、1988、1998、2005年发生突变,20 cm土层平均地温对气候变暖的响应更敏感。