Petrogenesis and Physicochemical Conditions of Fertile Porphyry in Non-arc Porphyry Mineralization:A Case from Habo Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits,SW China

The Habo deposit is a typical porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in the Ailaoshan–Red River metallogenic belt.Ore minerals in the Habo deposit typically occur as veins in the monzonite porphyry.Zircon U-Pb dating suggests that the monzonite porphyry formed at 35.07±0.38 Ma.The monzonite porphyry is characterized by high SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),K_(2)O and Na_(2)O contents,with A/CNK ratios ranging from 0.97 to 1.02.All samples exhibit fractionated REE patterns,characterized by high(La/Yb)N ratios(9.4–13.6,average of 11.2).They show adakite-like geochemical features,high Sr concentrations(627–751 ppm,average of 700 ppm),low Y concentrations(15.13–16.86 ppm,average of 15.81 ppm)and high Sr/Y values(39.5–47.4,average of 44.3).These samples have high initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios(0.7074–0.7076)and negativeεNd(t)values(-5.1 to-3.7),whereas the zirconεHf(t)values range from-2.2 to+0.4,suggesting that the monzonite porphyry was derived from the partial melting of a thickened juvenile lower crust.The oxygen fugacity,calculated on the basis of the chemical composition of the amphiboles,shows?NNO values ranging from+1.65 to+2.16(average of 1.94)and lg(fO_(2))ranging from-12.72 to-11.99(average of-12.25),indicating that the monzonite porphyry has high oxygen fugacity.Zircons have high Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)ratios(29.29–164.24,average of 84.92),with high?FMQ values ranging from+0.50 to+1.51(average of 0.87)and high lg(fO_(2))values ranging from-14.72 to-12.85(average of-14.07),which also indicates that the oxygen fugacity of the magma was high.The dissolved water content of the Habo monzonite porphyry is 9.5–11.5 wt%,according to the geochemical characteristics,zircon-saturation thermometry(692–794°C)and the mineral phases(amphibole,no plagioclase)in the deep magma chamber.Combined with previous studies,we propose that the high oxygen fugacity and high water content of magma played key roles in controlling the formation of the Habo and other Cu-Mo-Au deposits in the Ailaoshan–Red River metallogenic belt.

Geochemical Characteristics and Significance of Major Elements, Trace Elements and REE in Mineralized Altered Rocks of Large-Scale Tsagaan Suvarga Cu-Mo Porphyry Deposit in Mongolia

The alteration types of the large-scale Tsagaan Suvarga Cu-Mo porphyry deposit mostly comprise stockwork silicification, argillization, quartz-sericite alteration, K-silicate alteration, and propylitization. The mineralized and altered zones from hydrothermal metallogenic center to the outside successively are Cu-bearing stockwork silicification zone, Cu-beating argillized zone, Cu-Mo-bearing quartz-sericite alteration zone, Cu-Mo-bearing K-silicate alteration zone, and pro- pylitization zone. The K-silicate alteration occurred in the early phase, quartz-sericite alteration in the medium phase, and argillization and carbonatization （calcite） in the later phase. Ore-bearing-altered rocks are significantly controlled by the structure and fissure zones of different scales, and NE- and NW-trending fissure zones could probably be the migration pathways of the porphyry hydrothermal system. Results in this study indicated that the less the concentrations of REE, LREE, and HREE and the more the extensive fractionation between LREE and HREE, the closer it is to the center circulatory hydrothermal ore-forming and the more extensive silicification. The exponential relationship between the fractionation of LREE and HREE and the intensity of silicification and K-silicate alteration was found in the Cu-Mo deposit studied. The negative Eu anomaly, normal Eu, positive Eu anomaly and obviously positive Eu anomaly are coincident with the enhancement of Na2O and K2O concentrations gradually, which indicated that Eu anomaly would be significantly controlled by the alkaline metasomatism of the circulatory hydrothermal ore-forming system. Therefore, such characteristics as the positive Eu anomaly, the obvious fractionation between LREE and HREE and their related special alteration lithofacies are suggested to be metallogenic prognostic and exploration indications for Tsagaan Suvarga-style porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in Mongolia and China.

Geochronological Constraints on the Haftcheshmeh Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Ore Deposit, Central Qaradagh Batholith, Arasbaran Metallogenic Belt, Northwest Iran

The Haftcheshmeh porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt （AMB） of NW Iran contains more than 185 Mt of ore, with a grade ranging from 0.3% to 0.4%. It is hosted within a porphyritic diorite to granodiorite intruded into an older gabbro - diorite intrusion. 40Ar/39Ar analyses of primary magmatic hornblende from the granodiorite porphyry and gabbro - diorite show plateau ages of 26.41 ± 0.59 Ma, with an inverse isochron age of 25.9 ± 1.0 Ma and a plateau age of 27.47 ± 0.17 Ma, with an inverse isochron age of 27.48 ± 0.35 Ma for these two rock types, respectively. Comparing these new age data with those from the nearby Sungun （20.69 ± 0.35 Ma） and Kighal porphyry deposits defines a northwest-southeast Cu-Mo-Au mineralization zone extending for 20 km over the time span of-27 to 20 Ma. Geochemically, Haftcheshmeh rocks are calc-alkaline with high potassium affinities with tectonic setting in relation to volcanic arc setting. Large ion lithophile elements （LILE） such as Th, U and K show enrichment on a primitive mantle normalized diagram （specially Pb）, and are depleted in high field strength elements （HFSE） such as Ti and Nb, pointing to a mantle magma source contamination with crustal materials by subducted oceanic crust.

Re-Os isotopic dating and geological significance of molybdenite from Xintian Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit in Yanbian,Jilin

Xintian polymetallie deposit is a hydrothermal vein type Cu-Mo deposit. Analysis on Re-Os isotopic dating for the molybdenite from this deposit is undertaken to determine metallogenic epoch and dynamics setting of the deposit. Re-Os isotopic dating for the molybdenite yields model ages ranging from 123.9 ± 1.9 Ma to 124.7 ± 1.8 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 123.4 ±0.81 Ma, and an isochron age of 127 ± 16 Ma, MSWD = 0.25, indicating that the metallization was at late Yanshanian. The content of Re in molybdenite is （330.1 ±4.0-367.9 ± 3.1 ） xl0^-6, which demonstrates mantle derived metallogenic sources. Integrating the region-al tectonic evolution and the metallogenic characteristics of other contemporaneous Cu-Mo deposits in the re-gion, it is suggested that the Cu-Mo mineralization of this deposit occurred in an active epieontinental environ-ment under lithospheric extension resulted from the subduction of the Izanagi plate to the Paleo-Asia continental margin at late Yanshanian. The Mantle wedge was partially melted with large amount of metallogenic elements dissolved in it. Under the favorable conditions of crust-mantle interaction, large-scale magmatic activity turns out to be the important mechanism of the mineralization of many Cu-Mo deposits in the Xiaoxingan Range-Zhangguangcai Mountain metallogenic belt, including the Xintian Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit.

Re-Os geochronology of Cu and W-Mo deposits in the Balkhash metallogenic belt,Kazakhstan and its geological significance

The Central Asian metallogenic domain （CAMD） is a multi-core metallogenic system controlled by boundary strike-slip fault systems. The Balkhash metallogenic belt in Kazakhstan, in which occur many large and super-large porphyritic Cu--Mo deposits and some quartz vein- and greisen-type W-Mo deposits, is a well-known porphyritic Cu--Mo metallogenic belt in the CAMD. In this paper 11 molybdenite samples from the western segment of the Balkhash metallogenic belt are selected for Re--Os compositional analyses and Re--Os isotopic dating. Molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu deposit and the three quartz vein-greisen W--Mo deposits--East Kounrad, Akshatau and Zhanet--all have relatively high Re contents （2712--2772 μg/g for Borly and 2.267--31.50 μg/g for the other three W-Mo deposits）, and lower common Os contents （0.670-2.696 ng/g for Borly and 0.0051--0.056 ng/g for the other three）. The molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu--Mo deposit and the East Kounrad, Zhanet, and Akshatau quartz vein- and greisen-type W-Mo deposits give average model Re--Os ages of 315.9 Ma, 298.0 Ma, 295.0 Ma, and 289.3 Ma respectively. Meanwhile, molybde- nites from the East Kounrad, Zhanet, and Akshatan W-Mo deposits give a Re--Os isochron age of 297.9 Ma, with an MSWD value of 0.97. Re--Os dating of the molybdenites indicates that Cu-W-Mo metallogenesis in the western Balkhash metallogeuic belt occurred during Late Carboniferous to Early Permian （315.9--289.3 Ma）, while the porphyry Cu--Mo deposits formed at ~316 Ma, and the quartz vein-greisen W--Mo deposits formed at ~298 Ma. The Re--Os model and isochron ages thus suggest that Late Carboniferous porphyry granitoid and pegmatite magmatism took place during the late Hercy- nian movement. Compared to the Junggar-East Tianshan porphyry Cu metallogenic belt in northwestern China, the formation of the Cu-Mo metallogenesis in the Balkhash rnetallogenic belt occurred between that of the Tuwu-Yandong in East Tianshan and the Baogutu porphyry Cu deposits in West Junggar. Collectively, the large-scale Late Carboniferous porphyry Cu-Mo metallogenesis in the Central Asian metallogenic domain is related to Hercynian tectono-magmatic activities.

Geology,Geochemistry and Zircon U-Pb Geochronology of Porphyries in the Dabate Mo-Cu Deposit,Western Tianshan,China:Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

The Dabate Mo-Cu deposit is a medium-sized porphyry-type deposit in the Sailimu Lake region, western Tianshan, China. We present the geology, geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology of granite porphyries from the Dabate district with the intent to constrain their tectonic setting and petrogenesis. Porphyries in the Dabate district include granite porphyry I（gray white color with large phenocrysts）, granite porphyry II（pink color with small phenocrysts） and quartz porphyry. Granite porphyry II is the Cu and Mo ore-bearing granitoid in the Dabate deposit. LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb analyses indicate that granite porphyry II was emplaced at 284.2±1.8 Ma. Granite porphyry I and II have similar geochemical features and are both highly fractionated granites：（1） They have high SiO2 content（70.93–80.18 wt% and 72.14–72.64 wt%, respectively）, total alkali（7.58–8.95 wt% and 9.35–9.68 wt%, respectively）, mafic index（0.95–0.98 and 0.93–0.94, respectively） and felsic index（0.79–0.94 and 0.89–0.91, respectively）;（2） They are characterized by pronounced negative Eu anomaly, ＂seagullstyle＂ chondrite-normalized REE patterns and ＂tetrad effect＂ of REE;（3） They are rich in Rb, K, Th, Ta, Zr, Hf, Y and REE, but depleted in Sr, P, Ti and Nb. The magma of granite porphyries in Dabate can be interpreted to have been generated by partial melting of the upper crust due to mantle-derived magma underplating in a post-collisional extensional setting.

Rare Earth Element Behaviour in theWunugetushan Copper - Molybdenum Deposit,Inner Mongolia, and Its Implications

Considering porphyry and wall rocks as a whole system, the behaviour of rare earth elements (REE) in hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of the exceedingly large Wunugetushan porphyry Cu-Mo deposit of Inner Mongolia has been studied. It has been found for the first time that there exists complementary REE variation in hydrothermal alteration between porphyry and wall rocks, and Eu depletion has certain significance in indicating mineralization. Based on an analysis of the variation in REE contents of relevant minerals during the hydrothermal alteration, the ore-forming fluids are inferred to be depleted in ∑REE, comparatively enriched in ∑Y and strongly depleted in Eu. In the intermediate-strong alteration zones, porphyry and wall rock took part in hydrothermal metasomatism and alteration almost in equal ratio mass. Furthermore, studies of REE and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and fluid inclusions confirm the existence of hydrothermal convection and the possibility of supplying part of ore materials by the wall rock and indicate that the application of REE geochemistry in mineral prospecting is promising.

Late Jurassic Cu-Mo Mineralization at the Zhashui-Shanyang District,South Qinling,China:Constraints from Re-Os Molybdenite and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry U-Pb Zircon Dating

The Zhashui-Shanyang district is one of the most important sulfide deposits in the Qinling Orogen where the formation of porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo deposits has a close genetic link with the Yanshannian magmatism.Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry（LA-ICP-MS） U-Pb zircon dating of two granodiorite intrusions（Xiaohekou and Lengshuigou deposits）was investigated in the Zhashui-Shanyang district and the rock-forming ages obtained from 148.3±2.8 to 152.6±1.2 Ma,averaging 150.5 Ma,accompanied by a younger disturbance age of 144.3±1.7 Ma in the Lengshuigou intrusion,which is in excellent agreement with published sensitive high resolution ion micro-probe（SHRIMP）zircon date on the later monzodiorite porphyry phase in the Lenshuigou deposit.Two samples were selected for molybdenite ICP-MS Re-Os isotopic analyses from the Lengshuigou granodiorite porphyry,yielding Re-Os model ages from 149.2±2.7 Ma to 150.6±3.4 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 149.7±2.1 Ma.These mineralization ages overlap rock-forming ages of the host intrusions within the error range.This implies that the mineralization occurred in the Late Jurassic,which belongs to the tectonic phase B event of the Yanshan Movement,not Cretaceous as previously thought.Therefore,the Late Jurassic mineralization of the Zhashui-Shanyang district could be connected to the large-scale Yanshan molybdenum metallogenic period,the geodynamic regime of which is attributable to the far field response of convergence of surrounding plates,perhaps the approximately westward subduction of the Izanagi plate beneath the Eurasian continent.

Re-Os Dating of the Suoerkuduke Cu (Mo) Deposit,Fuyun County,Xinjiang,and Its Geodynamic Implications

The Suoerkuduke Cu （Mo） deposit, in the same metallogenic belt with Xilekuduke Cu-Mo deposit, is located in the Armantai island arc belt on the northern margin of East Junggar, Northwest China. Rhenium and osmium isotopic analysis of seven molybdenite samples from the deposit was used to determine the age of mineralization. A seven-point isochron age of 317.7±7.6 Ma, which is consistent, within analytical error, with the average model age of 323.3±1.9 Ma indicates that this deposit was formed at transitional period between the Early and Late Carboniferous. This age is obviously later than that of the Lower Devonian Tuoranggekuduke Formation acting as the wall rock but contemporaneous with the early stage of plutonism （330-268 Ma） in East Junggar. Based on the characteristics of mineralization age and tectonic setting of many typical deposits on the northern margin of East Junggar, we proposed that the mineralization age of Suoerkuduke deposit is a key period of East Junggar for the tectonic regime transforming from compression to extension and also the time when granitoids and deposits widely spread in this area. Mineralization and formation of skarn in this deposit are closely related to felsic-intermediate magmatism. The distinct characteristic from typical skarn-type deposits is that the metallogenic parent intrusion is a huge batholith in the depth. The Cu （Mo） mineralization, moyitc, and granite porphyry are all derived products of the batholith.

新疆准噶尔北缘索尔库都克铜钼矿氦-氩同位素组成及地质意义

索尔库都克铜钼矿床位于准噶尔北缘，矿体呈似层状、透镜状、脉状产于中泥盆世北塔山组安山岩和矽卡岩中。采用稀有气体同位素质谱法，对矿床中绿帘石矽卡岩、安山岩和矿石3种产状的黄铁矿中流体包裹体氦和氩同位素组成进行测试分析。测试结果显示，黄铁矿中流体包裹体的4 He含量为（0.8821～13.3410）×10-8 cm3 STP/g，3 He/4 He为0.88～1.76 Ra（Ra为大气中的3 He/4 He，Ra＝1.4×10-6），幔源He占13.27％～26.93％，表明成矿流体中氦主要来源于地壳。40Ar含量为（4.2376～13.970）×10-8 cm3 STP/g，40Ar/36 Ar为301.07～331.55，40Ar＊含量占1.71％～10.87％，表明成矿流体中Ar主要来源于大气降水。3种产状的黄铁矿中氦、氩同位素组成及特点相似，结合矿床流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究，认为成矿流体来源于壳-幔相互作用的岩浆流体和大气降水，矿床的形成与安山岩和矽卡岩关系密切，暗示矿床成因为矽卡岩型。

新疆索尔库都克铜钼矿床稀土元素地球化学特征及成矿作用示踪

索尔库都克矽卡岩型铜钼矿床位于新疆东准噶尔北缘,矿区发育早、晚两期矽卡岩并分别伴有成矿作用。两期矽卡岩在产出特征、矿物组合及成矿过程方面均有明显区别,其中与早期矽卡岩有关的成矿金属元素为Fe-Cu-Mo组合,与晚期矽卡岩有关的成矿金属元素为Cu-Mo-Zn组合。本文对索尔库都克铜钼矿床的矽卡岩单矿物、安山质围岩、矿石及与成矿有关的脉岩进行了稀土元素测试分析。结果表明早期矽卡岩成矿过程与安山质围岩关系密切,成矿环境经历了由进化变质阶段的弱还原-弱氧化条件→氧化物阶段的弱还原环境→退化变质早阶段氧化环境→退化变质中晚阶段弱氧化-还原环境的变化过程,铁质可能主要来自于围岩;晚期矽卡岩成矿过程中成矿环境经历了由进化变质阶段的氧化环境→退化变质阶段的弱氧化-弱还原环境→石英-硫化物阶段的弱还原-还原环境→石英-方解石阶段还原环境的变化过程。虽然在具体的成矿过程方面有明显的区别,但在早、晚两期矽卡岩各自的主成矿阶段均经历了由氧化环境向还原环境转变的过程,这种转变为大量金属硫化物的形成创造了良好的条件,是导致矿质沉淀的重要机制。

新疆富蕴县索尔库都克铜(钼)矿床地质特征及成因探讨

矿区内出露地层主要为中泥盆统北塔山组第二亚组,为一套海相、海陆交互相的中基性、中酸性火山岩—火山碎屑沉积岩建造。矿区构造较为复杂,为矿液的运移及铜、钼矿质的沉淀、富集提供了良好的空间条件。Sm-Nd等时线年龄测定显示矿床形成于早二叠世,蚀变岩的Rb-Sr全岩年龄测定结果也反映了成矿和该时期发生的热事件有关。索尔库都克铜(钼)矿床成因应该归属于次火山热液层控型铜(钼)矿床。

新疆富蕴索尔库都克铜钼磁铁矿床成因探讨

索尔库都克铜钼矿具斑岩型铜矿特征，部分铜钼磁铁矿体赋存于矽卡岩中，具矽卡岩型铜钼磁铁矿特征。据已有勘探资料及前人研究成果，运用矿床学、构造地质学理论对该矿矿床成因研究分析，认为索尔库都克铜钼磁铁矿属矽卡岩型，经后期花岗质热液加富后，形成具斑岩型铜钼矿床特征的斑岩-矽卡岩复合型矿床。

新疆富蕴县索尔库都克铜矿矿体形态特征研究

本文论述了新疆富蕴县索尔库都克铜矿矿体形态特征,通过总结矿体形态变化以及主要影响因素,阐述矿体形态变化研究的重要性,论述了矿山生产探矿和地质找矿中需要引起注意的问题,并提出自己的见解。

新疆索尔库都克铜钼矿床控矿因素及成因探讨

索尔库都克铜钼矿与火山岩有密切的关系,该矿床既具有接触交代矽卡岩型矿床的特征,也具备火山岩热液矿床的特点,矿床既不同于典型矽卡岩矿床,也不同于非矽卡岩化火山热液矿床,是在特定的地质和成矿条件下形成的,具有其独特性与复杂性。