Effects of Postponing N Application on Metabolism,Absorption and Utilization of Nitrogen of Summer Maize in SuperHigh Yield Region

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of application postponing of N fertilizer and the mechanism of yield increase in order to provide references for N fertilizer application in a rational way. [Method] In a super-high yielded region of summer maize, field experiment was conducted to research effects of N fertilizer postponing on key enzymes of N metabolism, yield of maize and N fertilizer use. [Result] After application of N fertilizer was postponed, NR, SPS and GS activities of ear-leaf of summer maize increased by 11.99%-34.87%, 8.25%-10.64% and 10.00%- 16.81% on the 28^th d of silking; content of soluble sugar in leaves enhanced signifi- cantly and accumulated nitrogen increased by 5.00%-9.74% in mature stage. The postponing fertilization of ＂30% of fertilizer in seedling stage＋30% of fertilizer in flare- opening stage＋40% of fertilizer in silking stage meets N demands of summer maize in late growth period. Compared with conventional fertilization, the maize yield, agro- nomic efficiency and use of N fertilizer all improved by 5.05%, 1.75 kg/kg and 6.87%, respectively, after application postponed. [Conclusion] Application postponing of N fertilizer maintains activity of NR, GS and SPS higher and coordinates metabolism of C and N in late growth period, to further improve yield of maize.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of a Super High Yield Cultivar of Winter Wheat During Late Growth Period

The mechanism of high yield of winter wheat in the field at late growth period was investigated by measuring the photosynthetic characteristics of photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） and xanthophylls cycle, which could provide physiological reference for breeding. Weimai 8 （W8）, a super high yield cultivar, and Lumai 14 （L14）, a control cultivar were object. The photosynthetic rate （Pn）, parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were measured. The Pn, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm）, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ΦPSⅡ）, efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers （Fv＇/Fm＇）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） were higher in Weimai 8 compared to that in Lumai 14, a commercial high yield cultivar. Furthermore, Weirnai 8 showed a lower non- photochemical quenching coefficient and a lower de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle pigments than of Lumai 14 at late growth period. At mature stage, chlorophyll content of different leaves decreased both in Weimai 8 and Lumai 14. Chlorophyll content in flag, second and third leaf from the top of plant decreased more in Lumai 14 than in Weimai 8. These results suggested that Weimai 8 had more antenna pigments to absorb light energy, and had higher photosynthetic capability and photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ. The yield of Weimai 8 was also higher than that of Lumai 14.

Plant Ideotype at Heading for Super High-Yielding Rice in Double-Cropping System in South China

The newly released super high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Yueza 122, Fengyou 428, Peiza 67, and the super high-yielding conventional cultivars, Guangchao 3 and Shengtai 1, were grown in both early and late seasons. The morphological characters of each population were investigated at the heading stage, and the data were analyzed by using ANOVY and other statistic methods. The plant ideal morphological characters at the heading stage were established as follows： 1 ） for the early-season cropping, 90-105 cm plant height; 11-12 tillers per plant; 35-40 em length and 2.1-2.2 cm width of flag leaf; 46-50 cm length and 1.8-2.1 cm width of the second leaf from the top （L2）; 59-64 cm length and 1.4-1.9 cm width of the third leaf from the top （L3）; 7°-14°, 18° and 200-33° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively; 2） for the late-season cropping, 90-100 cm plant height; 9-15 tillers per plant; 30-41 cm length and 1.8-2.0 cm width of flag leaf; 53-61 cm length and 1.3-1.8 cm width of L2; 52-58 cm length and 1.2-1.5 cm width of L3; 9°-19°, 15°-37° and 16°-49° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively. The main physiological characteristics of these varieties were also analyzed.

Study on Plant Morphological Traits and Production Characteristics of Super High-Yielding Soybean

Super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14, soybean cultivars from Ohio in the United States, and the common soybean cultivars from Liaoning Province, China, with similar geographic latitudes and identical pod-bearing habits were used as the study materials for a comparison of morphological traits and production characteristics to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of improved super high-yielding soybean cultivars. Using a randomized block design, different soybean cultivars from the same latitude were compared under conventional and unconventional treatments for their production characteristics, including morphological traits, leaf area index （LAI）, net photosynthesis rate, and dry matter accumulation. The specific characteristics of the super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14 were analyzed. The results showed that the plant height of Liaodou 14 was significantly lower than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, whereas the number of its main-stem nodes was higher than that of the cultivars from Ohio or Liaoning. A high pod density was observed in Liaodou 14 under conventional treatments. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, the branch number of Liaodou 14 was markedly higher than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, and its branch length and leaf inclination angle were significantly higher than those of common cultivars from Liaoning or Ohio. Only small changes in the leaf inclination angle were observed in Liaodou 14 treated with conventional or unconventional methods. Under each treatment, Liaodou 14 exhibited the lowest amplitude of reduction in SPAD values and net photosynthesis rates from the grain-filling to ripening stages; the cultivars from Ohio and the common cultivars from Liaoning exhibited more significant reductions. Liaodou 14 reached its peak LAI later than the other cultivars but maintained its LAI at a higher level for a longer duration. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, Liaodou 14 produced a higher yield than the other two cultivars, with significant differences from the Ohio cultivars. In summary, super high-yielding soybean cultivars have several main features： suitable plant height, high pod density, good leaf structure with strong functionality, and slow leaf senescence at the late reproductive stage, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and improved yield.

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.

Studies on the Relationship Between Grain-yield and Climatic Ecological Factors in Summer Corn Under Super-high-yielding Cultivation Conditions

Cultivation experiments on super-high-yield (^12000kg/ha) of summer corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted in Laizhou, Shangdong Province, from 1986 to 1997, and in Wenxian, Henan Province, from 1996 to 1997. The results showed that requirements of accumulated temperature and hours of sunshine for super-high-yield of summer corn could be met in normal years in the areas of the Huanghuaihai Plain. Amount of precipitation influenced the yield most strongly in indirect way among all the meteorological factors, and the relationship between them displayed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.5418). The regression equation between yield and amount of precipitation at seedling stage and grain filling stage both reached significant level, and the partial regression coefficients were - 4.8735 and - 13.7415, respectively. Further research revealed that the key climatic-ecological factors influencing yield were as fellows: the average temperature in the third and the ninth Xun (note: a Xun indicates ten days and the accounting of Xun was from the corresponding sowing date), the hours of sunshine in the sixth and the eighth Xun, the amount of precipitation in the sixth, the seventh and the second Xun. Results obtained by analyzing yield components of summer corn showed that grain numbers per ear (GN/E) made greater contribution to super-high-yield than kernel weight (KW) and the numbers of ears did. The key factors influencing GN/E were the amount of precipitation in the sixth and the eighth Xun and the hours of sunshine in the sixth Xun, with the correlation coefficients of -0.6074, 0.5793 and 0.5854, respectively.

Effects of Plant Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Super Hybrid Rice

The nitrogen uptake, yield and its components for two super-high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Guodao 6 and Eryou 7954 were investigated under different plant densities （15, 18, and 21 plants/m^2） and different nitrogen application rates （120, 150, 180, and 210 kg/hm^2）. The experiment was conducted on loam soil during 2004-2006 at the experimental farm of the China National Rice Research Institute in Hangzhou, China. In these years, the two hybrid rice cleady showed higher yield at a plant density of 15 plants/m^2 with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm^2. Guodao 6 produced an average grain yield of 10 215.6 kg/hm^2 across the three years, while the yield of Eryou 7954 was 9 633.0 kg/hm^2. With fewer plants per unit-area and larger plants in the plots, the two hybrid rice produced more panicles per plant in three years. The highest nitrogen uptake of the two hybrid rice was at a plant density of 15 plants/m^2 with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm^2. Further increasing nitrogen application rate was not advantageous for nitrogen uptake in super-high-yielding rice under the same plant density.

豫东平原‘郑麦1860’不同播期播量试验的超高产效应

为了实现豫东平原小麦主产区超高产栽培良种良法配套,充分发挥优质中强筋小麦新品种‘郑麦1860’的超高产潜力,运用裂区试验及统计分析方法,研究确定‘郑麦1860’在豫东平原小麦主产区超高产条件下适宜的播期播量指标。结果表明‘:郑麦1860’的适宜播期为10月10日-10月15日,最佳播期为10月15日;适宜播量为187.5~225.0 kg/hm^(2),最佳播量为225.0 kg/hm^(2)。最佳播期播量组合为10月15日与187.5 kg/hm^(2),折合单产12326 kg/hm^(2)。本项试验所取得的适宜播期播量技术指标,可在豫东平原小麦主产区‘郑麦1860’超高产栽培条件下推广应用。

南粳系列超级稻品种灌浆期光合产物的分配特性

【目的】研究南粳系列超级稻灌浆期光合产物转运和分配及相关基因表达量的变化特性及其与对照品种的差异,总结南粳系列超级稻高产的生理优势,为优质高产粳稻的培育提供理论依据。【方法】采用南粳5718、南粳晶谷、南粳3908和南粳5055为研究对象,以淮稻5号为对照,在孕穗期、开花期以及开花后每隔7 d至成熟期测定剑叶光合速率、地上部干物质分配和转运,以及剑叶和籽粒发育不同时期物质转运相关基因的表达量,统计产量差异。【结果】南粳系列超级稻产量和千粒重高于淮稻5号,其剑叶净光合速率在孕穗期和花后28 d显著高于淮稻5号。在物质转运方面,南粳系列超级稻开花后茎叶干重、叶片输出量、输出率和转运率显著高于淮稻5号,其中南粳5718叶片输出量和输出率最高。南粳5718剑叶中与淀粉降解和糖类代谢相关基因(OsSPS1,OsSUT2,OsGWD1)的表达比其他品种启动早,最高表达量也高于其他品种。籽粒中SWEET基因在灌浆早期的蔗糖转运过程中扮演重要角色,中后期OsPK3、OsSUT1、OsSUT2基因在糖类的运输卸载中发挥重要作用,OsAGPL2和OsDPE1基因在中后期淀粉合成中发挥重要作用,南粳5718、南粳晶谷、南粳3908籽粒中与淀粉合成和糖类运输的相关基因在不同时期的表达量显著高于淮稻5号。【结论】南粳系列超级稻较高的产量在物质转运方面主要有以下特征:茎秆和叶片物质积累量多,穗积累量大,叶片和茎秆物质转运率高;叶片中蔗糖代谢和转运相关基因表达量高,有利于蔗糖在源端的合成、装载和转运;籽粒中蔗糖转运和淀粉合成相关基因表达量高,有利于蔗糖在库端的卸载及籽粒中淀粉的合成。

水稻小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126的高产特征

[目的]挖掘杂交水稻产量潜力,培育超高产品种,既是一道科学难题,也是“藏粮于技”安全战略。本研究旨在解析小粒不育系卓201S配组的杂交稻卓两优1126高产形成规律,为优质高效超级杂交稻培育提供理论支撑。[方法]2022年选用小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126和对照品种超级稻两优培九、Y两优900和湘两优900为试验材料,在湖南省隆回县统一高产栽培,系统比较卓两优1126与其他3个超级杂交稻产量及其产量构成、干物质积累、根系发育和抗倒性,探究小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126高产特征。[结果]卓两优1126产量极显著高于对照,较超级杂交稻第1期代表品种两优培九增产35.07%,较超级杂交稻第4期代表品种Y两优900增产17.84%,较超级杂交稻新代表品种湘两优900增产14.52%。卓两优1126产量的提高主要原因是在保持稳定千粒重和结实率基础上,通过平衡有效穗数与每穗粒数使群体总颖花数显著提升。与对照相比,卓两优1126单茎地上部干质量、根干质量和根冠比均极显著高于对照,表明卓两优1126根系具有显著的生长优势,能够很好地协调植株地下和地上部分的生长,有助于超高产的形成。卓两优1126株高适中,基部3节间总长和穗下节间长度都极显著高于对照,但基部第2节间的弯曲力矩和抗折力与湘两优900的差异未达到显著水平,卓两优1126在增加株高的同时保持了较强的抗倒性。卓两优1126耐低氮,稻米品质综合评级为部标优质2级,极端高温下较对照Y两优1928增产5.53%。[结论]卓两优1126在保持稳定的千粒重和结实率基础上,通过平衡有效穗数与每穗粒数使群体总颖花数显著提升,从而实现超高产。卓两优1126亲本间粒型存在显著差异,可以实现父母本混播混收的全程机械化制种,降低种子生产成本。另外,小粒型不育系千粒重仅为常规不育系的1/2,在制种产量保持不变的前提下,单位制种面积的杂交稻种子粒数比普通不育系多1倍,大幅降低杂交稻的用种成本。因此,以卓两优1126为代表的“小粒种高产稻”模式,能为解决杂交水稻当前困境提供新思路,是新的发展方向。

超高产花生新品种汕油诱1号的选育与栽培

汕油诱1号是汕头市农业科学研究所以汕油212的干种子为材料,通过EMS(甲基磺酸乙酯)诱变选育而成的超高产花生新品种,2014年通过全国花生品种鉴定(国品鉴花生2014014)和广东省农作物品种审定(粤审油2014001),2017年获得植物新品种权(品种权号:CNA20140907.4),2018年通过国家非主要农作物品种登记[GPD花生(2018)440280]。该品种丰产性突出,在全国(南方区)花生品种区域试验和广东省春植花生新品种区域试验中,干荚果产量分别为4590.08、4112.85 kg·hm^(-2),分别比对照汕油523增产11.20%和15.25%;含油量49.31%~53.45%,蛋白质含量21.40%~26.58%,高抗锈病和叶斑病,感青枯病,抗倒性、耐旱性和耐涝性较强,适宜在广东水旱轮作田及旱坡地春、秋季和广西西部、福建、云南以及江西、湖南两省南部的花生产区春季种植。栽培上注意选择土质、适时播种、合理密植、加强肥水管理、及时防治草害病害虫害鼠害。

聊城市茌平区夏玉米超高产栽培技术

玉米作为我国主要的粮食作物,提高玉米产量对保障国家粮食安全及增加农民收益意义重大。研究应用玉米高产栽培技术,深挖玉米增产潜力,提高玉米单产水平具有重要价值。茌平区农业农村局通过多年试验示范,从播前准备、播种、苗期管理、拔节穗期管理、花粒期管理、其他灾害应对措施、适时晚收等方面归纳总结了夏玉米超高产栽培技术,供玉米种植户参考应用。

我国玉米超高产研究现状与展望

玉米作为我国种植面积最大、总产最高的第一大粮食作物,对我国粮食安全、饲料保障都至关重要。在耕地资源日趋紧张的形势下,未来我国粮食扩大面积的空间有限,产能提升主要依靠单产提高。2023年中央一号文件明确提出要全力抓好粮食生产,开展吨粮田建设,实施玉米单产提升工程。玉米超高产是优良品种、生产条件和栽培管理技术等最高水平的体现,本文全面综述了我国玉米超高产研究的政策支持、高产纪录现状、超高产田的分布及气象特点、高产创建的技术要点。在此基础上,从增加科研投入加强新品种选育、加强栽培技术集成进行示范推广、加强农田基础设施建设等方面提出了我国玉米大面积高产创建的建议。

郑麦1860在豫东平原连续5年超高产表现及配套栽培技术

郑麦1860是由河南省农业科学院许为钢院士小麦分子育种团队培育的国审优质中强筋小麦新品种.2018—2022年度,商丘职业技术学院河南省小麦玉米两熟超高产栽培技术创新团队与河南省农业科学院、河南省三河种业有限公司等单位密切合作,通过实施郑麦1860超高产栽培攻关示范,不仅连续5年实现了超高产目标,而且取得了单产800 kg/667m^(2)以上的重要突破.根据郑麦1860“一突出三高效”(高产性突出,优质高效、生产高效、加工高效)的特征特性,有针对性提出了“一强化三跟进”(即强化播种技术基础,春季追施氮肥跟进、拔节至孕穗期灌水跟进、后期绿色防控病虫害跟进)的超高产栽培配套技术,为优质小麦良种良法良田相结合、农艺农机配套技术相结合、产量与品质相兼顾的超高产栽培技术进一步推广应用提供了实践依据.

CLIMATIC RISK ZONING OF DOUBLE CROPPING SUPER RICE CULTIVATION IN HUNAN PROVINCE

Based on meteorological data including daily sunshine duration, temperature and precipitation from 97 meteorological stations in Hunan province during the period of 1981—2010, in combination with the field experiment in different places at different sowing dates, the precise climatic risk zoning of double cropping super rice cultivation has been studied by using the spatial interpolation method and other Geographical Information System(GIS)technologies. Three key climatic factors were selected including chilling in May, high temperature heat damage during July to early August and low temperature damage in autumn in this study. Furthermore, based on the analysis of climatic conditions suitable for double cropping super rice cultivation and climatic disasters, 8-22 ℃ active accumulated temperature, sunshine duration from late March to October, climatic risk index of the low temperature in autumn, and climatic risk index of chilling in May were selected as key climatic factors to study the precise agro-meteorological regionalization of double cropping super rice in Hunan province. The results showed that: the high-yielding zones of double cropping super rice in Hunan were mainly located in Zhuzhou, Hengyang, Yongzhou and Chenzhou City, the moderate-yielding zones were primarily located in the east and north reaches of Dongting Lake,together with most of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan City, and other regions in Hunan were not suitable for double cropping super rice. These findings can provide valuable information for the large-scale cultivation of double cropping super rice in Hunan province.

东北中部黑土区春玉米超高产田土壤肥力特征

通过五年生产性定位试验,研究不同养分管理模式对春玉米产量及土壤物理、化学和微生物性状的影响,为实现区域性玉米超高产土壤肥力培育提供参考。试验于2011-2015年在吉林省农安县进行,设置普通高产养分管理和超高产养分管理2种管理模式,以先玉335和利民33为供试材料,系统监测群体产量构成、土壤团聚体、土壤物理化学及生物指标。结果表明,与普通高产养分管理相比,超高产养分管理产量高出42.9%, 0~20 cm土层具有较低的土壤容重、较高的含水量与气相比例以及丰富的大团聚体分布与稳定的团聚体稳定性。超高产养分管理土壤中有机质、全磷、全钾、速效养分和土壤微生物量氮的含量均明显高于普通高产养分管理。综合考虑土壤肥力和气候条件,东北中部黑土区超高产养分管理模式,更应重视0~40 cm全耕层土壤培肥,可以实现东北中部春玉米产量及土壤肥力的协同提升。

C80超高层泵送混凝土关键技术研究

研究600 m超高层泵送混凝土性能变化规律。结果表明:胶凝材料总用量为660 kg/m^(3),水泥、粉煤灰、矿粉、硅灰占胶凝材料比例分别为:64%、15%、18%、3%;中砂∶细砂=7∶3,大石∶小石=7∶3,砂率46%,此配合比混凝土综合性能最优,出机扩展度700 mm,倒坍时间3.3 s,含气量2.1%,混凝土7 d抗压强度82.4 MPa,28 d抗压强度99.2 MPa;基于盘管试验中检测点压力检测数据,检测点P0与P1压力值拟合曲线,为Y=0.022+0.9x,线性关系为0.99;稳定泵送混凝土时检测点P1与P2压力差约为0.35 MPa,折算每米直管压力损失为0.0065 MPa;泵送600 m高度时所需出口压力仅为最大出口压力的41.4%。

水盐胁迫对超高产小麦幼苗生长及根系导水率的影响

【目的】揭示水盐胁迫对超高产小麦幼苗生长及根系导水率的影响机制。【方法】以超高产小麦品种“烟农1212”为研究对象,设置水分胁迫、盐分胁迫和水盐胁迫3种胁迫处理(2%PEG6000、0.1%Na Cl和2%PEG6000+0.1%Na Cl)和对照(Hoagland营养液,CK),测定不同处理下的小麦的生长指标、根系导水率及全氮、K^(+)和Na^(+)量,利用逐步回归分析方法,分析水盐胁迫下导致小麦幼苗根系导水率降低的因素。【结果】(1)与CK相比,水分胁迫、盐分胁迫和水盐双重胁迫分别使冬小麦幼苗的株高和叶面积显著降低。(2)水分及盐分胁迫处理的根冠比与CK相比分别增加了12%和14%,而在水盐双重胁迫条件下则显著降低了6%。(3)与CK相比,盐分胁迫和水盐双重胁迫显著增加了小麦叶片和根系的Na^(+)/K^(+)比,水分胁迫下的Na^(+)/K^(+)比虽然也有增加,但差异不显著。(4)水分胁迫、盐分胁迫及水盐双重胁迫显著降低了叶片的全氮量。(5)与CK相比,水分、盐分及水盐双重胁迫使小麦幼苗根系总导水率显著降低了58%、51%和93%,逐步回归分析表明,小麦幼苗的叶面积与根系导水率显著正相关(R^(2)=0.9619)。【结论】水盐胁迫条件下,叶面积可作为表征根系导水率的关键指标。

不同密度条件下玉米植株光合日变化特征分析

为探究不同密度条件下玉米植株各生育时期净光合速率Pn和叶绿素含量SPAD值的日变化特征,于2016—2017年在河南浚县高产试验田进行了试验.以郑单958和浚单29作为试验材料,设置高(8.25万株/hm^(2))和低(6.75万株/hm^(2))两个密度,三次重复,使用LI-6400型便携式光合仪在玉米5个生长时期(苗期,拔节期,灌浆期,抽雄吐丝期和成熟期)一天内每隔2 h,测定8点到16点之间植株的净光合速率,并用SPAD仪在后四个时期测定SPAD值.结果表明,玉米在苗期的Pn日变化呈单峰线,最高值出现在上午,在拔节期Pn日变化也为单峰线,峰值出现在下午,而SPAD值则呈现下降-上升趋势.抽穗期Pn日变化出现双峰与单峰交叉,不同密度间出现差异,玉米午休现象出现;SPAD值表现下降-上升-下降的现象;不同密度间各品种表现出差异,该生育期SPAD值较其它生育期高.在灌浆期和成熟期,玉米Pn日变化为双峰线,变化幅度因品种和密度而不同,但趋势一致,高峰出现在上午,午休现象较为明显;灌浆期SPAD值呈现下降-上升-下降-上升趋势.成熟期SAPD整体减小,并且SPAD日变化幅度也减小.Pn与SPAD在拔节期和抽穗期的日变化存在显著相关性,可以通过测定SPAD值来推断玉米植株的光合性能,从而为高密度集约化生产中玉米高产栽培提供理论依据.

株行距配置对超高产田水稻产量及根系形态生理特性的影响

【目的】研究不同株行距配置对超高产田水稻产量的影响,明确增密栽培模式增产的机理。【方法】于2020-2021年以辽粳419为试材,以农户习惯栽培(LFM)、常规增密配置(CHMD)、窄行增密(NHDM)和两种宽窄行配置(WNHDM_(1)和WNHDM_(2))共计5种模式为处理,以水稻根系形态和生理特性及产量为主要研究内容,探究株行距配置对超高产田水稻产量及根系形态生理特性的影响,阐明增密模式水稻根系分布与产量构成因素的关系,揭示水稻超高产田增密模式水稻增产的机理。【结果】同LFM相比,WNHDM_(1)和WNHDM_(2)分别提高有效分蘖数19.24%和18.16%,单穗成粒数、结实率等保持稳定;WNHDM_(1)和WNHDM_(2)行内(窄行)区域根系指标较其他模式并未降低,而行外(宽行)区域差异较大,总根长、总根径、总根表面积、总根体积及总根干质量在两个生长季平均增加21.07%和26.76%、10.71%和9.18%、21.13%和26.77%、21.15%和27.62%及23.48%和29.71%;齐穗期和灌浆期水稻根系形态指标与有效穗数和产量正相关。【结论】优化株行距配置增密模式,为水稻提供了根系行内、行外不对称生长空间,形成了根部边际效应,提高了水稻群体根干质量、根系表面积和根体积并保持了较强的根系氧化力,促进有效穗的形成,达到增产的目的。