Exploring the potential of oil and gas resources in Sichuan Basin with Super Basin Thinking

Based on the contemporary strategy of Petro China and the“Super Basin Thinking”initiative,we analyze the petroleum system,the remaining oil and gas resource distribution,and the Super Basin development scheme in the Sichuan Basin with the aim of unlocking its full resource potential.We conclude that,(1)The three-stage evolution of the Sichuan Basin has resulted in the stereoscopic distribution of hydrocarbon systems dominated by natural gas.The prospecting Nanhua-rift stage gas system is potentially to be found in the ultra-deep part of the basin.The marine-cratonic stage gas system is distributed in the Sinian to Mid-Triassic formations,mainly conventional gas and shale gas resources.The foreland-basin stage tight sand gas and shale oil resources are found in the Upper Triassic-Jurassic formations.Such resource base provides the foundation for the implementation of Super Basin paradigm in the Sichuan Basin.(2)To ensure larger scale hydrocarbon exploration and production,technologies regarding deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs,tight-sand gas,and shale oil are necessarily to be advanced.(3)In order to achieve the full hydrocarbon potential of the Sichuan Basin,pertinent exploration strategies are expected to be proposed with regard to each hydrocarbon system respectively,government and policy supports ought to be strengthened,and new cooperative pattern should be established.Introducing the“Super Basin Thinking”provides references and guidelines for further deployment of hydrocarbon exploration and production in the Sichuan Basin and other developed basins.

Connotation,pathway and significance of carbon neutrality“super energy system”:A case study of the Ordos Basin,NW China

Super oil and gas basins provide the energy foundation for social progress and human development.In the context of climate change and carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals,constructing an integrated energy and carbon neutrality system that balances energy production and carbon reduction becomes crucial for the transformation of such basins.Under the framework of a green and intelligent energy system primarily based on“four news”,new energy,new electricity,new energy storage,and new intelligence,integrating a“super energy system”composed of a huge amount of underground resources of coal,oil,gas and heat highly overlapping with abundant wind and solar energy resources above ground,and a regional intelligent energy consumption system with coordinated development and utilization of fossil energy and new energy,with a carbon neutrality system centered around carbon cycling is essential.This paper aims to select the traditional oil and gas basins as“super energy basins”with the conditions to build world-class energy production and demonstration bases for carbon neutrality.The Ordos Basin has unique regional advantages,including abundant fossil fuel and new energy resources,as well as matching CO_(2)sources and sinks,position it as a carbon neutrality“super energy basin”which explores the path of transformation of traditional oil and gas basins.Under the integrated development concept and mode of“coal+oil+gas+new energy+carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)/carbon capture and storage(CCS)”,the carbon neutrality in super energy basin is basically achieved,which enhance energy supply and contribute to the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals,establish a modern energy industry and promote regional green and sustainable development.The pioneering construction of the world-class carbon neutrality“super energy system”demonstration basin in China represented by the Ordos Basin will reshape the new concept and new mode of exploration and development of super energy basins,which is of great significance to the global energy revolution under carbon neutrality.

Sichuan super gas basin in southwest China

A sedimentary basin is classified as a super basin when its cumulative production exceeds 5 billion barrels of oil equivalent(6.82×10^(8) t of oil or 7931.66×10^(8) m^(3) of gas)and its remaining recoverable resources are at least 5 billion barrels of oil equivalent.By the end of 2019,the total output of oil and gas in Sichuan Basin had been 6569×10^(8) m^(3),the ratio of gas to oil was 80:1,and the total remaining recoverable resources reached 136404×10^(8) m^(3),which makes it as a second-tier super basin.Because the output is mainly gas,it is a super gas basin.The reason why the Sichuan Basin is a super gas basin is that it has four advantages:(1)The advantage of gas source rocks:it has the most gas source rocks(9 sets)among all the basins in China.(2)The advantage of resource quantity:it has the most total remaining recoverable resources among all the basins in China(136404×10^(8) m^(3)).(3)The advantage of large gas fields:it has the most large gas fields(27)among all the basins in China.(4)The advantage of total production:by the end of 2019,the total gas production had been 6487.8×10^(8) m^(3),which ranked the first among all the basins in China.There are four major breakthroughs in natural gas exploration in Sichuan Basin:(1)Breakthrough in shale gas:shale gas was firstly found in the Ordovician Wufeng-Silurian Longmaxi formations in China.(2)Breakthrough in tight sandstone gas:the Triassic Xu2 Member gas reservoir in Zhongba gas field is the first high recovery tight sandstone gas reservoir in China.(3)Breakthrough in giant carbonate gas fields.(4)Breakthrough in ultra-deep gas reservoir.These breakthroughs have led to important progress in different basins across the country.Super basins are classified according to three criteria:accumulative oil and gas production,remaining recoverable resources,tectonic attributes of the basin and the proportion of oil and gas in accumulative oil and gas production.

Whole petroleum system and hydrocarbon accumulation model in shallow and medium strata in northern Songliao Basin,NE China

Based on the oil and gas exploration practice in the Songliao Basin,combined with the latest exploration and development data such as seismic,well logging and geochemistry,the basic geological conditions,oil and gas types and distribution characteristics,reservoir-forming dynamics,source-reservoir relationship and hydrocarbon accumulation model of the whole petroleum system in shallow and medium strata in the northern part of Songliao Basin are systematically studied.The shallow-medium strata in northern Songliao Basin have the conditions for the formation of whole petroleum system,with sufficient oil and gas sources,diverse reservoir types and well-developed transport system,forming a whole petroleum system centered on the source rocks of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation.Different types of oil and gas resources in the whole petroleum system are correlated with each other in terms of depositional system,lithologic association and physical property changes,and they,to a certain extent,have created the spatial framework with orderly symbiosis of shallow-medium conventional oil reservoirs,tight oil reservoirs and shale oil reservoirs in northern Songliao Basin.Vertically,the resources are endowed as conventional oil above source,shale oil/tight oil within source,and tight oil below source.Horizontally,conventional oil,tight oil,interlayer-type shale oil,and pure shale-type shale oil are developed in an orderly way,from the margin of the basin to the center of the depression.Three hydrocarbon accumulation models are recognized for the whole petroleum system in northern Songliao Basin,namely,buoyancy-driven charging of conventional oil above source,retention of shale oil within source,and pressure differential-driven charging of tight oil below source.

A Glance on the Mineral Deposits and Stratigraphic Sequential Variations and Structures in Different Sections of Indus Basin (Pakistan): New Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan

Indus basin hosts many significant mineral deposits like gypsum and cement raw materials, gemstones, iron, coal, marble, dimension and construction stones, petroleum and water resources, world class pink salt and other many minerals in different regions which need further exploitation and development. The construction of new water dams in different regions are vital (for availability of cheap electricity), because of available barren and fertile lands and wastage of water as flood. Further the installation of more cement industries in different regions of Indus Basin especially in middle Indus (Sulaiman Range where gypsum, clays and limestones can be available via belt) can increase export to receive more foreign exchange and make local cement cheap for the sustainable development of Pakistan. 31 stratigraphic sequential sections at different sections of Indus basins are presented to know the variation and local stratigraphy. Further here three new titanosaur taxa are being described. Saraikimasoom is based on snout;Gspsaurus, (Maojandino), Nicksaurus and Khanazeem are based on cranial, vertebral and appendicular elements;Balochisaurus, Marisaurus, Pakisaurus, and 3 new genera and species Imrankhanhero zilefatmi, Qaikshaheen masoomniazi and Ikqaumishan smqureshi based on vertebral and appendicular elements;and Sulaimanisaurus and Khetranisaurus based on only caudal vertebrae. Although Pakistani Titanosaurians seem to be proliferated found from one horizon of Vitakri Formation just below the K-Pg boundary they have a wide range of diagnostic features and key elements among titanosaurs which can be used for comparison and phylogenetic analyses with broad updated character data set of titanosaurs.

特提斯域演化对四川超级盆地油气系统形成的影响

基于“单向裂解—聚合”地球动力学模型,研究特提斯域演化对四川超级盆地油气系统形成的影响,探讨天然气富集规律。结果表明:①四川盆地及周缘新元古代—三叠纪历经了原特提斯洋和古特提斯洋叠加影响的两次单向裂解—聚合旋回,侏罗纪—新生代并入新特提斯构造域及环青藏高原盆山体系,板块内部各幕次构造运动控制沉积充填形式。②特提斯域演化、古气候环境和重大地质事件控制了盆地内部优质烃源岩形成与分布;裂谷、克拉通内裂陷、被动大陆边缘斜坡和克拉通内凹陷是烃源岩发育的有利地质构造单元。③特提斯域演化、超级大陆旋回、全球海平面变化以及构造-气候事件控制了碳酸盐台地及储盖组合的分布;克拉通台地边缘、台地内部水下地貌高带是寻找碳酸盐岩高能相带的重点区,同沉积古隆起及围斜区、区域性不整合面和后期改造断裂带是规模碳酸盐岩储层分布区;区域性蒸发岩或者泥页岩盖层有利于盆地油气大规模保存。④早期构造-沉积演化格局和后期构造改造程度共同影响的成藏要素时空匹配关系是油气富集的关键,未来油气勘探要重点关注南华纪裂谷期潜在含气系统,四川盆地东部—南部地区寒武系盐下含气系统以及二叠系、三叠系全油气系统等领域。

四川超级含气盆地古生界大中型气田分布规律及其主控因素

四川盆地是中国天然气资源最为富集的超级含气盆地,但天然气探明程度目前仍然偏低。为了给下一步天然气勘探提供理论支撑,基于该盆地典型气田勘探历程,结合多期构造演化与含油气系统分析,探讨了四川盆地古生界大中型气田富集分布规律及其主控因素,揭示了该盆地巨大的天然气勘探潜力。研究结果表明:①四川盆地古生界蕴含3个超级含油气系统,即下寒武统筇竹寺组(探明储量占该盆地天然气总探明储量的17.55%)、上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组(探明储量占该盆地天然气总探明储量的41.30%)、上二叠统龙潭组/吴家坪组(探明储量占该盆地天然气总探明储量的12.53%);②该盆地古生界已发现20个超大型气田(天然气探明储量超过1000×10^(8)m^(3)),14个大型气田(天然气探明储量介于300×10^(8)~1000×10^(8)m^(3))以及20个中型气田(天然气探明储量介于100×10^(8)~300×10^(8)m^(3)),超大型气田探明储量占该盆地天然气总探明储量的85.5%;③古生界大型隆—坳格局构造沉积分异作用控制影响着该盆地内筇竹寺组、五峰组—龙马溪组和龙潭组/吴家坪组3套优质烃源岩层系的形成与分布。结论认为,晚三叠世以来的陆相盆地演化过程使得中晚三叠世—早中侏罗世成为上述3个超级含油气系统的关键成藏期,形成了3个气田群(绵阳—长宁拉张槽周缘带震旦系—下古生界、开江—梁平与蓬溪—武胜拉张槽周缘带二叠系—三叠系、川东南五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气),其合计天然气储量均超过1×10^(12)m^(3),是该盆地天然气勘探的有利区带。

黄河流域环境规制对农业生态效率的影响——基于Super SBM和面板Tobit模型的实证分析

为探究黄河流域环境规制对农业生态效率的影响,促进黄河流域农业发展与生态环境的协同推进。以2011-2020年沿黄九省区的数据为样本,将非期望产出考虑在内,运用超效率SBM模型对农业生态效率进行测算,在此基础上运用面板Tobit模型对两者之间关系进行了实证分析。结果表明:黄河流域农业生态水平整体有待提高,从具体省份看,仅陕西省、山东省、四川省的农业发展是有效的;从不同流域看,农业生态效率水平下游地区>中游地区>上游地区;环境规制与农业生态效率之间呈现“U”型关系;除此之外,财政支农、城市化率、产业结构、受灾率对农业生态效率具有负向影响,经济发展水平则呈现出正向影响关系。基于此,提出了应合理发展高效生态农业,因地制宜制定差异化环境政策,在综合考虑各控制变量所发挥的作用下努力提高农业生态效率,以实现农业的可持续与高质量发展。

碳中和“超级能源系统”内涵、路径及意义——以鄂尔多斯盆地为例

超级含油气盆地为推动社会进步和人类发展提供了能源基础,在气候变化与“碳达峰碳中和”背景下,构建兼顾能源生产与碳中和的“超级能源系统”是转型方向。在加快构建以新能源、新电力、新储能、新智能“四新为主”的绿色+智慧能源体系框架下,以巨量地下煤炭/石油/天然气/地热与地上丰富风光能源资源高度叠合、化石能源与新能源融合协同开发利用的区域性智慧用能系统构成的“超级能源系统”与以碳循环为主线的碳中和系统相融合,在传统含油气盆地中研究选择具备建成世界级能源生产与碳中和示范大基地条件的碳中和“超级能源盆地”。鄂尔多斯盆地区位优势明显,化石能源和新能源资源丰富,CO_(2)源汇匹配优势显著,具备建成世界级能源生产与碳中和盆地的基础条件,以鄂尔多斯盆地为代表的碳中和“超级能源盆地”给出了传统含油气盆地转型方向。“煤炭+石油+天然气+新能源+CCUS(碳捕集、利用与封存)/CCS(碳捕集与封存)”融合发展理念与模式下,盆地区域内基本实现碳中和,进一步夯实能源生产保供能力,助力“双碳”目标实现,建立现代能源产业体系,推动地区绿色可持续发展。在中国率先建成以鄂尔多斯盆地为代表的世界级碳中和“超级能源系统”示范盆地,将重塑超级能源盆地勘探开发新理念与新模式,对全球“碳中和”下的能源革命具有重大意义。

渤海湾超级油盆构造演化及其烃源岩发育

综合运用渤海湾盆地新采集的高品质地震剖面以及最新的勘探成果资料,通过对各主要层系的地层分布、构造和古地理格局的分析,系统开展渤海湾盆地大地构造演化的动力学研究。结果表明,渤海湾盆地所处的华北克拉通位于古亚洲洋、特提斯洋和太平洋等3大构造体系域的交接地带,经历了不同期次、不同方向、不同性质构造旋回的交替叠加,主要经历5期盆地构造演化与沉积建造阶段,即中新元古代大陆裂陷槽、早古生代克拉通边缘坳陷碳酸盐岩建造、晚古生代海陆过渡相克拉通内坳陷、中生代陆内走滑-伸展构造和新生代陆内裂陷阶段。盆地的多旋回演化,特别是晚古生代以来所经历的海西、印支、燕山和喜马拉雅等多期挤压、走滑和伸展构造活动,控制了多套优质烃源岩发育、改造和保存,尤以上古生界石炭系—二叠系煤系烃源岩以及古近系世界级特优质湖相烃源岩最为重要,为超级富油气盆地的成藏提供了重要的烃源保障。

“双碳”目标下黄河流域绿色技术创新效率评价及影响因素

基于“双碳”目标视角,采用超效率动态网络SBM模型测算黄河流域82市(盟)2011—2021年绿色技术创新的综合效率、科技研发效率及成果转化效率,并利用面板Tobit回归模型检验外部环境因素对三种效率的影响。结果表明:将CO_(2)排放量纳入指标体系后,中下游地区绿色技术创新综合效率得以提升,上游地区效率反而下降;黄河流域绿色技术创新综合效率呈波动上升趋势,科技研发效率起引擎作用;黄河流域绿色技术创新综合效率区域差异明显,成果转化效率差异是综合效率差异的主要来源;经济发展水平、产业结构高级化、人力资本禀赋、对外开放水平、政府支持力度和环境规制强度对三种效率的影响具有区域异质性。建议黄河流域提高绿色技术创新能力,完善创新成果转化平台,推动能源和产业结构升级。

黄河流域九省(区)城市生态效率测算及其时空分异特征

城市是承载黄河流域九省(区)生态保护与高质量发展的空间载体,借助生态效率可以揭示生态与经济协调发展状况,已有研究测算城市生态效率通常将其置于同样的外部条件下,鲜少考虑城市的差异性。构建三阶段超效率SBM模型,剔除外部环境因素的影响,测度2010—2019年黄河流域九省(区)57个城市生态效率,并分析黄河流域九省(区)城市生态效率时空分异特征。结果表明:剔除了收入水平、产业结构、环境保护政策和外商直接投资等环境变量的影响后,黄河流域九省(区)城市生态效率有所下降,三阶段超效率SBM模型较传统超效率SBM模型更加合理;时间演变特征上,黄河流域九省(区)大部分城市的生态效率呈波动下降趋势,其中上游城市生态效率下降幅度较大;空间分布特征上,黄河流域九省(区)大部分城市集中在低生态效率区,从西到东呈现“低-高-低-高”交替式空间分布态势。

黄河流域粮食生产效率测度及时空演化研究

本文构建了基于非期望产出的超效率SBM效率测度模型,对2012—2022年黄河流域9个省(区)进行粮食生产效率测度和分析,研究如下研究结果。(1)考察期内,黄河流域粮食生产效率总体水平低,DEA(data envelopment analysis)无效,粮食生产效率具有较大的提升空间。(2)从空间演化特征来看,黄河流域粮食生产效率存在明显的区域差异,由高到低依次为下游地区、上游地区、中游地区,河南省的粮食生产效率处于领先水平。(3)从时间演化特征来看,黄河流域整体的粮食生产效率大致呈现“V”型变化趋势,下游地区的粮食生产效率波动幅度较大,但是其年均增长率最低;中游地区粮食生产效率较为稳定,年均增长率最大;上游地区粮食生产效率最不稳定,年均增长率处于中等水平。此外,自党的十九大以来,黄河流域各省(区)的粮食生产效率都有不同程度的提升,其中内蒙古的粮食生产效率增长幅度最大。

碳源、碳汇视角下的黄河流域农业生态效率分析

探索黄河流域农业生态效率对实现黄河流域农业高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。首先对农业碳源、碳汇进行核算,然后将碳源、碳汇纳入非期望产出超效率SBM模型,并对黄河流域农业生态效率进行测算,最后对农业生态效率影响因素进行分析。结果表明:碳汇、碳源比率呈现先降后增趋势,“十三五”时期呈现快速增长趋势;不考虑农业碳源因素将会高估农业生态效率,忽视农作物生产过程中碳汇因素,则会低估农业生态效率;黄河流域农业生态效率高于全国水平,但黄河流域农业生态效率总体不协调;黄河流域大多省份农业生态效率得到较大提高,但省份间农业生态效率空间分布不均衡;黄河流域区域农业生态效率影响因素存在异质性。为此,应完善相关农业政策工具设计,提高农业生产要素配置效率,强化农业技术研发与应用。同时要因地制宜,制定区域差异化农业发展战略。

黄河流域和长江经济带制造业绿色转型效率对比

以黄河流域和长江经济带沿线19个省份为样本,建立超效率SBM(slack-based measure)模型测算分析了2013—2022年黄河流域和长江经济带的制造业绿色转型效率,并利用“泰尔指数”进行转型效率的差异性分析。研究发现,长江经济带绿色转型效率呈上升趋势,相反黄河流域发展相对缓慢;通过差异性分析发现黄河流域的域制造业绿色转型效率低于长江经济带,并且黄河流域中各省份的差异性相差较大。

淮河流域工业水资源绿色效率测算及空间分异研究

以淮河流域39个城市为研究对象,运用超效率SBM模型测算2011—2021年各市工业水资源绿色效率水平,探究淮河流域工业绿色水资源利用效率空间的分布特征及其演变过程,并利用标准差椭圆法对效率的空间转移变化进行分析。结果表明:淮河流域工业水资源绿色效率整体呈上升趋势,但波动较大,区域间差异显著,表现为上游、下游高,中游低。省际间,淮河流域山东段工业水资源绿色效率较高,安徽段相对较低。城际间,泰安市效率值偏高,淮南、淮北市效率值偏低。淮河流域工业水资源绿色水资源空间上呈“东北—西南”分布格局,效率重心整体向西南方向移动,移动轨迹为“东北—西南—西北”。

基于超效率SBM-DEA的黄河流域绿色发展效率评价

基于2010—2021年我国黄河流域九个省份的数据,运用超效率SBM-DEA模型对非期望产出下黄河流域绿色发展效率进行测度,并借助Global-Malmquist-Luenberger指数对黄河流域全要素生产率进行分解,研究黄河流域绿色发展效率及变化特征。结果发现:第一,黄河流域绿色发展效率值呈波动上升趋势,黄河流域下游绿色发展较为平稳,各省份之间绿色发展效率差距较大;第二,黄河流域存在较为严重的投入冗余,科学技术支出和全社会用电量投入过多;第三,黄河流域全要素生产率在研究期间有所提高,全要素生产率的提高源于纯技术进步,技术效率未发挥重要作用;第四,黄河流域内各省份绿色发展效率存在较为明显的正相关性,相关性逐年减弱。

黄河流域城市群生态效率评价及归因分析

黄河流域城市群是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重要载体,提高黄河流域城市群生态效率有利于提升其绿色经济发展水平。基于城市群视角,利用超效率SBM模型测度黄河流域七大城市群60个城市2006—2020年的生态效率值,借助Dagum基尼指数进行区域差异性分析,进一步通过面板分位数模型识别影响城市群生态效率的主要因素。结果表明:(1)黄河流域地区及各城市群生态效率明显改善,呼包鄂榆城市群和宁夏沿黄城市群生态效率水平最高,而中原城市群和兰西城市群生态效率水平最低;(2)黄河流域生态效率空间分布格局由“低值区抱团分布、高值区离散分布”转变为高值区和低值区“小集聚、大分散”的交叉分布格局;(3)七大城市群总体差异缩小,组间差异和超变密度是总体差异的主要来源;(4)产业结构、人口密度、对外开放水平制约了城市群生态效率的发展,而经济发展水平、技术进步与生态效率呈正相关关系。

黄河流域数字经济与生态效率时空演化及协调发展分析

为了准确把握黄河流域数字经济与生态效率发展水平及两系统的协调发展状况,以黄河流域的8个省(区)为研究对象,基于2012—2021年面板数据,运用熵权-TOPSIS方法、超效率SBM模型研究黄河流域数字经济与生态效率的时空演变特征,并通过耦合协调模型分析流域内数字经济与生态效率的协调发展特征。结果表明:1)黄河流域数字经济整体呈上升趋势,但发展不平衡,山东和陕西两省处于领先水平;2)生态效率差异先缩小后增大,呈现两极分化态势,由东向西递减,且上游持续低位,中下游波动性较大;3)数字经济与生态效率协调发展水平由勉强协调提升至初级协调,但区域发展失衡持续存在,仅山东省、河南省达到中级协调水平,多数省(区)仍处于初级协调发展水平,数字经济与生态效率协调发展任务依然艰巨。

基于灰水足迹视角的黄河流域农业绿色发展效率时空分异特征研究

黄河流域是我国重要的生态屏障和重要的经济地带,深入研究农业绿色发展效率时空特征及影响因素对于贯彻落实黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的国家战略具有较强的现实意义。本研究旨在系统性地分析黄河流域农业绿色发展效率的时空特征及其影响因素,以期为实现生态保护和高质量发展的国家战略提供科学依据和政策建议。本研究从灰水足迹的视角出发,基于黄河流域2000—2020年9省(区)的面板数据,以超效率SBM模型和莫兰指数等方法为基础,对其农业绿色发展效率测度值与空间相关性进行分析,并进一步建立地理加权回归模型(GWR)探究影响因素及其空间异质性。结果表明:黄河流域农业绿色发展效率的整体趋势向好,但在不同地区之间存在显著差异,其在研究期内存在明显的空间负相关,并随时间推移,黄河流域9省(区)总体由分散向低低聚集区域偏移。在6种影响因素中,教育投入、技术进步以及经济发展水平产生正向驱动作用,而地区人口、经济结构以及城镇化水平对发展效率产生负向影响。