Research on 48 V Super Capacitor Micro Hybrid System with 12 V Power Supply Multiplexing Function

48 V lithium battery micro hybrid system is the most fuel economy vehicle which can be mass produced at present.However,with the irreversible internal resistance increase of the key component 48 V lithium battery,and the capacity continues to decline,the system performance deteriorate.Worst case could be the system not functional in the middle and later age of vehicle life cycle.This paper studies the feasibility of using 48 V super capacitor as the replacement to 48 V lithium battery,and uses a 12 V module of 48 V super capacitor as the traditional 12 V power supply,further reducing the number of components or reducing the demand for parts of 48 V micro hybrid system.This paper analyses the 48 V super capacitor micro hybrid system scheme,based on which a prototype is built,and carries out the vehicle comparative test.The results show that:(1)The performance of 48 V super capacitor micro hybrid system perform comparably with 48 V lithium battery micro hybrid system,and 12 V multiplexing function does not cause power loss of super capacitor;(2)The SOC fluctuation of super capacitor is larger than that of lithium battery,but it can satisfy all test conditions through the strategy;(3)The voltage mutation of super capacitor is smaller than that of lithium battery.It can greatly reduce the impact of voltage on vehicle electrical appliances.The 48 V super capacitor micro hybrid system with 12 V multiplexing function is of great significance.

Voltage Stabilization of Hybrid Micro-Grid Using Super Capacitors

Scarcity of fossil fuel resources has motivated the researchers to develop renewable energy based power projects. Instead of using a single or independent renewable energy source, it is preferable to use the combination of such energy sources in a distributed way to compensate the power fluctuations of the system and this leads to the concept of hybrid micro-grid energy. Voltage stability is an important parameter for the secure operation of the hybrid-micro grid, and IEEE 1547 Standard defines the limit of the voltage for the successful operation of the micro-grid. Although Vanadium Redox Batteries (VRBs) can help the system to stabilize the voltage when voltage sag occurs when a heavy load is suddenly connected to the system, this stabilization process takes some time. This paper discusses the application of super capacitors to the hybrid micro-grid system, as a higher energy density element, to help the system quickly recover its transient voltage.

The Research of Hybrid Energy Management System Based on Super Capacitor

This paper designs energy management system of the super capacitance in parallel hybrid electric vehicle,through dynamic instantaneous optimal control strategy,ameliorate the comprehensive efficiency of hybrid system,improve the vehicle fuel economy.Simulated using software matlab6.5 / advisor2002 modeling simulation and verify,which indicates that the super capacitor hybrid huge market prospects and practical significance.

Rational designed isostructural MOF for the charge-discharge behavior study of super capacitors

In recent years,the rapid charge-discharge property of super capacitors based on metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)has seen excellent applications in energy storage equipment.However,the purposeful design of high-performance electrodes for MOFderived super capacitors is still an urgent problem that needs to be solved.Herein,we rationally design and prepare three MOFs with the same crystal configuration and controllable functional groups.Through the combination of rigorous experiment and calculation,we have verified the effects of the specific surface area of the electrode material as well as the binding energy between the electrode material and the electrolyte ions on the performance of the super capacitor.This work not only extends the application of MOFs,but also provides a model-material platform for the study of charge–discharge behavior of MOF-based super capacitors,creating a way of thinking for the selection and design of MOF materials for energy storage applications.

The storage mechanism difference between amorphous and anatase as supercapacitors

Although TiO_(2)nanotubes is a promising electrode as supercapacitors due to its high energy density,easy synthesis and chemical stability,there are draw backs such as low conductivity and capacitance.Many studies concentrated on improving its electrochemical performance itself but little attention was payed to the reason of capacitance differences caused by its different crystal structures.Herein,we prepare amorphous and anatase TiO_(2)nanotubes and hydrogenated them by a simple electrochemical hydrogenation method to improve their conductivity and capacitance.And then study and compare their morphology and structure differences by SEM,TEM,XRD and BET.The results show that the pore size distribution,internal structure order and internal carrier concentration are the main reasons for their electrochemical performance differences.The microporous structure less than 2 nm in amorphous nanotubes act as a trap of electrolyte ions at current density larger than 0.1μA cm^(-2),leading to small charge and discharge capacitance.The long-range ordered crystal structure of anatase is more favorable for the orderly diffusion of carriers,reducing the inelastic scattering of carrier diffusion process and the electron hole-complexing probability,making anatase nanotubes exhibit higher coulomb efficiency and cycle stability than that of amorphous ones.

Preparation and characterization of Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12) synthesized using hydrogen titanate nanowire for hybrid super capacitor

The electrical characteristics of hybrid super capacitor were evaluated by synthesizing LTO(Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12))using TiO_(2) having a hydrogen titanate nanowire form.Preparation of the hydrogen titanate nanowire was implemented by using TiO_(2) having size of 60 nm and NaOH,and performing synthesis at 70℃for 6 h with a sonochemical method.LTO compound was synthesized at 150℃for 36 h and at 180℃for 36 h respectively by using the hydrogen titanate nanowire and LiOH·H2O as starting materials with a hydrothermal method.The final LTO compound was synthesized at 700℃for 6 h using a solid-state method.As a result of manufacturing the hybrid super capacitor using LTO synthesized at 180℃for 36 h with the hydrothermal method,a capacity of 198 mA·h/g has been achieved compared to a theoretical capacity of 172 mA·h/g of existing LTO,and thus,the capacity has been increased by about 13%.Further,such excellent cycle performance has ensured its possibility as a high-capacity capacitor.

Composite Electrodeposited PbO2/Co3O4 on a Ti Substrate as Positive Electrode Materials for a Hybrid Supercapacitor

PbO2/Co3O4 composites were prepared on a Ti substrate by means of a composite electrodeposition method in Pb2 plating solution containing dissolved nano-Co3O4 particles.X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were used to characterize the chemical composition and morphology of the PbCh/CogC^composites.The electrochemical and capacitanee performance of the composites were investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV),charge-discharge tests and electrochemical impedance(EIS).The results indicate that the composites comprise rutile phase CO3O4 and 0?PbC)2?In addition,the surface of the composite electrode is rough and porous.The PbO2/Co3O4 composites exhibit a high specific capacitance up to 215 F/g,which is ten times higher than that of the pure-PbO?and two times higher than that of the pure-Co3O4 in 1 mol/L NaOH electrolytes.

Carbonaceous mesophase spherule/activated carbon composite as anode materials for super lithium ion capacitors

A series of carbonaceous mesophase spherule/activated carbon composites were prepared as anode materials for super lithium ion capacitors using carbonaceous mesophase spherules as the core materials and pitch as the active carbon shell precursor.The structures of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry.The electrochemical performance was investigated in electric double layer capacitor and half-cell.The results show that,the composite exhibits good performance in both capacitor and battery with a high reversible capacity of 306.6 mA·h/g(0.2C) in the half-cell,along with a capacitance of 25.8 F/g in the capacitor when an optimum ratio of carbonaceous mesophase spherules to active carbon is adopted.The composite also shows a favorable rate performance and good cycle ability.A working model of this anode in super lithium ion capacitors was established.

Electrochemical performance of nickel oxide/KOH/active carbon super-capacitor

The fabrication and characterization of new type Nickel oxide/KOH/Activecarbon super-capacitor have been described. Porous nickel oxide was prepared by hydrolysis of nickelacetate and heated in air at 300 deg C. The resulting nickel oxide behaved as an electrochemicalcapacitor electrode with a specific capacitance (50-70 F/g) superior to most active carbonelectrodes. This kind of nickel oxide maintained high utilization at high rate of discharge (i.e.,high power density) and had excellent cycle life more than 1000 times, while the capacitance of thecell composed of two identical nickel oxide electrodes was poor at high discharge current densityand the maximum operational voltage of this type capacitor was limited to 0.5 V. A new typesuper-capacitor was designed in which the nickel oxide and the active carbon were applied to thepositive and negative electrodes respectively. The breakdown voltage of this type super-capacitorwas improved effectively to 0.8 V and excellent characteristic of high power discharge was attainedin this way. The Nickel oxide/KOH/Active carbon super-capacitor has promising potentials in portabletelecommunications, uninterruptable power supplies and battery load leveling applications.

含废旧矿井抽蓄电站的源-荷-储协同控制调频研究

针对新能源在电网中渗透率不断提高导致系统调频容量和频率响应能力不足的问题,提出一种含废旧矿井抽蓄电站的源-荷-储协同控制调频方法。首先,建立了电解铝工业负荷、废旧矿井抽蓄电站和超级电容频率响应模型。然后,基于模型预测控制理论,以系统状态量和控制量的加权函数最小为目标,设计区域信息互动的分布式模型预测控制器,并提出含废旧矿井抽蓄电站的源-荷-储协同控制调频方法。最后,将分布式模型预测控制器应用在所提源-荷-储协同控制方法中,并在改进的IEEE标准两区域LFC模型中进行仿真。结果表明所提方法可以缩短频率恢复时间,减小最大频差值,改善系统调频动态性能。

锂离子电池/超级电容器混合储能系统能量管理方法综述

锂离子电池/超级电容器混合储能系统因其良好的性能、较低的成本和较强的通用性,已成为应用最为广泛的混合储能系统。能量管理技术是混合储能系统的核心技术之一,也是当前主要的研究热点。为了系统地对混合储能系统能量管理方法进行综述,本文首先对锂离子电池/超级电容器混合储能系统的拓扑结构、能量管理架构以及功率分配控制进行了介绍;而后,本文将现有的混合储能系统能量管理方法分为基于经验、基于优化、基于工况模式识别和基于机器学习5大类并进行了详细的对比分析,重点针对规律性工况与随机性工况讨论了各类能量管理方法的效能,并分析了各类方法的鲁棒性与计算复杂度;最后,本文对现有的能量管理方法进行了总结,并对该领域未来的研究方向和发展趋势进行了展望。综合分析表明,提高对随机性负载未来工况的预测精度、建立更加精准的混合储能系统模型并通过云端协同进一步提升能量管理方法的实时性将是未来混合储能系统能量管理研究的重点。

基于MMC的超级电容与蓄电池混合储能系统及其混合同步控制策略

为满足储能系统提供惯量和一次调频支撑功能需要对多类型储能介质集中配置和优化调控的需求,针对基于模块化多电平换流器(modularmultilevelconverter,MMC)的新型混合储能系统(hybrid energy storage system,HESS)MMC-HESS,提出了混合同步控制(hybrid synchronous control,HSC)整体策略。MMCHESS采用模块化设计,将超级电容和蓄电池分别安置在高压直流母线侧和子模块内,具备高功率密度和高能量密度的优势。阐述了混合储能系统的拓扑结构和工作原理并采用混合同步控制策略提供系统惯量和一次调频功能及故障限流时的同步能力和孤岛并网切换功能,采用滤波器实现储能功率分配,采用荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)均衡控制实现蓄电池能量均衡。最后,基于硬件在环实验平台,验证了所提拓扑结构与控制策略的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明:所提混合储能系统及其控制策略具备惯量与频率支撑能力,在故障限流、正常并网、孤岛运行之间可灵活切换,能够有效发挥混合储能的综合优势,在中压配电网中具有良好的应用前景。

不对称故障下低电压穿越的多目标解耦控制策略

在传统不对称故障低电压穿越控制中,由于控制自由度有限,并网逆变器控制存在无法同时实现输出电流负序分量和直流侧电压二倍频波动抑制的问题。对此,文中提出一种不对称故障下两级式光伏并网系统低电压穿越的多目标解耦控制策略。该策略将逆变器的控制目标设置为输出电流负序分量抑制,给出了综合考虑逆变器输出电流限幅和无功输出需求的逆变器电流内环控制参考值计算方法;通过双向Buck-Boost变换器将超级电容接入直流母线电容两端维持其电压稳定,并将直流侧电压二倍频波动转移至超级电容输入侧进行抑制。仿真结果表明,相比传统控制方法,所提控制策略有效降低了逆变器三相间的不平衡度,改善了输出电流畸变,减小了直流侧电压二倍频波动。

基于超级电容的水下平台混合能源系统研究

针对燃料电池发电系统输出特性偏软,动态响应慢以及负载具有随机性、间歇性、波动性等问题,在水下平台混合动力系统中加入了超级电容。采用双向DC/DC变换器作为超级电容充放电主拓扑,设计了基于PI控制器的双闭环控制,实现了母线和超级电容之间能量的双向流动。运用PSIM软件对超级电容正常工作放电和充电2种工况进行仿真。仿真结果表明:通过双向DC/DC变换器可在系统重载时将超级电容存储的电能释放出来,在系统轻载、减速或制动等工况下降回馈再生电能存储至超级电容中,整个过程可以使大功率负载安全地接入系统,减小母线电压振荡,提高能量利用率。

基于燃料电池的离网住宅混合可再生能源电力系统能源管理系统优化

随着世界工业化进程的飞速发展,不断完善和发展以光伏发电等为代表的新能源能缓解能源危机与环境污染问题。本文分析了储能电池燃料电池以及超级电容的特点,针对偏远地区长期无法并网问题,提出了一个结合超级电容的短效储能与燃料电池长效储能的混合可再生能源电力与能源管理系统,以确保离网用户的电能安全高效稳定运行。系统中电能主要来自光伏发电系统,并将燃料电池系统(燃料电池/电解设备/储氢罐)作为备用系统,以蓄电池/超级电容器为储能系统。另外本文提出的能量管理系统(EMS)能够在供电侧通过优化算法控制电力系统各部件之间的行为模式,保证用户的电压和功率稳定。在需求侧通过需求响应算法,根据电力系统在不同时间和不同运行条件下供能能力,制定包含恒温可调、开/关不间断和可切断等家电的运行策略。最后对本文研究的离网用户储能式电力与能源管理系统进行仿真实验,采用不同光照条件以及可变的负荷数据对提出的离网系统用Matlab进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,该系统能够实现碳减排的同时保障用电需求,提升系统的经济与环境效益,具有一定的实际意义。

基于超级电容的智能电能表长寿命后备电源设计

智能电能表的进一步发展要求在外部供电电源中断后具有一定时间的远程通信能力,以便电能表数据的备份与停电等重要事件上报。作为常规后备电源的电池与电解电容都存在弊端,前者使用寿命较低,后者容量太小。文章首先用超级电容寿命估计理论论述了满足新一代电能表16年设计寿命的可行性,给出了满足寿命要求的超级电容备用电源充电电路设计,并解决了储能电容的待机能力,最后针对微功耗电路难以用常规仪器测量的现实,使用Spice模拟电路仿真工具分析了电路功能,并进行了实际电路试验,验证了电路方案的可行性。文章对市电供电的智能互联仪表设备的备用电源设计具有一定的借鉴意义。

基于改进粒子群算法的电网混合储能控制方法

为提高其对于电网储能系统的控制效果,提出基于改进粒子群算法的电网混合储能控制方法。建立混合储能系统等效模型,分别设置蓄电池储能模型和超级电容器储能模型,获取储能等效函数,采用改进粒子群算法对储能模型进行求解,根据最优解得到电网混合储能控制方案,仿真实验结果表明,改进粒子群算法在光照增加、光照减弱、负载增加、负载减小工作条件下的响应时间分别为172 ms、141 ms、223 ms、219 ms,均小于对比算法,其电压过冲比例则为6%、5%、7%、7%,远小于其他储能控制方法,具有十分明显的优越性。

混合型超级电容器外特性的研究

混合型超级电容器是近年来受到人们广泛关注的一种新型高性能储能器件,随着超级电容在汽车、轨道交通、微电网的大规模应用,需要对其外特性进行研究。为了提高超级电容使用效率,文章对混合型超级电容的外特性进行研究,包括不同倍率下放电特性、不同温度下放电特性、内阻特性、可用容量特性、循环寿命特性和动态工况特性。测试分析结果能够为超级电容的模型仿真、电量计算和健康状态提供理论依据。

超级电容器组备用电源管理方案的设计与实现

针对集散控制系统(DCS)需要具备掉电保护功能,在系统断电的情况下,对组态、过程数据进行保持的需求,对比分析了锂电池备用电源方案以及相关技术特点、难点和应用情形,设计了一套基于BQ33100芯片的超级电容器备用电源管理方案。该方案主要包括恒流充电、电压检测、电流检测、温度检测、电压均衡、SMBus串行通信、保护报警等,并利用恒流放电法对超级电容进行ESR和容值的测量,计算其健康状态。该方案应用在ECS-700系统中,经测试,该备用电源方案能够对超级电容器组进行有效的监测和管理,长期有效地为系统提供断电保护功能,确保了工业控制现场的安全。

轮胎式集装箱起重机节能技术现状研究及展望

为便于管控不同堆场区域内利用率,传统集装箱港口通常在堆场区域内布置轮胎式集装箱起重机,选择轮胎式集装箱起重机的主要原因是其具备转场灵活的特点,而这一特点又由柴油机的供电方式所决定。然而,由于轮胎式集装箱起重机的作业属性为间歇工作制,故存在能耗高、运行成本高、废气和噪声污染等问题。另外,随着资源问题和环境问题的日益突出,国家在政策面对集装箱港区提出了节能减排的降低指标,对集装箱港区堆场区域有效降低轮胎式集装箱起重机的能耗提出了新的要求。为此,文中就轮胎式集装箱起重机的技术现状,汇总及总结了国内外已有的多种节能技术方案,论述了各项节能方案的技术性、可行性、节能效果及其优劣性,以供相关工程技术人员参考。