Feasibility Study on Chemical Flooding in Super High Porosity and Permeability Heavy Oil Reservoir

In this paper, the feasibility study of chemical flooding is carried out for ultra-high porosity and high permeability heavy oil field with permeability higher than 10 μm2 and porosity greater than 35%. The viscosity-concentration relationship of four kinds of oil flooding systems such as hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, structural polymer A, structural polymer B and gel was studied. The results showed that the viscosity of ordinary polymer and structural polymer B was lower compared with other two types of oil displacement agents, and the viscosity of structural polymer A was higher. The higher the concentration, the higher the viscosity retention rate. The gel system has the highest viscosity and best anti-shear ability. The resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient of structural polymer A and gel system were further studied. The results show that permeability, velocity and polymer concentration all affect the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient. From the point of view of resistance establishment ability, it is considered that structural polymer A is not suitable for permeability formation above 10 μm2. Gel system has stronger ability to establish resistance coefficient than structural polymer A flooding system, and it is more feasible for formation system with permeability above 10 μm2.

Porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling in the Sichuan Basin, SW China

To investigate the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling, we selected the core samples of deep shale from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Weirong and Yongchuan areas of the Sichuan Basin for porosity and permeability experiments and a triaxial compression and sound wave integration experiment at the maximum temperature and pressure of 120 ℃ and 70 MPa. The results show that the microscopic porosity and permeability change and the macroscopic rock deformation are mutually constrained, both showing the trend of steep and then gentle variation. At the maximum temperature and pressure, the porosity reduces by 34%–71%, and the permeability decreases by 85%–97%. With the rising temperature and pressure, deep shale undergoes plastic deformation in which organic pores and clay mineral pores are compressed and microfractures are closed, and elastic deformation in which brittle mineral pores and rock skeleton particles are compacted. Compared with previous experiments under high confining pressure and normal temperature,the experiment under high temperature and high pressure coupling reveals the effect of high temperature on stress sensitivity of porosity and permeability. High temperature can increase the plasticity of the rock, intensify the compression of pores due to high confining pressure, and induce thermal stress between the rock skeleton particles, allowing the reopening of shale bedding or the creation of new fractures along weak planes such as bedding, which inhibits the decrease of permeability with the increase of temperature and confining pressure. Compared with the triaxial mechanical experiment at normal temperature, the triaxial compression experiment at high temperature and high pressure demonstrates that the compressive strength and peak strain of deep shale increase significantly due to the coupling of temperature and pressure. The compressive strength is up to 435 MPa and the peak strain exceeds 2%, indicating that high temperature is not conducive to fracture initiation and expansion by increasing rock plasticity. Lithofacies and mineral composition have great impacts on the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale. Shales with different lithologies are different in the difficulty and extent of brittle failure. The stress-strain characteristics of rocks under actual geological conditions are key support to the optimization of reservoir stimulation program.

Resistivity response to the porosity and permeability of low rank coal

Laojunmiao coal samples from the eastern Junggar basin were studied to understand the relationship between coal resistivity and the physical parameters of coal reservoirs under high temperatures and pressures.Specifically,we analysed the relationship of coal resistivity to porosity and permeability via heating and pressurization experiments.The results indicated that coal resistivity decreases exponentially with increasing pressure.Increasing the temperature decreases the resistivity.The sensitivity of coal resistivity to the confining pressure is worse when the temperature is higher.The resistivity of dry coal samples was linearly related to φ~m.Increasing the temperature decreased the cementation exponent(m).Increasing the confining pressure exponentially decreases the porosity.Decreasing the pressure increases the resistivity and porosity for a constant temperature.Increasing the temperature yields a quadratic relationship between the resistivity and permeability for a constant confining pressure.Based on the Archie formula,we obtained the coupling relationship between coal resistivity and permeability for Laojunmiao coal samples at different temperatures and confining pressures.

Study on the subgrade deformation under high-speed train loading and water–soil interaction

It is important to study the subgrade characteristics of high-speed railways in consideration of the water–soil coupling dynamic problem,especially when high-speed trains operate in rainy regions.This study develops a nonlinear water–soil interaction dynamic model of slab track coupling with subgrade under high-speed train loading based on vehicle–track coupling dynamics.By using this model,the basic dynamic characteristics,including water–soil interaction and without water induced by the high-speed train loading,are studied.The main factors-the permeability coefficien and the porosity-influencin the subgrade deformation are investigated.The developed model can characterize the soil dynamic behaviour more realistically,especially when considering the influenc of water-rich soil.

Effect of high-voltage thermal breakdown on pore characteristics of coal

High-voltage thermal breakdown has great potential application in permeability enhancement of coal seam. The characteristics of the breakdown channel, coal element, porosity and microscopic coal petrography of coal under high-voltage electric load were experimentally studied. The coal interior left apparent tracks due to electric current burning with high temperature. The percentage of C, O, Al, Fe, and Si had slightly decreased, while the content of element N increased obviously. Low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption(LP-N_2GA) and mercury intrusion analysis showed that coal porosity increased. The increases of micropores and mesopores are beneficial to promotion of the ability of gas storage, and the increase of macropores could enhance the gas seepage and migration. The results of scanning electron microscope(SEM) show that there are many exogenous fractures in coal, which is also beneficial to gas seepage and migration. The results lay a theoretical foundation for application of high-voltage thermal breakdown in coal mines.

High Index SMES Device for Gravitomagnetic Field Generation

A method is described for creating a measurable unbalanced gravitational acceleration using a gravitomagnetic field surrounding a superconducting toroid as described by Forward (1962). An experimental Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) toroid configuration of wound superconducting nanowire is proposed to create a measurable acceleration field along the axis of symmetry, providing experimental confirmation of the additive nature of a Lense-Thirring derived gravitomagnetic field. In the present paper, gravitational coupling enhancement of this effect is explored using a high index or high permittivity material, as predicted by Sarfatti (2020) using his modification to Einstein’s General Relativity Field Equations for gravitational coupling in matter.

INITIAL BINDING CAPACTIES OF CHLORIDE ION OF COMPONENTS IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

An investigation is reported on the influence of different components of high performance concrete (HPC) on the initial binding capacities (IBC) of chloride ion. The testing results demonstrate that cement has the largest IBC, and the relative binding ratio is as high as 30% of total ion amount. Among the mineral admixtures, fly ash has the largest IBC of chloride ion. The IBC of silica fume is about 14.4%, which is smaller than that of fly ash. The IBC of refined ground blast-furnace slag (microslag) is abnormal due to the influence of sulfate ion contained. The addition of superplasticizer and corrosion inhibitor containing calcium nitrite weakens the IBC of mixtures. The fluidity and pore-filling effect of mineral admixtures are studied with paste samples with WIC ratio of 0.3. The influence mechanism of various components in high-performance concrete in IBC is studied further through SEM and Mercury Instrusion Porosimetry tests with paste samples at the age of 3 days.

Reservoir characteristics and genesis of high-porosity and high-permeability reservoirs in Tarim Basin

Based on detailed studies, this paper proposesthat in the Tarim Basin, hydrocarbon reservoirs widespreadeither in vertical sequences or in plane and high-porosity andhigh-permeability reservoirs are developed all over the basin.However, obvious difference and heterogeneity exist amongdifferent kinds of reservoirs. The lithologic characteristics,reservoir space types and reservoir properties in variousstrata have been probed. The result indicates that althoughthe Paleozoic carbonates have been deeply buried for a longperiod, high-quality reservoirs with the porosity of up to 5%-8% （12% as the maximum） and the permeability of10×10-3-100×10-3 μm2 (1000×10-3μm2 as the maximum)can be found in certain areas. These include the area withthe development of reefs and carbonate beaches, the weath-ered-crust buried-hill belts that have undergone thelong-term exposure, weathering and leaching, the area withthe development of dolomitization, and those areas that haveexperienced the resolution of carbonic acid and organic acidgenerated by the maturity of the organic matter. Finally, thegenesis of the high-porosity and high-permeability reservoirsin deep-buried conditions （with the depth more than 3500 m）have been investigated thoroughly.

高透成型纸的表面渗透性及对中线胶粘合性能的影响

为研究高透成型纸和滤棒丝束粘合不良问题的成因,本研究分析了高透成型纸的结构和特性,采用动态接触角法研究了高透成型纸的表面渗透性,并探讨了渗透性对中线胶粘合性能的影响。结果表明,高透成型纸紧度较低,纤维分丝帚化不明显,纤维之间存在大量的孔隙,水在其表面具有极强的渗透性。中线胶在高透成型纸表面的渗透性与水有很大不同,黏度是影响中线胶渗透的主要因素,黏度越低,渗透越快。中线胶在高透成型纸表面的渗透性与粘合效果密切相关,中线胶的黏度越高,对高透成型纸的粘合效果越好。但不同的中线胶有不同的最佳开放时间窗口,超出该时间窗口会出现粘合不良的问题。

陆丰油田高孔高渗储层钻井液防漏技术研究与应用

陆丰油田珠江组储层段属于高孔高渗的储集层,砂岩发育微裂缝,钻井液易沿孔隙及微裂缝侵入,引起储层段孔隙堵塞、出砂等储层损害,裂缝通道在正压差的作用下会逐渐向储层深部延伸,导致裂缝开度变大并形成贯通裂缝,引起严重漏失。该区块历史作业期间多井次发生漏失,堵漏效果差,堵漏后复漏情况严重,储层保护难度大。室内通过优选不同粒径酸溶性暂堵剂并进行合理级配,有效提高了井壁承压能力,封堵效率达92.5%;同时配合UltraFLO钻开液体系,利用VIRTUALMUD水力学软件精准控制ECD,降低正压差,有效防止了井漏的发生。完井作业期间通过隐形酸完井液对地层进行酸化解堵,渗透率恢复值达90%以上,有效兼顾了陆丰油田储层防漏堵漏与储层保护的目的。

渤海特高孔渗储层控水防砂一体化完井技术

渤海BN油田的特高孔渗疏松砂岩油藏储层非均质性强,生产井出水、出砂问题严重,而现有各自独立设计实施的控水和防砂工艺存在设计实施繁琐、控水防砂效果差等问题。为此,在连续封隔体控水完井技术的基础上,根据地质工程一体化的思路,给出了优选连续封隔体颗粒粒径、设计ICD筛管控流强度及优化配置ICD筛管的方法,形成了适用于渤海特高孔渗储层的防砂控水一体化完井技术。BN油田3口井进行了控水防砂一体化完井技术试验,与邻井相比,单井无水采油期平均延长187 d,初期含水率远低于预期含水率,井口无砂时间明显增长,其中BN-D4H1井井口无砂时间长达889 d。现场试验结果表明,防砂控水一体化完井技术可以满足BN油田控水、防砂的双重需求。

四川盆地简阳地区二叠系火山碎屑岩储层特征与成岩演化

火山碎屑岩油气藏作为重要的非常规油气藏,对油气增储上产具有重要的意义。通过岩心观察,综合薄片鉴定、QEMSCAN扫描、X射线衍射、物性分析、包裹体测温及碳氧同位素分析等资料,系统分析了四川盆地简阳地区二叠系火山碎屑岩储层特征及其成岩演化过程。研究结果表明:(1)简阳地区二叠系火山碎屑岩储层岩石类型主要包括火山角砾熔岩、凝灰熔岩和熔结火山角砾岩,整体物性都较好,孔隙度为0.78%~32.00%,平均为16.67%,渗透率为0.001~2.680 mD,平均为0.125 mD,属于高孔低渗储层,储集空间以次生孔隙和裂缝为主,包括脱玻化孔、基质溶蚀孔及溶蚀缝等类型。(2)研究区发育多种成岩作用,主要有熔结、压实、脱玻化、胶结及溶蚀作用等。(3)研究区经历了同生成岩、表生成岩与埋藏成岩3个阶段,成岩演化受深部热液、大气淡水及有机酸流体的共同影响,一方面流体活动造成热液矿物或碳酸盐胶结物的沉淀对储层物性起破坏性作用;另一方面热液流体促进油气运移,酸性流体的溶蚀改造作用对储层孔隙发育起建设性作用。

基于粒子群算法求解致密砂岩储层孔隙结构分形维数——以鄂尔多斯盆地大宁-吉县地区山西组为例

针对只有孔隙度、渗透率等基础测试数据的井难以求取其分形维数的问题,提出一种基于粒子群算法的致密砂岩储层分形维数求解方法。首先对于拥有高压压汞、核磁资料的井,利用汞饱和度法、核磁共振法计算其分形维数值,并将其设置为训练样本;其次对于只有孔渗数据的井,基于粒子群算法(PSO)思想将目标函数定义为孔、渗数据和训练样本数据的偏差平方和,使用8个岩心样品的孔渗数据进行分形维数计算;最后将计算结果与汞饱和度法和核磁共振法计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,使用粒子群算法求得的分形维数具有较高精度,该计算过程具有高自动化性、低主观性,该方法可在分形维数参数求解计算中推广应用。

Control factors and porosity evolution of high-quality sandstone reservoirs of Kela-2 gas field in Kuqa Depression

By using the integrated methods includingsandbodies modelling of the outcrops, sedimentary facies ofthe cores and well logs of the drilled wells, and the reservoircorrelation of interwells, it is thought that the sandstone res-ervoirs of Kela-2 gas field are a suit of high-quality naturalgas reservoirs with great thickness, extensive and continuousdistribution, high porosity and permeability, and a few bar-rier beds. Sedimentary facies and microfacies are the mainfactors controlling the reservoir distribution and interiorheterogeneity. Based on a great deal of data of rock’s thinsections, porosity, permeability, and the parameters of capil-lary pressure, the reservoir diagenesis, controls, mechanismand evolution of pores have been studied. It is consideredthat compaction in the early stage and diagenetic dolomiteand calcite cements have effect on the decline of reservoirsproperty. Now compaction is chiefly middle to weak. Thebetter reservoirs have no or a few calcite cements. In theearly of deep buried stage, there are still mainly remainderprimary intergranular pores. The authigenic kaolinite ofreservoirs is the production of the dissolution of feldsparsand lithic fragments. The dissolution results in the partlymodified and broadened secondary intergranular pores. Inthe late of deep buried stage, structure fissures and over-pressure were in favor of improving and preservation ofthese pores.

高孔高渗高含水稠油油藏剩余油分布特征及动用的主控因素

针对CFD11-1油田943砂体大量剩余油无法动用的问题,结合动态数据和生产数据,将注入流体、地层倾角、渗透率韵律和级差4种因素进行数值模拟,对油藏剩余油分布类型以及影响海上高孔高渗油藏剩余油动用的主控因素进行分析。结果表明:1)高孔高渗高含水稠油油藏的剩余油分布类型可分为油藏边缘井网未控制、井间未控制、相对低渗绕流和构造高部位4种;2)注入流体是影响不同类型剩余油动用的首要因素,说明注入流体优选和有效波及仍是未来提高海上油藏采收率的主要方向之一。注入流体与不同剩余油类型的结合应兼具经济性和环保性,例如构造高部位的气驱与活性水相比仅降低1.59个百分点;3)相比于气驱,活性水驱扩大平面波及效率,有效减弱指进效应,边部剩余油井组采出程度提高了12.88个百分点;4)剩余油动用敏感性因素分析显示,注入流体和地层倾角是影响采出程度的主控因素,受油藏高孔高渗影响,渗透率韵律和级差已经不是限制流体流动的主要因素,其对采出程度的影响不超过1%。该研究成果对海上高孔高渗稠油油藏的高效开发有一定的指导作用。

阿联酋西部地区白垩系森诺曼阶高孔渗灰岩储层特征及控制因素

利用岩心及薄片分析、核磁共振、微米CT测试、层序格架下的等时追踪及古地貌恢复等方法,对阿联酋西部地区白垩系森诺曼阶高孔渗灰岩的沉积特征、层序及沉积演化特征和成岩作用进行了系统剖析,从构造-沉积-成岩多维度对高孔渗储层的控制因素进行了研究。研究结果表明:①阿联酋西部地区森诺曼阶高孔渗灰岩储层主要分布于Mishrif组,岩性主要为亮晶厚壳蛤灰岩、亮晶生屑灰岩和泥晶生屑灰岩,储集空间主要为体腔孔、铸模孔和粒间溶孔;Mishrif组整体为碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积,可识别出内缓坡、中缓坡和外缓坡3类沉积亚相,厚壳蛤礁、高能滩、滩前、滩后、滩间及潟湖等6个微相;高孔渗储层主要发育于厚壳蛤礁微相和高能滩微相,其中,厚壳蛤礁微相优质储层孔隙度为20%~34%,渗透率为150~2000 mD,高能滩微相优质储层孔隙度为25%~33%,渗透率为40~370 mD。②研究区Mishrif组自下而上可分为3个三级层序SQ1—SQ3,可细分为7个体系域,SQ1—SQ2层序主要由高位体系域构成,厚壳蛤礁微相和高能滩微相规模较大;SQ3层序由高位体系域和海侵体系域构成,古地貌高部位发育高能滩微相且物性更好。③研究区Mishrif组高孔渗储层的孔隙发育受多期成岩作用叠合改造,包括以同生期大气淡水溶蚀为主的建设性成岩作用和与烃类充注相关的保持性成岩作用。④研究区Mishrif组高孔渗储层受沉积相、层序格架、古地貌格局以及成岩改造作用等多重因素控制;储层物性具有明显的相控特征,而沉积微相的分布与演化在Mishrif组沉积早—中期(SQ1—SQ2)受控于三级层序内部高位体系域旋回,在沉积晚期(SQ3)则受继承性古地貌影响。

高孔低渗碳酸盐岩孔隙结构及控制因素

中东X油田上白垩统Khasib组碳酸盐岩储层属于浅海陆棚沉积,具有生物类型和岩石类型多、高孔低渗及孔隙结构复杂等特征,根据福克石灰岩分类方案,突出生物特征,在岩石分类基础上,综合对比不同类型储层孔隙结构特征及控制因素。研究表明,储层岩石类型有泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩、泥晶藻屑灰岩、泥晶生屑灰岩和泥晶浮游有孔虫灰岩等4类;孔隙结构类型可划分为高孔中渗中喉型、高孔低渗中细喉型及高孔低渗细喉型等3类;影响孔隙结构的主要因素为物性和结构组分两种,不同岩性之间,生物种类和含量的差异影响原生孔隙的发育和后期成岩作用的强弱,造成了孔隙结构的差异。同种岩性之间,灰泥含量控制了孔隙结构的质量。

温压耦合作用下四川盆地深层龙马溪组页岩孔渗和岩石力学特征

为了研究温压耦合变化对深层页岩孔隙度、渗透率和岩石力学特征的影响,选择四川盆地威荣和永川地区下志留统龙马溪组深层页岩岩心样品,设计开展温压条件的上限为120℃、70 MPa的孔渗实验和三轴压缩岩石力学—声波一体化实验。研究结果表明:(1)微观上的孔渗变化与宏观上的岩石变形相互约束,均呈现先快后缓的变化特征,最大温压实验条件下孔隙度降低34%~71%、渗透率降低85%~97%。随着温压的升高,深层页岩经历了以有机质孔、黏土矿物孔被压缩和微裂缝受压闭合的塑性变形和脆性矿物孔、岩石骨架颗粒本体被压缩的弹性变形;(2)与常温高围压实验对比,高温对孔渗应力敏感的影响显著。高温通过增加岩石塑性,加剧高围压对孔隙的压缩,同时引发岩石骨架颗粒间产生热应力,页岩层理易重新开启或沿层理等软弱面产生新缝,使得页岩渗透率随温度和围压升高而降低的程度减弱;(3)与常温三轴力学实验对比,深层页岩在高温高压耦合作用下,抗压强度和峰值应变量显著增加,抗压强度最高达435 MPa、峰值应变超过2%,说明高温增加了岩石塑性,不利于页岩的破裂和裂缝扩展;(4)岩相和矿物组分对深层页岩孔渗和岩石力学特征具有重要影响。不同岩性页岩发生脆性破坏的难度和充分程度不同,实际地质条件下页岩的应力应变特征是压裂方案优化调整的重要依据。

高强透水混凝土的制备与应用研究

通过研究骨料种类、骨料级配、水灰比、浆骨比、掺合料等对透水混凝土抗压强度和透水系数的影响,探索了C30及以上强度等级透水混凝土的配制方法。结果表明,骨料级配是影响透水混凝土强度、孔隙率、透水系数的主要因素;在一定水灰比情况下,浆骨比越大,透水混凝土强度越高,透水系数越小,浆骨比由0.26增大至0.32,透水系数减小了39.9%;硅灰等增强材料可有效提高透水混凝土强度,采用10%硅灰等质量取代水泥后,28 d抗压强度提高了60.4%,但增效剂等其他材料需要经试验验证,确认有效后选择使用。通过优选可制得28 d抗压强度高达39.1 MPa的透水混凝土,可应用于城市主路和大型公路路面。

聚铬交联调剖体系在海上油田的应用——以渤海Q油田E16井组为例

渤海Q油田为高孔高渗油藏,注入井E16与各受益井在多个方向存在不同程度的注水突进。文章评价了能够对水流优势通道进行封堵、有效抑制水流突进且适用于该类油藏的聚铬交联体系。该体系具有成胶强度及时间可控,封堵率高,耐冲刷性强等特点。该类调剖体系在渤海Q油田E16井组开展了矿场试验,井组增油效果明显,为海上油田稳油控水及化学驱增效提供了技术保障。