Effect of N Fertilization on Yield, N Absorption and Utilization of Two Species of Super High-Yielding Summer Maize

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of N fertilizer on yield, N absorption and utilization of different cultivars of super high-yielding summer maize, in order to provide reference for reasonable N fertilization in accordance with different cultivars. [Method] Field experiment was conducted to study on effects of different N fertilizers on yield, N absorption and use efficiency of Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20, in order to learn the effect differences at different N fertilizer levels. [Result] After N was applied, yields of the two summer maize increased significantly. Zhengdan 958 achieved the highest in yield and proceeds at 12 051.18 kg/hm2 and 1 722.40 yuan/hm2, respectively in low N level. In contrast, Xundan 20 achieved the highest at 13 166.00 kg/hm2 and 1 343.92 yuan/hm2 in the above two aspects in high N level. Compared with Zhengdan 958, Xundan 20 increased by 9.90%, 5.20% and 12.00% in N levels of 0, 240, and 450 kg/hm2, respectively. When N fertilizers were applied, protein yield of Xundan 20 was significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958, so that higher N fertilizers contributed higher protein yield for Xundan 20. In high N level, N efficiency, N-fertilizer utilization and partial productivity of Xundan 20 were significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958. [Conclusion] Lower N-fertilizer was suitable for Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20 would get a good harvest if more N-fertilizers were applied. The results provided references for reasonable N fertilization.

Effects of Super Absorbent Polymers on Yield and Water-saving and Drought-escaping Mechanism in Spring Maize

The effects of super absorbent polymers （SAP） on yield as well as water-saving and drought-escaping mechanism in spring maize in the seasonal drought region were studied. As shown by the results, during the seasonal drought in southern China, SAP treatment promoted the soil moisture, improved the capability of absorption and transportation of roots, promoted physiological and biochemical functions, increased the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 concentration, and reduced the stomatal conductance and transplre.tion rate. As a result, the economic characters of spring maize were improved, and the yield was increased.

Effects of Postponing N Application on Metabolism,Absorption and Utilization of Nitrogen of Summer Maize in SuperHigh Yield Region

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of application postponing of N fertilizer and the mechanism of yield increase in order to provide references for N fertilizer application in a rational way. [Method] In a super-high yielded region of summer maize, field experiment was conducted to research effects of N fertilizer postponing on key enzymes of N metabolism, yield of maize and N fertilizer use. [Result] After application of N fertilizer was postponed, NR, SPS and GS activities of ear-leaf of summer maize increased by 11.99%-34.87%, 8.25%-10.64% and 10.00%- 16.81% on the 28^th d of silking; content of soluble sugar in leaves enhanced signifi- cantly and accumulated nitrogen increased by 5.00%-9.74% in mature stage. The postponing fertilization of ＂30% of fertilizer in seedling stage＋30% of fertilizer in flare- opening stage＋40% of fertilizer in silking stage meets N demands of summer maize in late growth period. Compared with conventional fertilization, the maize yield, agro- nomic efficiency and use of N fertilizer all improved by 5.05%, 1.75 kg/kg and 6.87%, respectively, after application postponed. [Conclusion] Application postponing of N fertilizer maintains activity of NR, GS and SPS higher and coordinates metabolism of C and N in late growth period, to further improve yield of maize.

Effects of Ratio of Row Spacing to Intrarow Spacing on Yield and Top Three Leaves of Super High-yielding Early and Late Rice

Using a split plot design, super high-yielding early rice ＆quot;Zhongjiazao 17＆quot;and ＆quot;Ganxin 203＆quot; and super high-yielding late rice ＆quot;Ganxin 688＆quot; and ＆quot;Wufengy-ouT025＆quot; were taken as materials with planting density the same at 312 000 hil s/hm2, to explore the effects of RS/IS （Ratio of row spacing to intrarow row spacing） on yield, top three leaves morphological features and its relationship of them in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that, whether early or late rice, biomass, accumula-tion and apparent utilizing rate of nitrogen were lower in RS/IS5.0 （40.0 cm ＆#215;8.0 cm） treatment, but yield of rice was higher in RS/IS2.0 （25.0 cm ＆#215;12.8 cm） treatment;grain numbers per spike of rice was more in RS/IS2.8 （30.0 cm＆#215;10.7 cm） treatment, and thousand-grain weight of rice was higher in RS/IS1.3 （20.0 cm＆#215;16.0 cm） treat-ment. For 4 varieties of early or late rice aforementioned, basal angle, opening an-gle and leaf area of 2nd leaf from top were larger in RS/IS5.0 treatment, and basal angle and opening angle were smal er in RS/IS2.0 treatment and leaf area smal er in RS/IS1.3 treatment.

Properties of Picosecond Fluorescence of Super High-Yield Hybrid Rice

Thylakoid membrane preparations of super high-yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.), Liangyoupeijiu (P9) and Shanyou 63 (SH 63) were used for investigating its spectral and time properties by using picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectrum measuring system. The thylakoid membrane preparations of P9 and SH 63 were excited by an Ar+ laser with a pulse width of 120 ps, repetition rate of 4 MHz and wavelength of 514 nm. The time constants of the excited energy transfer in these two varieties at flowering stage and grain filling stage were calculated from the experimental data. Based on the comparative studies of the time and spectral properties of the excited fluorescence in these ultrafast dynamic experiments the following was found: at both the flowering stage and grain filling stage, the speed of the excitation energy transfer, in photosystem was faster than that in photosystem II in P9 variety; and the speed of the excitation energy transfer at grain filling stage was faster than those at flowering stage for both rice varieties; the experiments also implied that the components and assembly of pigments in SH 63, but not in P9, changed during the process from flowering stage to grain filling stage for in these two rice varieties.

Changes in the Activities of C4 Pathway Enzymes and Stable Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Flag Leaves of Super High-yield Hybrid Rice

Activities of several key enzymes of C-4 photosynthesis pathway and stable carbon isotope discrimination were investigated in flag leaves of a super high-yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Peiai 64S/E32 and a traditional hybrid rice cv. Shanyou 63 at different developing stages. Results show that the activity of PEP carboxylase (PEPCase) increased with age of flag leave; the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) increased and reached to a peak value at grain filling stage (68-75 d after transplanting), then fell down; the activity of NADP-MDH in cv. Peiai 64S/E32 was much higher than that in cv. Shanyou 63. Before ripening stage (95 d after transplanting), NADP-malic enzyme activity rose gradually. The level of stable carbon isotope discrimination (Delta(13)C) in flag leaves and grains at different developing stages were similar and exhibited a comparative high value at ripening stage. The average Delta(13)C in leaf of cv. Peiai 64S/E32 during different developing stages was 0.43parts per thousand more than that in cv. Shanyou 63.

Plant Ideotype at Heading for Super High-Yielding Rice in Double-Cropping System in South China

The newly released super high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Yueza 122, Fengyou 428, Peiza 67, and the super high-yielding conventional cultivars, Guangchao 3 and Shengtai 1, were grown in both early and late seasons. The morphological characters of each population were investigated at the heading stage, and the data were analyzed by using ANOVY and other statistic methods. The plant ideal morphological characters at the heading stage were established as follows： 1 ） for the early-season cropping, 90-105 cm plant height; 11-12 tillers per plant; 35-40 em length and 2.1-2.2 cm width of flag leaf; 46-50 cm length and 1.8-2.1 cm width of the second leaf from the top （L2）; 59-64 cm length and 1.4-1.9 cm width of the third leaf from the top （L3）; 7°-14°, 18° and 200-33° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively; 2） for the late-season cropping, 90-100 cm plant height; 9-15 tillers per plant; 30-41 cm length and 1.8-2.0 cm width of flag leaf; 53-61 cm length and 1.3-1.8 cm width of L2; 52-58 cm length and 1.2-1.5 cm width of L3; 9°-19°, 15°-37° and 16°-49° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively. The main physiological characteristics of these varieties were also analyzed.

Study on Plant Morphological Traits and Production Characteristics of Super High-Yielding Soybean

Super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14, soybean cultivars from Ohio in the United States, and the common soybean cultivars from Liaoning Province, China, with similar geographic latitudes and identical pod-bearing habits were used as the study materials for a comparison of morphological traits and production characteristics to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of improved super high-yielding soybean cultivars. Using a randomized block design, different soybean cultivars from the same latitude were compared under conventional and unconventional treatments for their production characteristics, including morphological traits, leaf area index （LAI）, net photosynthesis rate, and dry matter accumulation. The specific characteristics of the super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14 were analyzed. The results showed that the plant height of Liaodou 14 was significantly lower than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, whereas the number of its main-stem nodes was higher than that of the cultivars from Ohio or Liaoning. A high pod density was observed in Liaodou 14 under conventional treatments. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, the branch number of Liaodou 14 was markedly higher than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, and its branch length and leaf inclination angle were significantly higher than those of common cultivars from Liaoning or Ohio. Only small changes in the leaf inclination angle were observed in Liaodou 14 treated with conventional or unconventional methods. Under each treatment, Liaodou 14 exhibited the lowest amplitude of reduction in SPAD values and net photosynthesis rates from the grain-filling to ripening stages; the cultivars from Ohio and the common cultivars from Liaoning exhibited more significant reductions. Liaodou 14 reached its peak LAI later than the other cultivars but maintained its LAI at a higher level for a longer duration. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, Liaodou 14 produced a higher yield than the other two cultivars, with significant differences from the Ohio cultivars. In summary, super high-yielding soybean cultivars have several main features： suitable plant height, high pod density, good leaf structure with strong functionality, and slow leaf senescence at the late reproductive stage, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and improved yield.

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.

玉米生态效率的时空差异及收敛性

运用EBM-Super-Malmquist指数法对2004—2018年玉米主产省(市、自治区)的生态效率进行测算,分析玉米生态效率的时间演变和地区分布特征,并运用收敛性方法检验玉米生态效率的收敛性。结果表明,玉米生态效率表现出波动下降趋势,地区之间存在明显的非均衡性特征;全国及四大区域玉米生态效率不存在σ收敛和绝对β收敛,地区差异不会无条件地缩小;全国及四大区域玉米生态效率存在显著的条件β收敛,受灾率、财政支持力度、人力资本是影响玉米生态效率条件β收敛的重要因素。

我国玉米超高产研究现状与展望

玉米作为我国种植面积最大、总产最高的第一大粮食作物,对我国粮食安全、饲料保障都至关重要。在耕地资源日趋紧张的形势下,未来我国粮食扩大面积的空间有限,产能提升主要依靠单产提高。2023年中央一号文件明确提出要全力抓好粮食生产,开展吨粮田建设,实施玉米单产提升工程。玉米超高产是优良品种、生产条件和栽培管理技术等最高水平的体现,本文全面综述了我国玉米超高产研究的政策支持、高产纪录现状、超高产田的分布及气象特点、高产创建的技术要点。在此基础上,从增加科研投入加强新品种选育、加强栽培技术集成进行示范推广、加强农田基础设施建设等方面提出了我国玉米大面积高产创建的建议。

东北中部黑土区春玉米超高产田土壤肥力特征

通过五年生产性定位试验,研究不同养分管理模式对春玉米产量及土壤物理、化学和微生物性状的影响,为实现区域性玉米超高产土壤肥力培育提供参考。试验于2011-2015年在吉林省农安县进行,设置普通高产养分管理和超高产养分管理2种管理模式,以先玉335和利民33为供试材料,系统监测群体产量构成、土壤团聚体、土壤物理化学及生物指标。结果表明,与普通高产养分管理相比,超高产养分管理产量高出42.9%, 0~20 cm土层具有较低的土壤容重、较高的含水量与气相比例以及丰富的大团聚体分布与稳定的团聚体稳定性。超高产养分管理土壤中有机质、全磷、全钾、速效养分和土壤微生物量氮的含量均明显高于普通高产养分管理。综合考虑土壤肥力和气候条件,东北中部黑土区超高产养分管理模式,更应重视0~40 cm全耕层土壤培肥,可以实现东北中部春玉米产量及土壤肥力的协同提升。

吉林省半干旱区玉米超高产品种、密度与产量关系研究

研究高肥量水平下不同玉米品种、种植密度与产量及其构成因素的关系。结果表明,不同品种对产量影响差异6.1%～46.6%,不同密度对产量影响差异1.98%～12.80%。郑单958种植密度9.0万株/hm2时产量最高,单产为13214kg/hm2。在此密度下主要通过群体来影响产量。

玉米小面积超高产创建及配套栽培技术研究

2006～2007年全国出现39块玉米超高产田,绝大多数集中在北纬40°～43°的高海拔地区,其特点是光照充足和昼夜温差大。产量在15000kg/hm2以上高产田的产量结构是79725～84630穗/hm2,每穗560～588粒,千粒重347～359g,穗粒重200g左右。高产配套栽培技术是生态条件优越地区,采用良种,合理密植,科学施肥和及时灌溉。

吉林省玉米超高产研究进展与产量潜力分析

在吉林省玉米主产区最优生产条件下 ,采用最佳技术措施 ,创建出小面积单产超过 10 0 0 kg的超产田 ,初步明确了所需土壤、气候条件及超高产群体的主要生育指标 ,对主产区现阶段最高产量潜力进行了分析 ,并提出了研究途径 。

春玉米超高产群体冠层结构的研究

以紧凑型玉米新品种内单314为材料,通过超高产栽培和普通高产栽培的比较,对超高产玉米的冠层结构和叶片光合特点进行了研究。结果表明:①超高产栽培条件下,内单314最大LAI(叶面积指数)达6.95,其全生育期内LAI维持在6以上的时间在40d以上;全生育期总LAD(光合势)比普通高产群体高74.85万m2/(d·hm2)。②与普通高产玉米相比,超高产玉米群体内个体空间分布更加合理,叶片功能期延长,株型更加紧凑。超高产群体冠层截获的PAR(光合有效辐射)比普通高产群体高25μmol/(m2·s),且超高产群体中散射PAR占入射PAR的比例高于普通高产群体,群体内光分布较为合理,提高了光能利用率。③与普通高产群体相比,超高产栽培条件下玉米叶片的Pn(光合速率)和WUE(水分利用效率)高,而Tr(蒸腾速率)较低,植株穗位及穗位上部叶片的Pn和WUE高于普通高产栽培,而穗位下部叶片无明显差异。

不同施氮水平对超高产夏玉米氮磷钾积累与分配的影响

为探明不同施氮水平下玉米超高产（≥13 500 kg hm 2）群体氮磷钾积累及分配规律,通过苏玉20、浚单20两品种3年不同氮肥运筹方案的试验,实现了籽粒最高产量14 753 kg hm 2的目标。结果表明：（1）随着生育进程,两品种氮磷钾在植株、籽粒中积累逐渐增大,在叶片、茎秆、叶鞘中呈先单峰变化趋势,叶片氮钾峰值在大口期,磷峰值在开花期。增大灌浆期植株氮积累量及叶片氮转移率,促使成熟期籽粒氮磷较大积累量,利于超高产玉米群体的形成。（2）籽粒产量、1 kg氮生产籽粒量、氮肥的农学效率、氮素利用率、植株（叶片、茎秆、叶鞘、籽粒等器官）氮磷钾含量在450 kg hm 2施氮水平时达到最大值,其值（苏玉20）分别为14 753 kg hm 2、44.0 kg、19.24%、38.63%、335.4kg hm 2、178.2 kg hm 2、230.7 kg hm 2,过高过低施氮均使氮磷钾积累量及产量下降。（3）由两品种产量与施氮水平的回归方程,确定了超高产时的最佳施氮量、超高产施氮水平和最佳施氮范围,苏玉20分别为457.0 kg hm 2、418.3~495.7 kg hm 2、418.5~495.4 kg hm 2;浚单20分别为452.7 kg hm 2（最佳施氮量）、410.8~494.6 kg hm 2（最佳施氮范围）。

超高产春玉米的根系特征

以西辽河平原地区广泛种植的春玉米品种金山27为试材,以当地普通高产栽培模式为对照,研究了超高产栽培下春玉米的根系特征。结果表明,超高产春玉米深层根系占总根重比例较大,最大根幅下移,下层土壤根条数增加,且随土层深度增加与对照的差异增大。单株根重随生育进程呈先升后降的变化趋势,吐丝期达到最大且与对照的差异达到显著水平。各生育时期0~20cm土层根重所占比例明显低于对照,40cm以下各土层根重所占比例均高于对照。冠根比生育前期与对照接近,生育后期低于对照。根系活力变化随生育进程呈单峰型变化曲线,在吐丝期达到最大。超高产栽培下各生育时期根系活力随土层深度增加均呈单峰型变化曲线,而对照在不同生育时期有较大的差异。SOD和POD活性在吐丝期和乳熟期各土层超高产栽培均高于对照,而MDA含量低于对照。深松土和优化施肥改善了根系环境条件和养分供应水平,在高密度种植下促进了下层根系的发生,并保持较高的生理活性,为超高产的实现奠定了基础。

超高产春玉米冠层结构及其生理特性

【目的】研究超高产春玉米群体冠层结构和功能特性,揭示超高产形成的生理机制,为春玉米超高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以金山27为供试品种,设超高产栽培(SHY)和普通高产栽培(CK)2个处理,于2009年和2010年连续2年的田间试验,测定超高产春玉米冠层结构及生理指标的变化规律。【结果】与普通高产栽培相比,超高产栽培春玉米叶面积指数大,在生育期上表现为吐丝之后更为明显,在叶位上表现为棒三叶最为突出;不同叶位的叶倾角超高产栽培均小于普通高产栽培,而叶向值均大于普通高产栽培,在棒三叶表现最为明显;随着生育时期的推移,超高产栽培与普通高产栽培光合势的差幅增大;吐丝期和乳熟期,两种栽培模式间净光合速率的差异不显著,但冠层光合能力的差异均达到极显著水平;吐丝后40 d内,超高产春玉米叶片SOD和POD酶活性总体上高于普通高产栽培,而MDA含量低于普通高产栽培。【结论】超高产栽培春玉米叶面积指数高,群体光合势大;叶倾角小、叶向值大,冠层结构合理;叶片SOD和POD活性强,MDA含量低,衰老缓慢,净光合速率相对较高,冠层光合能力强。在合理的栽培技术调控下,超高产春玉米群体结构与个体功能实现了协同增益。

超高产春玉米氮磷钾养分吸收与利用的研究

以金山27为材料,以普通高产栽培(产量14.647 t/hm2)为对照,研究超高产栽培下(产量16.861t/hm2)春玉米对氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)养分的吸收、积累、分配和利用。结果表明,超高产栽培下,各生育时期单位面积N、P、K的吸收量和吸收速率均高于CK,吐丝后N、P、K吸收量占生育期总吸收量的比例超高产栽培均高于CK。植株N、P、K的积累量在吐丝期之前超高产栽培与CK差异均不显著,吐丝之后差异增加,两种栽培下完熟期N的积累量差异达到极显著水平,P、K的积累量差异达到显著水平。完熟期超高产栽培籽粒中N分配比例显著高于CK,茎中分配比例极显著低于CK;叶和根中P分配比例均极显著低于CK;根中K分配比例显著低于CK。超高产栽培N、P、K的收获指数均高于CK,N的产谷利用率与CK基本相同,P的产谷利用率略低于CK,K的产谷利用率高于CK。每形成单位籽粒所吸收的N、P量超高产栽培与CK相同,K的吸收量超高产栽培低于CK。超高产栽培田N素养分体现为表观亏缺,P、K养分表现为表观盈余。