Effect of Nano-silica Modification on the Tensile Property of SMA/GF/CF/Epoxy Super Hybrid Woven Fabric Composites

Tensile properties of epoxy casts together with shape memory alloy（SMA）, glass（GF） and carbon（CF） woven fabric reinforced epoxy matrix super hybrid composites were investigated, respectively. In order to enhance the mechanical strength of this advanced material, two categories of modifications including matrix blending and fiber surface coating by nano-silica were studied. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and fiber pull-out tests were adopted to complement the experimental results, respectively. Experimental results reveal that the toughness of epoxy matrix is enhanced significantly by adding 2 wt% nano-silica. The failure mechanism of SMA reinforced hybrid composites is different from that of GF/CF/epoxy composites. Compared with the matrix modification, the fibers modified by coating nano-silica on the surface have better tensile performances. Moreover, the fiber pull-out test results also indicate that composites with fiber surface modification have better interfacial performances. The modification method used in this paper can help to enhance the tensile performance of the mentioned composite materials in real engineering fields.

Electrostatic Interaction-directed Construction of Hierarchical Nanostructured Carbon Composite with Dual Electrical Conductive Networks for Zinc-ion Hybrid Capacitors with Ultrastability

Metal-organic framework(MOF)-derived carbon composites have been considered as the promising materials for energy storage.However,the construction of MOF-based composites with highly controllable mode via the liquid-liquid synthesis method has a great challenge because of the simultaneous heterogeneous nucleation on substrates and the self-nucleation of individual MOF nanocrystals in the liquid phase.Herein,we report a bidirectional electrostatic generated self-assembly strategy to achieve the precisely controlled coatings of single-layer nanoscale MOFs on a range of substrates,including carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene oxide(GO),MXene,layered double hydroxides(LDHs),MOFs,and SiO_(2).The obtained MOF-based nanostructured carbon composite exhibits the hierarchical porosity(V_(meso)/V_(micro)∶2.4),ultrahigh N content of 12.4 at.%and"dual electrical conductive networks."The assembled aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitor(ZIC)with the prepared nanocarbon composite as a cathode shows a high specific capacitance of 236 F g^(-1)at 0.5 A g^(-1),great rate performance of 98 F g^(-1)at 100 A g^(-1),and especially,an ultralong cycling stability up to 230000 cycles with the capacitance retention of 90.1%.This work develops a repeatable and general method for the controlled construction of MOF coatings on various functional substrates and further fabricates carbon composites for ZICs with ultrastability.

Influence of B4C and ZrB2 reinforcements on microstructural,mechanical and wear behaviour of AA 2014 aluminium matrix hybrid composites

Considering their affordability and high strength-to-weight ratio,lightweight aluminium alloys are the subject of intensive research aimed at improving their properties for use in the aerospace industry.This research effort aims to develop novel hybrid composites based on AA 2014 alloy through the use of liquid metallurgy stir casting to reinforce dual ceramic particles of Zirconium Diboride(ZrB_(2))and Boron Carbide(B4C).The weight percentage(wt%)of ZrB_(2) was varied(0,5,10,and 15),while a constant 5 wt%of B4C was maintained during this fabrication.The as-cast samples have been assessed using an Optical Microscope(OM)and a Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS).The properties such as hardness,tensile strength,and wear characteristics of stir cast specimens were assessed to examine the impact of varying weight percentages of reinforcements in AA 2014 alloy.In particular,dry sliding wear behaviour was evaluated considering varied loads using a pin-on-disc tribotester.As the weight%of ZrB_(2) grew and B4C was incorporated,hybrid composites showed higher hardness,tensile strength,and wear resistance.Notably,the incorporation of a cumulative reinforcement consisting of 15 wt%ZrB_(2) and 5 wt%B4C resulted in a significant 31.86%increase in hardness and a 44.1%increase in tensile strength compared to AA 2014 alloy.In addition,it has been detected that wear resistance of hybrid composite pin(containing 20 wt%cumulative reinforcement)is higher than that of other stir cast wear test pins during the whole range of applied loads.Fractured surfaces of tensile specimens showed ductile fracture in the AA 2014 matrix and mixed mode for hybrid composites.Worn surfaces obtained employing higher applied load indicated abrasive wear with little plastic deformation for hybrid composites and dominant adhesive wear for matrix alloy.Hence,the superior mechanical and tribological performance of hybrid composites can be attributed to dual reinforcement particles being dispersed well and the effective transmission of load at this specific composition.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Multiscale SiC_p Hybrid Reinforced 6061 Aluminum Matrix Composites

The performance of solid solution aging treatment on aluminum matrix composites prepared by powder metallurgy and reinforced with 6061 aluminum alloy powder as matrix;meanwhile, nano silicon carbide particles(nm Si Cp), submicron silicon carbide particles(1 μm Si Cp) and Ti particles were studied. The Al/Si Cp composite powder was prepared by high-energy ball milling, and then cold-pressed, sintered, hotextruded, and then heat-treated with different solution temperatures and aging times for the extruded composites. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and extrusion testing were used to analyze and test the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites. The results show that after the multi-stage solid solution at 530 ℃×2 h+535 ℃×2 h+540 ℃×2 h, the particles are mainly equiaxed grains and uniformly distributed. There is no reinforcement agglomeration, and the surface is dense and the insoluble phase is basically dissolved. In the matrix, the strengthening effect is good, and the hardness and compressive strength are 179.43 HV and 680.42 MPa, respectively. Under this solution process, when the aluminum matrix composites are aged at 170 ℃ for 10 h, the hardness and compressive strength can reach their peaks and increase to 195.82 HV and 721.48 MPa, respectively.

Oil Palm Fiber Hybrid Composites: A Recent Review

Composite materials from oil palmfiber enhance sustainability by utilizing renewable resources,reducing depen-dence on non-renewable materials,and lessening environmental impact.Despite their mechanical and dimen-sional stability limitations,oil palmfiber-based polymer composites offer significant advantages,such as natural abundance,potential weight reduction,and cost-effectiveness due to local availability and renewability.The growing interest in oil palm hybrid composites,made from blending differentfibers,is due to their custo-mizable mechanical and physical properties.Hybridization is one of the most effective methods to reinforce and improve the performance of oil palm-derived composite materials.This review investigates the structural qualities of hybrid composites made from oil palmfibers,their suitability for diverse applications,and recent advancements in thefield.By focusing on the availability,properties,applications,challenges,and future direc-tions of oil palmfiber hybrid composites,this review highlights the potential of these materials to enhance mechanical and functional properties,thereby contributing to sustainable development and innovation in com-posite materials.

A Review on the Advancement of Renewable Natural Fiber Hybrid Composites: Prospects, Challenges, and Industrial Applications

Naturalfibre(NFR)reinforced functional polymer composites are quickly becoming an indispensable sustainable material in the transportation industry because of their lightweight,lower cost in manufacture,and adaptability to a wide variety of goods.However,the major difficulties of using thesefibres are their existing poor dimensional stability and the extreme hydrophilicity.In assessing the mechanical properties(MP)of composites,the interfacial bonding(IB)happening between the NFR and the polymer matrix(PM)plays an incredibly significant role.When compared to NFR/syntheticfibre hybrid composites,hybrid composites(HC)made up of two separate NFR are less prevalent;yet,these hybrid composites also have the potential to be valuable materials in terms of environmental issues.A new dimension to theflexibility of composites reinforced with NFR is added by the cost-effective manufacture of hybrid composites utilising NFR.The purpose of this study is to offer an over-view of the keyfindings that were presented on hybrid composites.The emphasis was focused on the factors that influence the performance of the naturalfiber composites,diverse approaches to enhancing MP,physical,electri-cal,and thermal characteristics of the HC.HC study in polymer science gains interest for applications in con-struction and automotive industries.

Erosion Wear Behaviour of Kenaf/Glass Hybrid Polymer Composites

The awareness amongst the researchers to develop an environment friendly sustainable material leads to explore new class of plant-based fiber for making composites. Hybridization of such plant-based fiber with inclusion of engineered fiber is one of the promising methods to not only enhanced the mechanical performance but also suppressed the drawbacks that associate with such plant-based fiber to some extent. A usual hand lay-up method was taken-up in this work to fabricate four layered of hybrid kenaf(K)/glass(G)polyester laminates with different stacking order such as KKKK,KGKG,KGGK,GKKG and GGGG. The erosive character of the laminates was examined under three distinct particle velocities(48m/s, 70m/s,82m/s)and four different impact angles(30°, 45°, 60°, 90°). All fabricated laminates exhibited a semiductile character at lower velocities(48m/s and70m/s)as peak wear rate was observed at45° impact angle. However,they showed a semi-brittle character at high velocity(82m/s)as maximum rate of erosion was noticed at60° impact angle. Again,the influence of stacking order of piles on erosion wear was also clearly noticed. Moreover,the semi-brittle/semi-ductile characterization was also evidenced in accordance to the range of erosion efficiencies. The micro-structures of worn surfaces were inspected thoroughly from the images of scanning electron microscope(SEM)to evident the mechanism of erosion.

Performance Improvement of Kenaf/Glass Polymer Hybrid Composites by Effective Application of Fish Scale Powder as Filler:A Novel Approach

Modern technology for developing new items made from renewable resources is becoming more and more popular as a result of rising environmental concern.Recently,contemporary polymer composites have included the hybridization of natural fibers with synthetic ones,along with the inclusion of a variety of biowaste filler for developing sustainable goods.In this work,the kenaf/glass hybrid polyester composites are strengthened by the addition of fish scale(FS),which is taken from the fishs outermost layer of skin.Five different stacked-order laminates,such as KKKK,KGKG,GKKG,KGGK,and GGGG,are fabricated by using the hand lay-up method with four different weight concentrations of filler content:0%,5%,10%,and 15%.Mechanical possessions such as tensile,flexural,impact strength and micro-hardness have been evaluated through experimentation in accordance with ASTM standards.The experimental findings revealed that,the tensile strength and micro-hardness value of KGKG laminates with 15wt% of FS filler are found to be maximum of 118.72 MPa and 17.82 HV respectively which are 39.67%and 26.11%greater than that of KGKG laminates without FS filler.However,the flexural and impact strength of same laminates with 10 wt% FS filler exhibited a maximum value of 142.77 MPa and 62.08 kJ/m^(2).In order to corroborate its applicability for structural and building materials in open environment,the dimensional stability of the composite has been studied through moisture absorption test.The influences of FS filler loading on dimensional stability and resistance to moisture absorption capacity of laminates are also investigated.The experimental results reflected that the addition of FS-filler has significantly improved the dimensional stability of the laminates in moist environment by reducing the moisture absorption tendency.To further support the mode of failures,a fractography investigation of fractured surfaces was conducted.

Functionally graded structure of a nitride-strengthened Mg_(2)Si-based hybrid composite

The ex-situ incorporation of the secondary SiC reinforcement,along with the in-situ incorporation of the tertiary and quaternary Mg_(3)N_(2) and Si_(3)N_(4) phases,in the primary matrix of Mg_(2)Si is employed in order to provide ultimate wear resistance based on the laser-irradiation-induced inclusion of N_(2) gas during laser powder bed fusion.This is substantialized based on both the thermal diffusion-and chemical reactionbased metallurgy of the Mg_(2)Si–SiC/nitride hybrid composite.This study also proposes a functional platform for systematically modulating a functionally graded structure and modeling build-direction-dependent architectonics during additive manufacturing.This strategy enables the development of a compositional gradient from the center to the edge of each melt pool of the Mg_(2)Si–SiC/nitride hybrid composite.Consequently,the coefficient of friction of the hybrid composite exhibits a 309.3%decrease to–1.67 compared to–0.54 for the conventional nonreinforced Mg_(2)Si structure,while the tensile strength exhibits a 171.3%increase to 831.5 MPa compared to 485.3 MPa for the conventional structure.This outstanding mechanical behavior is due to the(1)the complementary and synergistic reinforcement effects of the SiC and nitride compounds,each of which possesses an intrinsically high hardness,and(2)the strong adhesion of these compounds to the Mg_(2)Si matrix despite their small sizes and low concentrations.

Ballistic Penetration Damage of Hybrid Thermoplastic Composites Reinforced with Kevlar and UHMWPE Fabrics

Polymer matrix types of fiber hybrid composites are key factors to improve ballistic impact damage tolerances.Here we report ballistic penetration damages of Kevlar/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)hybrid composites with thermoplastic polyurethane(PU)matrix.The hybrid composites were penetrated by fragment-simulating projectiles(FSPs)using an air gun impact system.The effects of stacking sequences on the ballistic performance of hybrid composites were analyzed.Two types of specific energy absorption(the energy absorption per unit area density and the energy absorption per unit thickness)were investigated.It was found that the main damage modes of PU hybrid composites were fiber breakage,matrix damage,fiber pullout and interlayer delamination.The instantaneous deformation could not be used as a reference index for evaluating the ballistic performance of the target plate.The energy absorption process of the PU hybrid composites showed a nonlinear pattern.The hybrid structure affected the specific energy absorption of the materials.

Ablation Performance of a Novel Super-hybrid Composite

A novel super-hybrid composite (NSHC) was boron-modified phenolic resin (BPR) with three-dimensional reticulated SiC ceramic (3DRC) and high silica fibers. Ablation performance of the NSHC was studied. The results show that the linear ablation rate of NSHC was lower than that of pure BPR and the high silica/BPR composite. Its linear ablation rate is 1/17 of the high silica/BPR. Mass ablation rate of the NSHC is very close to that of the pure BPR and the high silica/BPR composite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicates that 3DRC has scarcely changed its shape at the ablation temperature. Its special reticulated structure can restrict the materials deformation and prevent high velocity heat flow from eroding the surface of the materials largely and thus increase ablation resistance of the NSHC.

Study of the Diffusion Behavior of Seawater Absorption in Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Halloysite Nanotubes Hybrid Nanofillers Modified Epoxy-Based Glass/Carbon Fiber Composites

In the maritime industry, cost-effective and lightweight Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites offer excellent mechanical properties, design flexibility, and corrosion resistance. However, their reliability in harsh seawater conditions is a concern. Researchers address this by exploring three approaches: coating fiber surfaces, hybridizing fibers and matrices with or without nanofillers, and interply rearrangement. This study focuses on evaluating the synergistic effects of interply rearrangement of glass/carbon fibers and hybrid nanofillers, specifically Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and Halloysite nanotubes (HNT). The aim is to enhance impact properties by minimizing moisture absorption. Hybrid nanocomposites with equal-weight proportions of two nanofillers: 0 wt.%, 1 wt.%, and 2 wt.% were exposed to seawater for 90 days. Experimental data was subjected to modelling through the application of Predictive Fick’s Law. The study found that the hybrid composite containing 2 wt.% hybrid nanofillers exhibited a 22.10% increase in impact performance compared to non-modified counterparts. After 90 days of seawater aging, the material exhibited enhanced resistance to moisture absorption (15.74%) and minimal reduction in impact strength (8.52%) compared to its dry strength, with lower diffusion coefficients.

Ablation Property of Ceramics/Carbon Fibers/Resin Novel Super-hybrid Composite

A novel super-hybrid composite (NSHC) is prepared with three-dimension reticulated SiC ceramic (3DRC), high performance carbon fibers and modified phenolic resin (BPR) in this paper. Ablation performance of super-hybrid composite is studied. The results show that the NSHC has less linear ablation rate compared with pure BPR and CF/BPR composite, for example, its linear ablation rate is 50% of CF/BPR at the same fiber content. Mass ablation rate of the NSHC is slightly lower than that of pure BPR and CF/BPR composite because of their difference in the density. Scanning electron microscopic analysis indicates that 3DRC can increase anti-erosion capacity of materials because its special reticulated structure can control the deformation of materials and strengthen the stability of integral structure.

Effect of Microbial Inoculum Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Super Hybrid Rice

The research designed four application quantities of 0, 2 250, 4 500 and 6 750 g/hm2 based on Liangyou No. 959 to explore the effects of microbial inocu- lure fertilizer on growth and yield of super hybrid rice. The results indicate that the treatment with traditional fertilizers and 4 500 g/hm2 HYT microbial inoculum fertilizer performed the best, where average number of tiller was 2.4 more than that of the control; the number of effective ear was 11.05% higher; yield increased by 10.3%. These have demonstrated that microbial inoculum fertilizer is of great value in pro- motion on super hybrid rice production.

A Review of Recent Advances in Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites(NFRCs)have demonstrated great potential for many different applications in various industries due to their advantages compared to synthetic fiber-reinforced composites,such as low environmental impact and low cost.However,one of the drawbacks is that the NFRCs present relatively low mechanical properties and the absorption of humidity due to the hydrophilic characteristic of the natural fibre.One method to increase their performance is hybridization.Therefore,understanding the properties and potential of using multiple reinforcement’s materials to develop hybrid composites is of great interest.This paper provides an overview of the recent advances in hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.First,the main factors that affect the performance of hybrid fiber-reinforced composites were briefly discussed.The effect of hybridization on the mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid composites reinforced with several types of natural fibers(i.e.,sisal,jute,curauá,ramie,banana,etc.)or natural fibers combined with synthetic fibers is pre-sented.Finally,the water absorption behaviour of hybrid fiber-reinforced composites is also discussed.It was con-cluded that the main challenges that need to be addressed in order to increase the use of natural-natural or natural-synthetic hybrid composites in industry are the poor adhesion between natural fibers and matrix,thermal stability and moisture absorption of natural fibers.Some of these challenges were addressed by recent develop-ment in fibers treatment and modification,and product innovation(hybridization).

Stem Morphological Structure of Super Hybrid Rice and Its Relationship with Lodging Resistance

The stem morphology and anatomical structure of rice, as well as their relationship with lodging resistance, were studied with six super hybrid rice varieties as the tested materials. The results showed that the rice varieties with stronger lodging resistance were characterized by shorter basal elongated internodes and thicker stem base. The lodging index of hybrid rice was positively correlated with the lengths of the first, second and third basal elongated internodes （P〈0.01） and was negatively correlated with the thickness of basal stem wall and the number and area of small vascular bundles, the area of large vascular bundles and the total area of vascular bundles of the second basal elongated internode （P〈0.05）. The correlations between lodging index and plant height, maximum culm diameter of stem base and minimum culm diameter of stem base were not significant. It indi- cates that the lodging resistance of super hybrid rice can be improved by shorten- ing the length of basal elongated internodes, thickening the wall of stem base and increasing the number and area of vascular bundles of basal elongated internodes.

Structural considerations in friction welding of hybrid Al_2O_3-reinforced aluminum composites

Comparative studies on the relationship between the welding parameters and joining efficiency in the friction welding of hybrid Al203-reinforced aluminum composites were conducted. Metal matrix composites （MMCs） with 37% （volume fraction） aluminum particle were joined by friction welding. The results show that the effects of the rotation speed on the reduction rate of particle size are greater than those of the upset pressure, and the area of the MMC weld zone decreases as the joining efficiency increases, while it is considered that the joining efficiency does not increase as the reduction rate of particle size decreases. During the macro-examination of the bonding interlace, a gray discolored region was observed on the bonding interface, and the center of the region was dark gray. After the micro-examination of the bonding interface, base metal made some second particulate formed by condensed alumina particulate but discoloration part distributed minute alumina particulate without second particulate. Consequently, it was also observed that rotational speed of 3 000 r/min and upset pressure of 63.6 MPa showed a very good.joint.

Prospects for Study on High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of Super Hybrid Rice

Great progresses have been made in super hybrid rice in China. From the perspectives of dry matter production, nutrient absorption, sink and source, pho-tosynthesis, graln fiI ing and roots, the eco-physioIogical characteristics and high-yielding cuItivation techniques of super hybrid rice in China were discussed. In addi-tion, the probIems that restricted the high and stabIe yielding of super hybrid rice were analyzed, and the deveIopment directions of high-yielding cuItivation techniques for super hybrid rice were also discussed.

Laser-weldable Si_p-SiC_p/Al hybrid composites with bilayer structure for electronic packaging

Laser-weldable Sip-SiCp/Al hybrid composites with high volume fraction （60%-65%） of SiC reinforcement were fabricated by compression moulding and vacuum gas pressure infiltration technology. Microscopic observation displayed that the Sip-SiCp/Al hybrid composites with bilayer structure were compact without gas pores and the intergradation between Sip/Al layer and SiCp/Al layer was homogeneous and continuous. Further investigation revealed that the Sip-SiCp/Al hybrid composites possessed low density （2.96 g/cm^3）, high gas tightness （1.0 mPa·cm^3）/s）, excellent thermal management function as a result of high thermal conductivity （194 W/（m·K） and low coefficient of thermal expansion （7.0×10^-6 K-1）. Additionally, Sip-SiCp/Al hybrid composites had outstanding laser welding adaptability, which is significantly important for electronic packaging applications. The gas tightness of components after laser welding （48 mPa·cm^3）/s） can well match the requirement of advanced electronic packaging. Several kinds of these precision components passed tests and were put into production.

Effect of Different Fertilization Methods on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Agronomy Efficiency of TwoLine Super Hybrid Rice

ln order to explore the effect of broadcast application of urea （BR-U） and surface concentrated-fertilization on grain yield and nitrogen agronomy efficiency of two-line super hybrid rice, this experiment was conducted with super hybrid rice Y-Liangyou 1 and Liangyou 0293 to determine til ering dynamics, SPAD, LAl and dry matter accumulation. lts total N application was 180 kg/hm2 and different application rate and topdressing methods were set respectively. The results showed that grain yield and nitrogen agronomy efficiency were significantly improved with the T3 and T4 nitrogenous fertilizer application model. The improving of grain yield and nitrogen agronomy efficiency was benefited from rational postponing N application. However, neither single application of base fertilizer （T2） nor single application of topdressing fertilizer （T5 and T6） can coordinate the relationship between source and sink. Both grain yield and nitrogen agronomy efficiency were insignificantly under the broadcast application of urea and surface concentrated fertilization.