Numerical analysis of ice accretion effects at super-cooled large droplet conditions on airfoil aerodynamics

Changes in flow field around NACA23012 airfoil from a clean condition to a super-cooled large droplet （SLD） condition were simulated, and variations in aerodynamic parameters were calculated using FLUENT. In the case of numerical simulation for a clean airfoil, flow field characteristics simulated agreed well with theory analysis, indicating that turbulence models and parameters setting are feasible. Aerodynamic parameters for iced airfoil were calculated using the same method and agreed with those measured test data under the same environment in icing wind tunnels by S. Lee. Conclusion is made that the numerical simulation is valid, and it can be an alternative to study ice accretion effects at the SLD condition on airfoil aerodynamics, leading to reduction in research cycle time and cost.

Numerical Investigation on Super-cooled Large Droplet Icing of Fan Rotor Blade in Jet Engine

Icing(or ice accretion) is a phenomenon in which super-cooled water droplets impinge and accrete on a body.It is well known that ice accretion on blades and vanes leads to performance degradation and has caused severe accidents.Although various anti-icing and deicing systems have been developed,such accidents still occur.Therefore,it is important to clarify the phenomenon of ice accretion on an aircraft and in a jet engine.However,flight tests for ice accretion are very expensive,and in the wind tunnel it is difficult to reproduce all climate conditions where ice accretion can occur.Therefore,it is expected that computational fluid dynamics(CFD),which can estimate ice accretion in various climate conditions,will be a useful way to predict and understand the ice accretion phenomenon.On the other hand,although the icing caused by super-cooled large droplets(SLD) is very dangerous,the numerical method has not been established yet.This is why SLD icing is characterized by splash and bounce phenomena of droplets and they are very complex in nature.In the present study,we develop an ice accretion code considering the splash and bounce phenomena to predict SLD icing,and the code is applied to a fan rotor blade.The numerical results with and without the SLD icing model are compared.Through this study,the influence of the SLD icing model is numerically clarified.

A Three-Dimensional Model of Transport and Diffusion of Seeding Agents within Stratus

It is essential to learn the temporal and spatial concentration distributions and variations of seeding agents in cloud seeding of precipitation enhancement. A three-dimensional puff trajectory model incorporating a mesoscale nonhydrostatic model has been formulated, and is applied to simulating the transporting and diffusive characteristics of multiple line sources of seeding agents within super-cooled stratus. Several important factors are taken into consideration that affect the diffusion of seeding materials such as effects of topography and vertical wind shear, temporal and spatial variation of seeding parameters and wet deposition. The particles of seeding agents are assumed to be almost inert, they have no interaction with the particles of the cloud or precipitation except that they are washed out by precipitation. The model validity is demonstrated by the analyses and comparisons of model results, and checked by the sensitivity experiments of diffusive coefficients and atmospheric stratification. The advantage of this model includes not only its exact reflection of heterogeneity and unsteadiness of background fields, but also its good simulation of transport and diffusion of multiple line sources. The horizontal diffusion rate and the horizontal transport distance have been proposed that they usually were difficult to obtain in other models. In this simulation the horizontal diffusion rate is 0.82 m s(-1) for average of one hour, and the horizontal average transport distance reaches 65 km after 1 4 which are closely related to the background Fields.

Analysis on the Macro and Micro Physical Characteristics of Stratiform Cloud in Henan

By using the microphysical data of stratiform cloud in Henan which were observed by PMS airborne cloud particle measure system on March 23 in 2007 and combining with the radar,satellite,sounding data,the macro and micro physical structure characteristics of cloud were analyzed.The results showed that the average diameter of small cloud drop which was measured by FSSP-100 in the warm layer of cloud was mainly during 5-12 μm,and the average value was 7.33 μm.The biggest diameter of small cloud drop changed during 14-47 μm,and the average value was 27.80 μm.The total number concentration scope of small cloud drop was during 47.73-352.00 drop/cm3,and the average value was 160 drop/cm3.In the cold layer of cloud,the biggest diameter of small cloud particle(included the cloud droplet and the ice crystals)which was measured by FSSP-100 was 24.8 μm.The total number concentration scope of small cloud particle was during 0.899-641.000 drop/cm3,and the average value was 297 drop/cm3.The airborne King heat line liquid water content instrument observed that the super-cooling liquid water existed in the cloud.The super-cooling cloud water content changed during 0.02-0.20 g/m3,and the average value was 0.093 g/m3.The biggest value which was 0.202 g/m3 appeared in 4 368 m height(the temperature was-8.5 ℃).The particle spectrum type in the cloud was mainly the negative exponent type and the single peak type.

A model of unfrozen water content in rock during freezing and thawing with experimental validation by nuclear magnetic resonance

The unfrozen water content of rock during freezing and thawing has an important influence on its physical and mechanical properties.This study presented a model for calculating the unfrozen water content of rock during freezing and thawing process,considering the influence of unfrozen water film and rock pore structure,which can reflect the hysteresis and super-cooling effects.The pore size distribution cu rves of red sandsto ne and its unfrozen water conte nt under different temperatures during the freezing and thawing process were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) to validate the proposed model.Comparison between the experimental and calculated results indicated that the theoretical model accu rately reflected the water content change law of red sandstone during the freezing and thawing process.Furthermore,the influences of Hamaker constant and surface relaxation parameter on the model results were examined.The results showed that the appropriate magnitude order of Hamaker constant for the red sandstone was 10J to 10J;and when the relaxation parameter of the rock surface was within 25-30 μm/ms,the calculated unfrozen water content using the proposed model was consistent with the experimental value.

Achieving Better Super-cooling in a Two-Stage Transient Thermoelectric Device with Constraint-Free Pulse Current by Multi-Objective Optimization

As a promising energy conversion technology,transient thermoelectric device has potential applications in temperature control and refrigeration.The performance is sensitive to the applied current pulse.However,the conventional current pulse is limited to regular current shapes,which cannot achieve the best super-cooling performance.There exist strong coupling effects between the parameters of pulse shape,pulse amplitude,and pulse width.Simultaneous optimization of all the variables involved in a current pulse is a prerequisite to further improve the super-cooling.To bridge this gap,a constraint-free current pulse design concept was proposed in this study,which was successfully validated by a multi-objective optimization method.The results show that,the effective cooling regime and temperature overshoot both exhibit excellent features after optimization.Compared with the current t~0(mostly employed in previous studies),the betterments are improved by 88.33%and 92.13%for the effective cooling regime and the temperature overshoot,respectively.The underlying physics reveals that,the appropriate mediation between Peltier cooling,Joule heating,and Fourier conduction effects by a wave-like irregular current pulse is responsible for the improvement.The Pareto-optimal front found in the optimized current shape is beneficial for scientists and engineers to make an appropriate decision towards specific practical application.

An airborne microwave radiometer and measurements of cloud liquid water

A single-channel (9.5 mm) airborne microwaveradiometer with one antenna is developed. The retrievalmethods and primary observation results of cloud liquidwater and super-cooled cloud liquid water are discussed. Theaircraft experiments show that the cloud liquid water andsuper-cooled liquid water can be sensitively monitored atsome level of accuracy by the radiometer. The results ofcloud liquid water content are reasonable and correspondwell with the surface radar echo intensity. The design of theairborne radiometer and its retrieval methods are feasible,giving it application value.