Sustainable development is an important component of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)and is of great significance for evaluating the levels of sustainable development of countries along this route(henceforth,BRI coun...Sustainable development is an important component of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)and is of great significance for evaluating the levels of sustainable development of countries along this route(henceforth,BRI countries).Therefore,this study aims to identify the factors that influence the levels of sustainable development of BRI countries in a reasonable and objective manner.Eventually,this study employs the super efficiency slacks-based measure(Super-SBM)model,which considers unexpected outputs to measure the level of sustainable development of BRI countries.The dynamic change and composition of the sustainable development level of these countries are calculated using the global Malmquist-Luenberger index.Furthermore,the Tobit model is used to identify the factors influencing the level of sustainable development of BRI countries in general and in various categories.The empirical results suggest the following points.(a)The overall level of sustainable development of BRI countries is low,whereas those of high-income and middle-and high-income countries are relatively high.(b)The overall sustainable development levels of BRI countries declined to a certain extent in 2008 owing to the effect of the financial crisis,.However,the sustainable development level of other countries,barring low-income countries,has gradually increased since 2011.(c)Since 2008,technological progress has replaced technical efficiency as the main driving force behind the improvement of the sustainable development level of BRI countries.(d)A U-shaped relationship is observed between the economic and sustainable development levels of these countries.(e)The level of science and technology and the proportion of renewable energy consumption can promote the sustainable development of these countries.Moreover,a negative correlation exists between the level of opening to the outside world and that of sustainable development of countries that mainly export resource-based products and are dominated by labor-intensive export industries.Barring low-income countries,the energy structure plays an effective role in improving the level of sustainable development.Finally,the study presents suggestions for China in the process of coping with the sustainable development of relevant countries during its promotion of the BRI.展开更多
Since the “smart growth” was put forward in the late 90s, it has become an accepted design idea and concept in the field of urban design in the world, and has been deeply studied and applied. In order to better prom...Since the “smart growth” was put forward in the late 90s, it has become an accepted design idea and concept in the field of urban design in the world, and has been deeply studied and applied. In order to better promote “smart grown”, we set up an evaluation system, which consists of eleven indicators. In this paper, Oxford City and Fengzhen City are used as the objects of the study. Then smart growth evaluation model is established. The weight of the index is calculated by the entropy method. We use the model to evaluate the development plans of the two cities, from which to calculate the contribution of the indicators on the level of smart growth. Finally, we use the super-efficient data envelopment analysis model (DEA) to rank the importance of the indicators to the smart growth. The results show that the level of smart growth in Oxford is higher than that in Fengzhen. And “Multifunctional Building Density in Central City”, “The Density of Public Area in Central City” two indicators account for more than 36% weight. The contribution of the two indicators is also located in the top two indicators. Two cities focus on the direction of smart growth is also different. In summary, the differences between China and Western countries in urban planning are mainly focused on housing and public resources.展开更多
文摘Sustainable development is an important component of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)and is of great significance for evaluating the levels of sustainable development of countries along this route(henceforth,BRI countries).Therefore,this study aims to identify the factors that influence the levels of sustainable development of BRI countries in a reasonable and objective manner.Eventually,this study employs the super efficiency slacks-based measure(Super-SBM)model,which considers unexpected outputs to measure the level of sustainable development of BRI countries.The dynamic change and composition of the sustainable development level of these countries are calculated using the global Malmquist-Luenberger index.Furthermore,the Tobit model is used to identify the factors influencing the level of sustainable development of BRI countries in general and in various categories.The empirical results suggest the following points.(a)The overall level of sustainable development of BRI countries is low,whereas those of high-income and middle-and high-income countries are relatively high.(b)The overall sustainable development levels of BRI countries declined to a certain extent in 2008 owing to the effect of the financial crisis,.However,the sustainable development level of other countries,barring low-income countries,has gradually increased since 2011.(c)Since 2008,technological progress has replaced technical efficiency as the main driving force behind the improvement of the sustainable development level of BRI countries.(d)A U-shaped relationship is observed between the economic and sustainable development levels of these countries.(e)The level of science and technology and the proportion of renewable energy consumption can promote the sustainable development of these countries.Moreover,a negative correlation exists between the level of opening to the outside world and that of sustainable development of countries that mainly export resource-based products and are dominated by labor-intensive export industries.Barring low-income countries,the energy structure plays an effective role in improving the level of sustainable development.Finally,the study presents suggestions for China in the process of coping with the sustainable development of relevant countries during its promotion of the BRI.
文摘Since the “smart growth” was put forward in the late 90s, it has become an accepted design idea and concept in the field of urban design in the world, and has been deeply studied and applied. In order to better promote “smart grown”, we set up an evaluation system, which consists of eleven indicators. In this paper, Oxford City and Fengzhen City are used as the objects of the study. Then smart growth evaluation model is established. The weight of the index is calculated by the entropy method. We use the model to evaluate the development plans of the two cities, from which to calculate the contribution of the indicators on the level of smart growth. Finally, we use the super-efficient data envelopment analysis model (DEA) to rank the importance of the indicators to the smart growth. The results show that the level of smart growth in Oxford is higher than that in Fengzhen. And “Multifunctional Building Density in Central City”, “The Density of Public Area in Central City” two indicators account for more than 36% weight. The contribution of the two indicators is also located in the top two indicators. Two cities focus on the direction of smart growth is also different. In summary, the differences between China and Western countries in urban planning are mainly focused on housing and public resources.
