Multifaceted superoxide dismutase 1 expression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients:a rare occurrence?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a neuromuscular condition resulting from the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the cortex,brainstem,and spinal cord.While the typical clinical phenotype of ALS involves both upper and lower motor neurons,human and animal studies over the years have highlighted the potential spread to other motor and non-motor regions,expanding the phenotype of ALS.Although superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1)mutations represent a minority of ALS cases,the SOD1 gene remains a milestone in ALS research as it represents the first genetic target for personalized therapies.Despite numerous single case reports or case series exhibiting extramotor symptoms in patients with ALS mutations in SOD1(SOD1-ALS),no studies have comprehensively explored the full spectrum of extramotor neurological manifestations in this subpopulation.In this narrative review,we analyze and discuss the available literature on extrapyramidal and non-motor features during SOD1-ALS.The multifaceted expression of SOD1 could deepen our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms,pointing towards a multidisciplinary approach for affected patients in light of new therapeutic strategies for SOD1-ALS.

Research Progress on Synthesis of Superoxide Dismutase Mimics

Research on the synthesis of superoxide dismutase mimics by chemical and biologi-cal synthetic methods were reviewed.The advantages and limitations were analyzed.A prospect for the future development of superoxide dismutase mimics is proposed.

The landscape of cognitive impairment in superoxide dismutase 1-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Although mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene account for only a minority of total amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases,the discovery of this gene has been crucial for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis research.Since the identification of superoxide dismutase 1 in 1993,the field of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genetics has considerably widened,improving our understanding of the diverse pathogenic basis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.In this review,we focus on cognitive impairment in superoxide dismutase 1-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.Literature has mostly reported that cognition remains intact in superoxide dismutase 1-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients,but recent reports highlight frontal lobe function frailty in patients carrying different superoxide dismutase 1-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutations.We thoroughly reviewed all the various mutations reported in the literature to contribute to a comprehensive database of superoxide dismutase 1-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genotype-phenotype correlation.Such a resource could ultimately improve our mechanistic understanding of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,enabling a more robust assessment of how the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotype responds to different variants across genes,which is important for the therapeutic strategy targeting genetic mutations.Cognition in superoxide dismutase 1-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis deserves further longitudinal research since this peculiar frailty in patients with similar mutations can be conditioned by external factors,including environment and other unidentified agents including modifier genes.

Effects of Hg^(2+) on Isozymes of Peroxidase,Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase in Wheat Seedlings

[Objective] This work was aimed to explore the mechanism of Hg2+ toxicity on plants.[Method]Activities of peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)were investigated in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)seedlings under Hg2+ stress at different concentrations.[Result]① There were no obvious effects on the growth of seedlings when the concentration of Hg2+ was lower than 0.10 mmol/L.However,toxic effects on the growth of seedling were observed when the concentration of Hg2+ was higher than 0.10 mmol/L.② Different tissues showed different resistant ability in response to Hg2+ stress.The leaves and roots of wheat seedlings were more insensitive to Hg2+ toxicity.③ CAT was more sensitive to Hg2+ stress compared to POD and SOD.[Conclusion]The toxic effect was related to the concentration of Hg2+(0.10 mmol/L).The higher concentration of Hg2+ could affect the expression of POD,CAT,and SOD isozymes in the leaves,roots of wheat seedlings and germinated seeds,which further affect the normal metabolism of membrane lipid and inhibit the growth of wheat seedlings at last.

Comparison of Superoxide Dismutase Isoenzymes in Three Shrimps

[Objective] The aim of the study is to compare the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) isoenzymes in three species of shrimps Penaeus japonicus, Procambarus clarkia and Litopenaeus vannamei. [Method] The experimental materials were used to measure SOD activities after pretreatment, meanwhile the differences in SOD isoenzymes from different materials were assayed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). [Result] There are specific and histological differences in SOD activities of shrimps. With a similar electrophoresis pattern and migration rate, Penaeus japonicus and Litopenaeus vannamei showed remarkable differences with that of Procambarus clarkia. [Conclusion] The result showed the differences of cognation and origin of three shrimps.

Analysis of Amylase and Superoxide Dismutase Isozymes During the Germination Process of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv Seeds

[ Objective] The study was to understand the changes of amylase（AMY） and superoxide dismutase（SOD） isozymes during the ger- mination process of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv seeds. [ Metbod] By employing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method, the expressions of AMY and SOD isozymes during seed germination process were analyzed. ~ Result] The main AMY bands remained strong during the whole peri- od and a new band A2 appeared in the middle and late period of seed germination. Some new SOD bands occurred at the early stage, then be- came weak or disappeared in the middle period, and band S6 became intense in the late peried. [ Conclusion.] The expression of AMY and SOD isozyme gene has temporal difference during germination of E. henryi Oliv seeds.

牛血超氧化物歧化酶(bovine superoxide dismutase)生产工艺研究

将红细胞连续分离、热变性以及超滤技术应用在牛血 SOD生产制备中 ,使 SOD生产成本大幅降低 ,实现牛血 SOD生产工业化 .实验表明 ,冷冻血球和新鲜血球在酶的收率、纯度以及比活等方面无明显差别 ;热变性、超滤、丙酮沉淀等各工艺步骤酶的活性以及收率基本稳定 ;通过重组 SOD技术使失去铜锌离子失活的酶蛋白恢复酶的催化活性 .

Combined Extracting Process and Activity Detection of Porcine Blood Superoxide Dismutase

[Objective] TO study the combined extracting process of porcine blood superoxide dismutase （SOD） and other bioactive substances and thus to provide technical basis for making full use of blood resources and large-scale production of SOD. [Method] Fibronectin, immunoglobulin, and hemoglobin were isolated from porcine blood, and SOD was extracted. Trace pyrogallol self-oxidation method to determine SOD activity was modified by optimizing the volume of pyrogallol and SOD samples, reaction temperature, and buffer pH. The specific activity of SOD was determined with the optimized extraction conditions. [ Result] The improved experimental conditions of SOD activity detection were as follows： 7 pyrogallol （50 mmol/L）, 3 ml Tris-HCI （50 mmol/L, pH 8.2）, reactive temperature at 25（3, and 10 pl SOD sample solution. The specific activity of extracted SOD was 5 056 U/mg protein. [ Conclusion] Four kinds of bioactive substance can be isolated from porcine blood by modern biological engi- neering integration technology, and the extracted SOD has better activity.

Purification and Properties of Superoxide Dismutase(SOD) in Allium Sativum

Superoxide dismutases(SODs) were purified to homogeneity from Allium Sativum by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography with DEAE-cellulose(DE52) and Sephadex G-75. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate\|polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-AGE), Allium Sativum is predicted to contain four SODs. The molecular weights of the native SODs are 41 3 kD, 37 0 kD, 35 2 kD and 31 0 kD, which consist of subunits of 20 7 kD, 18 4 kD, 17 7 kD and 15 4 kD respectively. Because of their specific sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, cyanogens potassium and chloroform\|alcohol, the SODs in Allium Sativum appear to be Cu, Zn-SOD isoenzymes. The isoelectric analysis indicates that three of the four isoenzymes are acidic proteins with isoelectric points at pH 3 5, 3 7 and 4 0, respectively, and the fourth one is a basic protein with isoeletric point at pH 8 5.

Differential Expression of Two Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidases and Two Superoxide Dismutase Genes in Response to Abiotic Stress in Rice

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) play central roles in the pathway for scavenging reactive oxygen species in plants, thereby contributing to the tolerance against abiotic stress. Here we report the responses of cytosolic SOD (cSOD; sodCc1 and sodCc2) and cytosolic APX (cAPX; OsAPX1 and OsAPX2) genes to oxidative and abiotic stress in rice. RNA blot analyses revealed that methyl viologen treatment caused a more prominent induction of cAPXs compared with cSODs, and hydrogen peroxide treatment induced the expression of cAPXs whereas cSODs were not affected. These results suggest that cAPXs play more important roles in defense against oxidative stress compared with cSODs. It is noted that cSODs and cAPXs showed coordinate response to abscisic acid treatment which induced both sodCc1 and OsAPX2. However, cSODs and cAPXs responded differentially to drought, salt and chilling stress, which indicates that cSOD and cAPX genes are expressed differentially in response to oxidative and abiotic stress in rice.

Superoxide dismutase prevents development of adenocarcinoma in a rat model of Barrett's esophagus

AIM： To test whether antioxidant treatment could prevent the progression of Barrett＇s esophagus to adenocarcinoma. METHODS： In a rat model of gastroduodenoesophageal reflux by esophagojejunal anastomosis with gastric preservation, groups of 6-10 rats were randomized to receive treatment with superoxide dismutase （SOD） or vehicle and followed up for 4 too. Rat＇s esophagus was assessed by histological analysis, superoxide anion and peroxinitrite generation, SOD levels and DNA oxidative damage. RESULTS： All rats undergoing esophagojejunostomy developed extensive esophageal mucosal ulceration and inflammation by mo 4. The process was associated with a progressive presence of intestinal metaplasia beyond the anastomotic area （9% 1st mo and 50% 4th too） （94% at the anastomotic level） and adenocarcinoma （11% 1^ST mo and 60% 4th too）. These changes were associated with superoxide anion and peroxinitrite mucosal generation, an early and significant increase of DNA oxidative damage and a significant decrease in SOD levels （P〈0.05）. Exogenous administration of SOD decreased mucosal superoxide levels, increased mucosal SOD levels and reduced the risk of developing intestinal metaplasia beyond the anastomotic area （odds ratio = 0.326; 95%CI： 0.108-0.981; P = 0.046）, and esophageal adenocarcinoma （odds ratio = 0.243; 95%CI： 0.073-0.804; P = 0.021）. CONCLUSION： Superoxide dismutase prevents the progression of esophagitis to Barrett＇s esophagus and adenocarcinoma in this rat model of gastrointestinal reflux, supporting a role of antioxidants in the chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Expression and Characterization of an Active Chimeric Protein of Human Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase and hCuZnSOD in Pichia pastoris

Mammalian cells express two isoforms of Cu- and Zn-containing superoxide dismutases（SODs）, CuZn-SOD and extracellular SOD（EC-SOD）, involved in the defense system against reactive oxygen species（ROS）. The two SODs have structurally homologous centre domain with distinct N- and C-terminuses, resulting in the different characteristics of the structure and function of the two molecules. We generated a hybrid SOD molecule（namely hy- SOD） via replacing the N- and C-terminuses of hCuZnSOD with the counterparts of hEC-SOD. The hySOD was expressed in host Pichia pastoris and the purified protein was a dimer with a molecular weight of about 34000. A series of activity analyses indicates that the hySOD is similar to hEC-SOD in heat-stability, and has the activity of protecting the host cell against heat shock and oxidative stress. Our results show evidence for the study on the compound activity of multiple SOD molecules, and may be important for understanding the relationship between structure and function of hEC-SOD and hCuZnSOD.

Relationship of Uric Acid with Superoxide Dismutase (Sod) in Induced Hyperuricemic Rat Model

Increase uric acid levels have been found in oxidative stress. Urate radicals do not react with oxygen to form another peroxy radical, thus increasing the efficacy of uric acid as an antioxidant. Therefore, this study is designed to measure the level of uric acids and find out the relationship of uric acid with superoxide dismutase in induced hyperuricemic model. Forty male albino rats with an average weight of 180 ± 2 g were selected. The rats were grouped. The animals were fed on standard diet and given tap water ad libitum until treatment. Albino rats were divided into four groups. Group A(10)-control given only standard diet, group B(10) fed on 60% fructose with standard diet , group C(10) fed on fructose, standard diet and intraperitonially oxonic acid 250 mg/kg and group D (10) only on injection intraperotonially oxonic acid 250 mg/kg. At the end of study 10 mL of blood was drawn from heart of rats. Then blood was estimated for superoxide dismutase and uric acids done by kit methods randox-manual/Rx monza UA230/UA 233. Results: In Group C superoxide dismutase was found to be 32 % (244 mg/dL ± 2.23) more than control. In the same group the uric acid concentration was highly significantly correlated with control. Conclusion: The uric acid concentration increases when we take fructose up to 60% in our diet. It also increases superoxide dismutase concentration. More than this value may have inverse effect on the uric acid level and its role as an antioxidant may become inversed.

Characterization of a thermostable manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from inshore hot spring thermophile Thermus sp.JM1

A thermostable superoxide dismutase （SOD） from the inshore thermophile Thermus sp. JM1 was purified to homogeneity by steps of fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose chromatography and Phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. The specific activity of the purified native enzyme was 1 656 U/mg. A sod gene from this strain was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli （E. coli）. The prepared apo-enzyme of the purified recombinant SOD （rSOD） was reconstituted with either Fe or Mn by means of incubation with appropriate metal salts. As a result, only Mn 2＋ - reconstituted rSOD （Mn-rSOD） exhibited the specific activity of 1 598 U/mg. SOD from Thermus sp. JM1 was Mn-SOD, judging by the specific activities analysis of Fe or Mn reconstituted rSODs and the insensitivity of the native SOD to both cyanide and H 2 O 2 . Both the native SOD and Mn- rSOD were determined to be homotetramers with monomeric molecular mass of 26 kDa and 27.5 kDa, respectively. They had high thermostability at 50 ° C and 60 ° C, and showed striking stability across a wide pH span from 4.0 to 11.0.

Transcript profiles of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic manganese superoxide dismutases in Exopalaemon carinicauda under ammonia stress

Superoxide dismutase （SOD） is one of the most important antioxidant defense enzymes, and is considered as the first line against oxidative stress. In this study, we cloned a mitochondrial manganese （Mn） SOD （mMnSOD） cDNA from the ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE） methods. The fulMength cDNA for mMnSOD was 1 014-bp long, containing a 5＇-untranslated region （UTR） of 37-bp, a 3＇-UTR of 321-bp with a poly （A） tail, and included a 657-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 218 amino acids with a 16-amino-acid signal peptide. The protein had a calculated molecular weight of 23.87 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.75. The mMnSOD sequence included two putative N-glycosylation sites （NHT and NLS）, the MnSOD signature sequence 18~DVWEHAYY^87, and four putative Mn binding sites （H48, H96, D180, and H184）. Sequence comparison showed that the mMnSOD deduced amino acid sequence of E. carinicauda shared 97%, 95%, 89%, 84%, 82%, 72%, and 69% identity with that ofMacrobrachium rosenbergii, Macrobrachium nipponense, Fenneropeneaus chinensis, Callinectes sapidus, Perisesarma bidens, Danio rerio, and Homo sapiens, resectively. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that mMnSOD transcripts were present in all E. carinicauda tissues examined, with the highest levels in the hepatopancreas. During an ammonia stress treatment, the transcript levels of mMnSOD and cMnSOD were up-regulated at 12 h in hemocytes and at 24 h in the hepatopancreas. As the duration of the ammonia stress treatment extended to 72 h, the transcript levels of mMnSOD and cMnSOD significantly decreased both in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. These findings indicate that the SOD system is induced to respond to acute ammonia stress, and may be involved in environmental stress responses in E. carinicauda.

Extracellular superoxide dismutase VdSOD5 is required for virulence in Verticillium dahliae

Plants produce reactive oxygen species(ROS) to defend pathogens. To counteract this attack, certain pathogens express superoxide dismutases(SODs) to scavenge host-derived ROS. However, the roles of SODs in Verticillium dahliae, an important vascular pathogen, are not clear. Our previous study has shown that a putative extracellular SOD(VdSOD5) of V. dahliae is significantly induced by culturing in cotton tissues, suggesting that VdSOD5 may play an important role in host–pathogen interactions and virulence. Here, we showed that VdSOD5 encoded a superoxide dismutase with a cofactor copper-binding site and a functional signal peptide that can conduct protein secretion in an invertase-mutated yeast strain. The mutations in VdSOD5(ΔVdSOD5) did not change the normal vegetative growth and conidial production but reduced the virulence of V. dahliae on susceptible host cotton. Further studies showed that the transcription of Vd SOD5 was significantly up-regulated during the early stage of infection, and the loss-of-function of VdSOD5 decreased culture filtrate and fungal tissue SOD activities of V. dahliae by 74 and 28%, respectively. Compared to the wild-type strain Vd991, the ΔVdSOD5 showed the same sensitivity to the intracellular ROS generator menadione. Furthermore, nitroblue tetrazolium(NBT) staining demonstrated that VdSOD5 functioned in the detoxification of superoxides generated by host roots during infection. These results suggest that VdSOD5 of V. dahliae is an important virulence factor, secreted out of cells to combat host-derived ROS.

Purification and Characterization of Superoxide Dismutase(SOD) from Camellia Pollen

A superoxide dismutase（ SOD ） was purified to homogeneity from fresh camellia pollen by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography with DEAE-cellulose（ DE52 ）, Sephadex G-100 and phenyl sepharose^TM 6 Fast Flow columns. Its specific activity could reach to 4034 U/mg protein and it was determined to be Cu/ Zn-SOD according to its different sensitivities to different inhibitors. The molecular weight of the SOD and its subunit were 69500 and 34700, respectively, based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS- PAGE）, which implicates that the SOD in camellia pollen is a dimmer composed of two identical subunits. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was determined to be 4. 1 by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis and the N-terminal amino acid was identified to be Gly by the DNS-Cl method. Its α-Helix was also calculated to be approximately 21.8% according to the circular dichroism（CD） spectra.

A Novel Isoenzyme of CuZn-superoxide Dismutase from Nicotiana tobacum

An isoenzyme of CuZnsuperoxide dismutase, denoted as CuZnSODⅢ, has been separated and purified from Nicotiana Tobacum (tobacco) leaves to apparent homogeneity. Its molecular mass is 22976.6Da. It is composed of one subunit, which is consisted of 187 amine acid residues and contains 1 copper and 0.5 zinc atom. The activation energy of the thermal denaturation process has been obtained as about 143.5kJmol-1. Meanwhile, some properties of spectra were investigated.

Regulation of Content of Malondialdehyde by Siqi Decoction via Increasing Activity of Superoxide Dismutase in Blood Serum of Rats with Myocardial Ischemia

Effect of Siqi decoction on myocardial ischemia is to prevent cardiac myocyte membrane from damage associated with oxygen free radicals related to NO. To research the regulatoin of the content of malondialdehyde by Siqi decoction, an index of lipid peroxidation, via increasing activity of superoxide dismutase in blood serum of rats with Myocardial Ischemia, the model of myocardium ischemia was made in Wistar rats with posterior pituitary injection through vein in tail. Siqi decoction, Diaoxinxuekang（DK） and Fufangdanshenpian（FD）, the latter two drugs of which are effective TCM drugs of anti-myocardial ischemia at present, were administrated to the rats with myocardium ischemia for 5 days to compare the effect of them on myocardium ischemia as reference drugs via measuring the changes of the content of malondialdehyde and the activity of superoxide dismutase in the rat blood serum with myocardial ischemia. There were a remarkable increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and a decrease in the content of malondialdehyde in the serum of the rats administered Siqi decoction compared with those of the rats in control group, p〈0.05. The contents of MDA in the serum of the prevention group rats in the experiments are lower than those of the cure group rats. Anti-Myocardium Ischemia mechanism of Siqi decoction is the regulation of the content of malondialdehyde via increasing activity of superoxide dismutase in the serum of Rats with myocardial ischemia and stimulating the activity of NOS in serum so as to increase NO concentration.

Effect of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde metabolic changes on carcinogenesis of gastric carcinoma

AIM： To investigate the relationship between the superoxide dismutase （SOD）, malondialdehyde （MDA） metabolic changes and the gastric carcinogenesis.METHODS： The SOD activity and MDA content were measured in the gastric tissues from the focus center, peripheral and far-end areas of gastric carcinoma （n = 52） arid gastric ulcer （n = 10）. All the tissues were subjected to routine histological examinations and classifications.RESULTS： The SOD activity was greatly reduced but the MDA content was markedly increased in the center areas of the non-mucous gastric carcinoma （non-MGC）; and the poorly differentiated gastric carcinoma varied. The SOD activity was gradually decreased and the MDA content was gradually increased in the tissues from the focus far-end, peripheral to center areas of non-MGC. Both of the SOD activity and the MDA content were significantly declined and were respectively at same low level in the tissues from the focus center, peripheral, and far-end area with the mucous gastric carcinoma （MGC）. In contrast to the gastric ulcer and grade I or II of non-MGC, the same level of the SOD activity and the MDA content were found in the focus center areas. Between non-MGC （groups A-D） and gastric ulcer （group F）, the differences of SOD activity and MDA content were very noticeable in the gastric tissues from the focus peripheral and far-end areas, in which the SOD activity showed noticeable increase and the MDA content showed noticeable decreasein the gastric ulcer.CONCLUSION： The active free radical reaction in the gastric tissues can induce the carcinogenesis of non-MGC. The utmost low ability of antioxidation in the gastric tissues can induce the carcinogenesis of MGC. The metabolic change of the free radicals centralized mostly in the center of ulcerated lesions only, which suggested the ability of antioxidation was declined only in these lesions. However, the metabolism of free radicals varied significantly and the ability of antioxidation declined not only in the local focus area but also in the abroad gastric tissues with gastric carcinoma.