Analysing the structure of the optical path length of a supersonic mixing layer by using wavelet methods

The nano-particle-based planar laser scattering （NPLS） technique is used to measure the density distribution in the supersonic mixing layer of the convective Mach number 0.12, and the optical path difference （OPL）, which is quite crucial for the study of aero-optics, is obtained by post processing. Based on the high spatiotemporal resolutions of the NPLS, the structure of the OPL is ana]ysed using wavelet methods. The coherent structures of the OPL are extracted using three methods, including the methods of thresholding the coefficients of the orthogonal wavelet transform and the wavelet packet transform, and preserving a number of wavelet packet coefficients with the largest amplitudes determined by the entropy dimension. Their performances are compared, and the method using the wavelet packet is the best. Based on the viewpoint of multifractals, we study the OPL by the wavelet transform maxima method （WTMM）, and the result indicates that its scaling behaviour is evident.

Inhibition of the aero-optical effects of supersonic mixing layers based on the RVGAs'control

The infrared imaging windows of the hyper/supersonic optical dome are encountering severe aero-optical effects[AOEs],so a flow control device,the ramp vortex generator array[RVGA]is proposed based on the ramp vortex generator to inhibit the supersonic mixing layers’AOE,which is done by the nanotracer-based planar laser scattering technique and ray-tracing method.The experiments prove that under different pressure conditions,RVGA can reduce the mean and standard deviation of the root mean square of the optical path difference[OPDrms]and reduce the supersonic mixing layers’thickness and mixture a great deal.The AOE of the pressure-matched mixing layer is the weakest.Higher RVGA results in better optical performance.RVGA has the potential to be applied to supersonic film cooling to reduce aero-optical aberrations.

隔板构型对超声速混合层流动及混合特性的影响研究

为进一步揭示超声速来流下混合层流场演化过程物理机制,采用高精度计算方法对超声速来流下混合层流动及生长特性开展数值研究。首先,采用经典算例深入验证了本文所发展计算程序在复杂流场预示方面的精度和可靠性。然后,对四种不同构型隔板下混合层流动及生长机制进行了深入分析。研究结果发现,在典型隔板构型中引入凹腔、楔形角及凸台结构后,整体流场结构变得更为复杂,且诱发了更为剧烈的混合层的涡卷起、配对、合并、旋转等流体物理现象。在典型隔板工况中混合层出现了再层流化现象,而引入凹腔、楔形角及凸台结构后能够有效抑制混合层出现再层流化现象。此外,所有隔板构型工况下湍流转捩区雷诺应力均出现了“多峰值”现象,但典型隔板工况的混合层附近的湍动能明显小于其余工况,同时,典型隔板工况的雷诺应力峰值与分布范围明显小于其余工况。就本文研究工况而言,在出口处楔形角隔板工况的混合效率最高,为0.050;同时其混合层厚度也最大,达到27.9 mm;但楔形角隔板工况的总压损失也最大,为0.22。

Multiresolution analysis of density fluctuation in supersonic mixing layer

Due to the difficulties in measuring supersonic density field, the multiresolution analysis of supersonic mixing layer based on experimental images is still a formidable challenge. By utilizing the recently developed nanoparticle based planar laser scattering method, the density field of a supersonic mixing layer was measured at high spatiotemporal resolution. According to the dynamic behavior of coherent structures, the multiresolution characteristics of density fluctuation signals and density field images were studied based on Taylor’s hypothesis of space-time conversion and wavelet analysis. The wavelet coefficients reflect the characteristics of density fluctuation signals at different scales, and the detailed coefficients reflect the differences of approximation at adjacent levels. The density fluctuation signals of supersonic mixing layer differ from the periodic sine signal and exhibit similarity to the fractal Koch signal. The similarity at different scales reveals the fractal characteristic of mixing layer flowfield. The two-dimensional wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of density field images extract the approximate and detailed signals at different scales, which effectively resolve the characteristic structures of the flowfield at different scales.

An experimental study of aero-optical aberration and dithering of supersonic mixing layer via BOS

The optical performance of supersonic mixing layer is heavily deteriorated by the aero-optical aberration and dithering of coherent structures, but current measuring methods limit the spatiotemporal resolution in relevant studies. A high resolution whole-field aero-optical aberration and dithering measuring method based on the Background Orient Schlieren (BOS) technique was studied. The systematic structure, sensitivity and resolution of BOS are analyzed in this paper. The aero-optical aberration and dithering of streamwise structures in supersonic mixing layers were quantificationally studied with BOS. The aberration field of spanwise structures revealed the ribbon-like aberration structures, which heavily restrict the optical performance of a mixing layer. The quantifications of aero-optical aberration and dithering are very important in studying aero-optical performance of supersonic mixing layer.

A flow control study of a supersonic mixing layer via NPLS

The flow control of a supersonic mixing layer was studied in a supersonic mixing layer wind tunnel with convective Mach number (Mc) at 0.5. The passive control of the mixing layer was achieved by perturbation tapes on the trailing edge of the splitter plate. The control effects of 2D and 3D perturbation tapes with different sizes were compared. The mixing layer was visualized via NPLS,and the transient fine structures were identifiable in NPLS images,which were used to analyze the effects of flow control. The results show that the 2D tapes can enhance the 2D characteristic of the mixing layer,delaying mixing layer transition; and the 3D tapes can enhance the 3D characteristic of the mixing layer,advancing mixing layer transition. 3D structures of the mixing layer were visualized,and the H-type Λ vortexes were found with 3D tapes control.

Ignition, flame propagation and extinction in the supersonic mixing layer flow

The supersonic mixing layer flow,consisting of a relatively cold,slow diluted hydrogen stream and a hot,faster air stream,is numerically simulated with detailed transport properties and chemical reaction mechanisms.The evolution of the combustion process in the supersonic reacting mixing layer is observed and unsteady phenomena of ignition,flame propagation and extinction are successfully captured.The ignition usually takes place at the air stream side of braid regions between two vortexes due to much higher temperature of premixed gases.After ignition,the flame propagates towards two vortexes respectively located on the upstream and downstream of the ignition position.The apparent flame speed is 1569.97 m/s,which is much higher than the laminar flame speed,resulting from the effects of expansion,turbulence,vortex stretching and consecutive ignition.After the flame arrives at the former vortex,the flame propagates along the outer region of the vortex in two branches.Then the upper flame branch close to fuel streamside distinguishes gradually due to too fuel-riched premixed mixtures in the front of the flame and the strong cooling effect of the adjacent cool fuel flow,while the lower flame branch continues to propagate in the vortex.

The enhancement of the mixing of a 2D supersonic mixing layer

Numerical simulations have been performed for a 2D supersonic mixing layer with two different types of excitation, namely the introduction of a T-S wave at the inlet and the enforcement of the inflow speed on the low speed side to have periodic stream-wise undulations. The results showed that both ways were effective when the convective Mach number Mc was less than 1, but the latter was more effective than the former. Systematic computations have also been done to analyze the effect of different parameters on mixing.

Experimental and numerical study on instability structure of the supersonic mixing layer(M_c = 0.5)

The parameters of instability wave of supersonic mixing layer(Mc=0.5,M1=3.5/M2=1.4) are measured by flow visualization and calculated by means of two-dimensional direct numerical simulaitons of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations.In both cases of the mixing layer with harmonic disturbance or not,the comparative results indicate that the wavelength of the two-dimensional wave is equal to the vortex spacing in the streamwise direction because the difference between them is less than 1%.However,the measured convective velocity of the large-scale structure deviates from the theoretical isentropic prediction about 10%.Here the measured value confirms that Mc,2<Mc,1 for the supersonic-supersonic mixing layer.Furthermore,the pairing and intermittent phenomenon are recorded clearly by flow visualization.

Density field measurement and approximate reconstruction of supersonic mixing layer

The density field measurement of supersonic mixing layer based on the nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering method was studied.The calibration of experimental images was analyzed,and the relation between tracer particles concentration and local density of flowfield was calibrated with oblique shockwave experiment.According to the characteristic of mixing layer images,the influence of uneven light intensity distribution was calibrated.With these calibration methods,the density field of supersonic mixing layer with convective Mach number at 0.12 was measured.By analyzing the spanwise vortical structures and streamwise density field,the three dimensional(3D) density field was approximately reconstructed,which apparently reflected the 3D structure of supersonic mixing layer.

Existence of shocklets in a two-dimensional supersonic mixing layer and its influence on the flow structure

The spatial evolution of a T-S wave and its subharmonic wave, introduced at the inlet in a 2-D supersonic mixing layer, was investigated by using DNS. The relationship between the amplitude of the disturbance wave and the strength of the shocklet caused by the disturbance was investigated. We analyzed the shape of the disturbance velocity profile on both sides of the shocklet, and found that the existence of shocklet affected appreciably the disturbance velocity. The effects on the high speed side and low speed side of the mixing layer were found to be different.

Supersonic Flow Structure in the Entrance Part of a Mixing Chamber of 2D Model Ejector

The paper deals with experimental and numerical results of investigation into supersonic and transonic flow past a two-dimensional model ejector. Results of optical measurements show a flow structure and flow parameter development in the entrance part of the mixing chamber of the ejector. Numerical results are obtained by means of both the straight solution of shock waves in supersonic flow field using classical relations of parameters of shock waves and the Fluent 6 program. Results of numerical solutions are compared with experimental pictures of flow fields. Flow structure development in the mixing chamber is analysed in detail.

Hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large-eddy simulation of jet mixing in a supersonic crossflow

A sonic under-expanded transverse jet injection into a Ma 1.6 supersonic crossflow is investigated numerically using our hybrid RANS/LES (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large eddy simulation) method. First, a calculation is carried out to validate the code, where both the instantaneous and statistical results show good agreement with the existing experimental data. Then the jet-mixing characteristics are analyzed. It is observed that the large-scale vortex on the windward portion of the jet boundary is formed mainly by the intermittent impingement of the incoming high-speed fluid on the relatively low-speed region of the upstream jet boundary, where the interaction between the upstream separated region and the jet supplies a favorable pressure condition for the sustaining acceleration of the high-speed fluid during the vortex forming, associated with which the incoming fluid is entrained into the jet boundary and large-scale mixing occurs. Meanwhile, the secondary recirculation zone between the upstream separated region and the jet is observed to develop evidently during the vortex forming, inducing the entrainment of jet fluid into the upstream separated region. Moreover, effects of the incoming boundary layer on the jet mixing are addressed.

飞秒激光电子激发标记测速在超声速混合层流动测量中的应用

为了测量复杂流动速度分布,基于分子标记示踪原理建立了飞秒激光电子激发标记(FLEET)测量装置。开展了超声速混合流动速度分布测量实验,获得了马赫数3.0射流分别与马赫数2.0,2.5及2.9射流形成的混合流动速度分布的测量结果;结合大涡模拟和纹影实验,显示了混合层的流场结构。利用延迟10μs的荧光标记线与荧光基线的位移差,分析得出实验中FLEET速度测量的不确定度优于5 m/s;在高低速主流区,FLEET测量的速度结果与计算结果基本一致;在混合层,FLEET实现了较大梯度的速度分布测量,混合层的厚度与纹影实验结果符合较好。实验表明,建设的FLEET装置具有较强的工程实验能力,能够实现超声速混合层等复杂流动速度的分布测量。

超声速湍流混合层中小激波结构的实验研究

在对流马赫数为1.24的超声速湍流混合层风洞中,以NPLS实验技术为基础观察到了小激波结构。分析了小激波结构产生时的混合层流场参数,给出了从实验图像中确定对流马赫数的方法,避免了理论分析不必要的假设。探讨了小激波结构产生、发展的一般规律。

超声速混合层增长速度定量测量与比较

为研究超声速混合层增长速度,在自行设计的超声速湍流混合风洞中,分别采用常规连续光源与脉冲激光光源完成相应的纹影和NPLS实验。采用对比度调整和边缘检测方法对实验图片进行处理,得到了适合于定量测量混合层增长速度的图像。给出了相应的增长速度测量方法,并对相应的实验图像进行了定量测量与比较。

亚声速等膨胀平面射流的初始流场结构

基于大涡模拟方法与5阶精度混合TCD/WENO格式,对等膨胀射流在马赫数为Ma=0.6条件下的初始流场结构进行了数值模拟。数值结果描述了射流等膨胀过程中,射流初始流场的形成、变化及发展过程。并发现了射流初始流场中涡核为射流失稳的起始点,研究了射流混合层与涡核剪切层上涡的产生、发展与破碎以及它们卷吸环境气体并与射流气体混合的整个过程,揭示了射流初始过程中涡核与涡环直径的变化趋势,得到了射流轴向速度与压力的分布。数值结果可为相关发动机的设计提供重要参考。

超声速平面混合层小激波的形成与演变

为了揭示超声速混合层中小激波形成机理及其与涡相互作用的演变过程,本文基于大涡模拟(LES)方法,结合五阶精度混合TCD/WENO格式,对超声速平面混合层在对流马赫数为Mc=0.65条件下的流场结构进行了数值模拟,数值结果详细描述了超声速混合层中小激波的形成过程。研究了小激波形成后,随涡运动而产生的变形、脱落及发展过程。同时,对混合层双涡合并过程中,小激波与相邻涡相互作用所产生的变形与演变过程进行了讨论。

超声速边界层抽吸孔隙内流场结构分类

由于流体处于超声速和亚声速状态时,其性能有着显著的差异,这种现象同样存在于超声速边界层抽吸孔隙内。为了对超声速边界层抽吸孔隙内流场结构进行分类,主要通过数值计算的方法,对超声速边界层抽吸孔隙内流体的流动状态以及不同流动状态时抽吸孔隙内流场结构对抽吸腔反压的响应特点进行了研究,同时也对数值计算方法做了试验验证。数值计算采用基于有限体积法的二阶迎风格式来离散二维可压N-S方程,湍流模型采用标准k-ε模型,通过改变抽吸槽宽度D的方法来实现抽吸槽内流体处于不同的流动状态。根据抽吸槽内流体的流动状态的不同,将超声速边界层抽吸分为亚声速型,临界声速型和超声速型。分别对不同抽吸腔反压时三种抽吸类型流场结构变化特点以及声速流量系数Q变化特点进行了分析,发现不同抽吸类型对抽吸腔反压的响应规律存在显著差异。当δ/D>8.6时,即对于亚声速型抽吸而言,Q随δ/D减小而线性增加,且Q随p_c/p_0减小而减小。当δ/D<8.6时,即对于超声速型抽吸而言,Q随δ/D减小而迅速增加。另外,随p_c/p_0增加,Q先保持不变,当p_c/p_0增加到0.225时,Q开始减小,并且当p_c/p_0增加至0.675后,Q减小速率发生了突变。分析原因在于超声速型抽吸,抽吸腔反压向抽吸槽内的传递受到抽吸槽内分离区以及激波的阻碍,而对于亚声速型抽吸,抽吸腔反压能够直接传递至抽吸槽内,进而影响边界层抽吸。

二维超声速混合层的大涡模拟

对二维超声速混合层流动进行大涡模拟。采用五阶精度的WENO格式求解大尺度涡的控制方程,小尺度涡的作用采用Smagorinsky亚格子模型进行模拟。模拟结果再现了二维超声速混合层拟序结构,计算得到了涡组对、合并等现象。通过对流场不同位置压力振荡历程的频谱分析,对超声速混合层中的谐波变化规律作了初步探讨。计算得到的速度剖面的时均统计结果与实验结果相比,吻合程度较好。