Blount Method in the Management of Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children

Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are the most common traumatic elbow injury in children. Several techniques are described in their support. Blount’s method is one of the widely used orthopedic means. The objective of our study was to evaluate the results of supracondylar fractures of the humerus treated by this method in our department. This was a descriptive, longitudinal study with the prospective collection over a period of 12 months from May 2018 to April 2019. It focused on children aged 0 to 15 years treated in the Orthopedic Traumatology Department of the CHU of Kati for a supracondylar fracture of the humerus in extension. A minimum follow-up period of 6 months was necessary for inclusion. 12 patients were collected. The sociodemographic, anatomopathologic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects were studied. The results were evaluated according to Flynn’s criteria. The male sex was predominant with a ratio of 2. The average age was 5.5 years. The average admission time was 12.5 hours. Domestic accidents were the main etiology (66.66%) and Type II fracture was the most frequent with 58.33%. The duration of immobilization was 42 days for 11 patients. Complications were 1 case of secondary displacement and 1 case of 12&#730 flexion deficit. The average Baumann angle was 72&#730. The result was satisfactory for all our patients. Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are common in children, especially boys. The method of Blount when it is well carried out by respecting the indications gives good results.

Clinical significance of Baumann's angle in the percutaneous pinning fixation for supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children

To evaluate the clinical significance of Baumann’s angle in the closed reduction and percutaneous pinning fixation for supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.Methods There were 97 children (male 59,female 38,mean age of 6.8 years) with displaced supracondylar fracrtures of the humerus were treated in this hospital.Under fluoroscopy guidance,three-dimensional displacement of fractures was corrected by closed reduction.The percutaneous Kirschner wire pinning was applied only if the radiographs demonstrated that Baumann’s angle was less than 4 degree compared to that on the normal side.All of them were followed up for 34.5 months (range,12 to 48 months).Results There was one case with ulnar nerve palsy associated with the pinning.There were no Volkmann’s contracture in this group.X-ray examinations revealed an average 73.7 degrees of Baumann angle on the injured and 72.8 on uninjured side.An average 7.6 degrees of the carrying angle on the injured and 9.7 on uninjured side were also demonstrated by radiography.Five patients developed slight cubitus varus deformity.The result according to Flynn criteria were excellent in 85 patients (87.6%),good in 12 patients (12.4%).Conclusion The satisfactory results can be gained in children with displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus by restoration of the normal Baumann angle and percutaneous pinning fixation.18 refs,2 figs.

Epidemiologic investigation of pediatric distal humerus fractures: An American insurance claims database study

BACKGROUND Distal humerus elbow fractures are one of the most common traumatic fractures seen in pediatric patients and present as three main types:Supracondylar(SC),lateral condyle(LC),and medial epicondyle(ME)fractures.AIM To evaluate the epidemiology of pediatric distal humerus fractures(SC,LC,and ME)from an American insurance claims database.METHODS A retrospective review was performed on patients 17 years and younger with the ICD 9 and 10 codes for SC,LC and ME fractures based on the IBM Truven MarketScan®Commercial and IBM Truven MarketScan Medicare Supplemental databases.Patients from 2015 to 2020 were queried for treatments,patient age,sex,length of hospitalization,and comorbidities.RESULTS A total of 1133 SC,154 LC,and 124 ME fractures were identified.SC fractures had the highest percentage of operation at 83%,followed by LC(78%)and ME fractures(41%).Male patients were,on average,older than female patients for both SC and ME fractures.CONCLUSION In the insurance claims databases used,SC fractures were the most reported,followed by LC fractures,and finally ME fractures.Age was identified to be a factor for how a pediatric distal humerus fractures,with patients with SC and LC fractures being younger than those with ME fractures.The peak age per injury per sex was similar to reported historic central tendencies,despite reported trends for younger physiologic development.

Time of surgery and surgeon level in supracondylar humerus fractures in pediatric patients:A retrospective study

BACKGROUND Supracondylar humerus fractures account for more than 60%of all elbow fractures and about 1/5 of all pediatric fractures.Unfortunately,these fractures can be associated with risk of complications including neurovascular injuries,malunions and limb deformities.Controversy exists regarding the effect of time of surgical intervention and/or level of surgeon performing the surgery on outcome of these fractures.AIM To determine whether time of surgical intervention and/or surgeon level influence the outcomes of surgically managed pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures.METHODS We retrospectively studied 155 pediatric patients presenting with a supracondylar humerus fracture in a level 1 trauma center from January 2006 to December 2019.The data extracted included demographic data,fracture characteristics,surgical data,and follow-up outcomes.The collected data was analyzed and P values of<0.05 were considered statistically significant.RESULTS Of the cohort,11%of patients had documented post-operative complications,of which the majority occurred in surgeries performed after day time working hours and in fractures requiring open reduction.While the lowest complication rate was found in surgeries performed by pediatric orthopaedic surgeons,this did not reach statistical significance.CONCLUSION In pediatric patients undergoing surgery for supracondylar fractures,we found a higher complication rate when surgeries were not performed during working hours.Surgeon level and training had no significant effect on the risk of post-operative complications.

Modified Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Kirschner Wires Internal Fixation for Treatment of Supracondylar Humerus Fractures in Children

Objective Supracondylar humerus fractures are the most frequent fractures of the paediatric elbow.The present study introduced a modified surgical procedure for treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures in children.Methods From February 2015 to August 2019,73 patients with Gartland’s type II and III supracondylar fractures were treated with this modified method.Totally,68 of all patients were followed up for 3–12 months(mean 8.25 months).The evaluation results included fracture nonunion,ulnar nerve injury,pin track infection,carrying angle and elbow joint Flynn score.Results The results showed that bone union was observed in all children,one case had an iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury,and the symptoms were completely relieved in 4 months after removing of the medial-side pin.All children had no cubitus varus deformity and no pin track infection,and the rate of satisfactory results according to Flynn’s criteria score was 100%.Conclusion The modified closed reduction and Kirschner wires internal fixation could effectively reduce the rate of open reduction,the risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury,and the incidence of cubitus varus deformity in treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures in children.

CLOSED REDUCTION AND PERCUTANEOUS K-WIRES FIXATION OF DISPLACED SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURES IN CHILDREN

To observe the effects of closed reduction and percutaneous K wires fixation of displacd supracondylar humerus fracture in children MethodsRetrospective review of fourteen patients who sustained displaced supracondylar fracture of distal humerus treated by closed reduction and percutaneous K wires fixation Results. All patients’ K wires were removed at 4 weeks post operation Their elbow function regained at 8 weeks The average period of followed up was 10 month (varies from 6 to 18 month), all fractures healed very well without any permanent complications Two transient nerves palsy,ulnar and radial nerve each, recovered completely at 12 weeks and 16 weeks post operation respectively Conclusion. Closed reduction and percutaneous K wires fixation is a safe and efficient treatment for displaced humerus surpracondylar fracture in children

The Effect of Weather Conditions on Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures

Background: Environmental conditions are effective on childhood supracondylar humerus fractures. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between weather conditions and these fractures. Materials and Methods: We started this study following the approval of a non-interventional research ethics committee. Patients (<16 years) who applied to the hospital between January 2013 and July 2018 with supracondylar humerus fractures were included in the study. The hospital’s PROBEL system was used to diagnose (International Classification of the Diseases, ICD, S42.4) radiological images and patient information. Information on the weather conditions in the day and time period, in which supracondylar humerus fracture occurred, was obtained from TR (Turkey) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Meteorology. The relationship between supracondylar fracture and daily weather conditions (wind, air temperature, cloudiness, and season) was analyzed. Results: Most of the patients (n = 76, 40.6%, p < 0.05) were fractures occurring under cloudless weather conditions. Fractures were concentrated with a second frequency in cloudy weather over 60%, except for cloudless weather conditions (n = 51, 27.3%, p < 0.05). In the summer months when the air temperature was high, the number of fractures was higher (n = 62, 33.2%, p < 0.05) and less in the winter months (n = 24, 12.8%, p < 0.05). In hot weather conditions where the daily average temperature was above 20°C, supracondylar humerus fractures were observed more (n = 101, 54%) and less than 10°C (n = 43, 23%, p < 0.05). Increased incidence of fractures was observed in the presence of wind (n = 4, 2.1%, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Supracondylar humerus fractures are common in children. Environmental conditions (temperature, wind, and season) can be effective in the occurrence of these fractures.

Fractures around the shoulder in the skeletally immature:A scoping review

Fractures around the shoulder girdle in children are mainly caused by sports accidents.The clavicle and the proximal humerus are most commonly involved.Both the clavicle and the proximal humerus have a remarkable potential for remodeling,which is why most of these fractures in children can be treated conservatively.However,the key is to understand when a child benefits from surgical management.Clear indications for surgery of these fractures are lacking.This review focuses on the available evidence on the management of clavicle and proximal humerus fractures in children.The only strict indications for surgery for diaphyseal clavicle fractures in children are open fractures,tenting of the skin with necrosis,associated neurovascular injury,or a floating shoulder.There is no evidence to argue for surgery of displaced clavicle fractures to prevent malunion since most malunions are asymptomatic.In the rare case of a symptomatic malunion of the clavicle in children,corrective osteosynthesis is a viable treatment option.For proximal humerus fractures in children,treatment is dictated by the patient's age(and thus remodeling potential)and the amount of fracture displacement.Under ten years of age,even severely displaced fractures can be treated conservatively.From the age of 13 and onwards,surgery has better outcomes for severely displaced(Neer types III and IV)fractures.Between 10 and 13 years of age,the indications for surgical treatment are less clear,with varying cut-off values of angulation(30-60 degrees)or displacement(1/3–2/3 shaft width)in the current literature.

Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: Are Medial Pins Indicated?

Background: Pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures are the most common elbow fractures in children. Operative management includes closed reduction and placement of 2 to 3 laterally based pins. Occasionally, a medial pin is used to create a crossed fixation pattern, despite risk of nearly 10% iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury. The objective of this study was to assess the trends and outcomes in the operative management of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures at a level one academic trauma center. Materials & Methods: A retrospective review was performed on all children sustaining a Gartland type II or III supracondylar humerus fractures treated by closed or open reduction and percutaneous pinning in 2006-2008 and 2009-2011 at a level one academic trauma center by two of the authors (JTR, LMT). Pin placement patterns were evaluated and compared based on year performed. Outcomes measured were rates of ulnar nerve symptoms, non-union, re-operation, and varus malalignment. Data analysis was performed using a Fisher exact test on STATA software. Results: A total of 49 patients met inclusion criteria. Of 22 patients treated in 2006-2008, 5 (23%) were type II and 17 (77%) were type III. From 2009-2011, 16 (59%) were type II and 11 (41%) were type III. Comparison of pinning pattern in type II fractures between 2006-2008 and 2009-2011 did not indicate statistical significance (p = 0.429). Comparison of pinning pattern in type III fractures during the same time period did show that there was a statistically significant decrease (p = 0.010) in the number of cross pin fixations. There were no ulnar nerve injuries, non-unions, re-operations, or varus malalignment in any patient on final follow-up. Conclusion: This study shows that there has been a significant decrease in cross pin fixation for pediatric type III supracondylar humerus fractures with equivalent clinical outcomes at a Level I trauma center. Furthermore, performing lateral pinning for type III fractures has eliminated the risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury. Level of Evidence: Level III—Retrospective cohort study.

Effectiveness of an early operating room start time in managing pediatric trauma

BACKGROUND The timing of operative treatment for pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures(SCHF)and femoral shaft fractures(FSF)remains controversial.Many fractures previously considered to be surgical emergencies,such as SCHF and open fractures,are now commonly being treated the following day.When presented with an urgent fracture overnight needing operative treatment,the on-call surgeon must choose whether to mobilize resources for a late-night case or to add the case to an elective schedule of the following day.AIM To describe the effect of a program allowing an early operating room(OR)start for uncomplicated trauma prior to an elective day of surgery to decrease wait times for surgery for urgent fractures admitted overnight.METHODS Starting in October 2017,patients were eligible for the early slot in the OR at the discretion of the surgeon if they were admitted after 21:00 the previous night and before 05:00.We compared demographics and timing of treatment of SCHF and FSF treated one year before and after implementation as well as the survey responses from the surgical team.RESULTS Of the 44 SCHF meeting inclusion criteria,16 received treatment before imple mentation while 28 were treated after.After implementation,the mean wait time for surgery decreased by 4.8 h or 35.4%(13.4 h vs 8.7 h;P=0.001).There were no significant differences in the operative duration,time in the post anesthesia care unit,and wait time for discharge.Survey results demonstrated decreased popularity of the program among nurses and anesthesiologists relative to surgeons.Whereas 57%of the surgeons believed that the program was effective,only 9%of anesthesiologists and 16%of nurses agreed.The program was ultimately discontinued given the dissatisfaction.CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate significantly reduced wait times for surgery for uncomplicated SCHF presenting overnight while discussing the importance of shared decision-making with the stakeholders.Although the program produced promising results,it also created new conflicts within the OR staff that led to its discontinuation at our institution.Future implementations of such programs should involve stakeholders early in the planning process to better address the needs of the OR staff.

术后早期综合康复对儿童青少年肱骨髁上骨折伴尺神经损伤的效果

目的观察术后早期综合康复对并发尺神经损伤的肱骨髁上骨折儿童青少年的肘关节功能障碍与尺神经损伤的效果。方法2016年1月至2021年12月在中国中医科学院望京医院治疗的并发尺神经损伤的肱骨髁上骨折术后的儿童青少年49例,随机分为对照组(n=24)和治疗组(n=25)。对照组采用蜡敷治疗和针灸治疗,治疗组采用药物熏蒸、关节松动术及肌电生物反馈治疗,治疗12周。治疗前后分别采用美国特种外科医院肘关节评定表(HSS)和英国医学研究院神经外伤学会报告(MCRR)进行评估。结果治疗后,两组HSS评分均显著升高(|t|>8.345,P<0.001),治疗组HSS评分显著高于对照组(t=4.536,P<0.001),治疗组治疗前后HSS评分差值高于对照组(t=3.717,P<0.05)。治疗组尺神经恢复优良率高于对照组(χ^(2)=5.975,P<0.05)。结论术后早期综合康复可改善并发尺神经损伤的肱骨髁上骨折儿童青少年的肘关节功能,促进尺神经恢复。

20°上臂倾斜位摄片法在肱骨外髁骨折中的应用价值

目的浅析20°上臂倾斜位摄片法在肱骨外髁骨折中的应用价值。方法选取2022年6月至2023年5月江西省儿童医院收治的50例肱骨外髁骨折患儿作为研究对象,所有患儿均采用传统正位与20°上臂倾斜位摄片法,手术结果作为金标准。并根据Jakob分类法进行二次评估,测量不同体位X线正位平片中骨块内侧与外侧的移位距离。结果50例肱骨外髁骨折患儿中,标准位摄片法的Jakob分型为:Ⅰ度29例、Ⅱ度17例、Ⅲ度4例;20°上臂倾斜位摄片法的Jakob分型为:Ⅰ度19例、Ⅱ度27例、Ⅲ度4例。经过测量可知,20°上臂倾斜位摄片法的异位距离大于标准位摄片法,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。20°上臂倾斜位摄片法准确率高于标准位摄片法,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。50例肱骨外髁骨折患儿中,手术结果为金标准,45例结果正确,5例结果错误;20°上臂倾斜位摄片法灵敏度为97.73%、特异度为66.67%、准确度为94.00%。结论在肱骨外髁骨折中采用20°上臂倾斜位摄片法,能够快速显示患儿肱骨外髁骨折的骨块移位程度,提高诊断的准确率,为临床治疗提供有利的参考依据。

rSO2-BIS监测在儿童肱骨髁上骨折手术中的应用研究

目的 探讨局部脑氧饱和度(regional cerebral oxygen saturation,rSO2)-脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)监测麻醉方式在儿童肱骨髁上骨折手术中的应用。方法 选取江西省儿童医院骨科2020年1月至2022年12月收治的60例肱骨髁上骨折手术患儿,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。观察组患儿麻醉后给予rSO2-BIS监测,对照组患儿给予常规麻醉管理。结果 观察组患儿的丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳和瑞芬太尼注射液用量明显少于对照组(P<0.05);患儿苏醒时各时间点的心率、血氧饱和度及平均动脉压比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后镇痛药补救率低于对照组,拔管时间短于对照组(P<0.05);术后不良反应发生率及不良行为率低于对照组(P<0.001)。多因素分析结果发现丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳和瑞芬太尼注射液的用量是诱发患儿术后出现不良反应和不良行为的独立危险因素,rSO2-BIS监测是减少患儿术后出现不良行为和不良反应的关键因素(P<0.05)。结论 儿童肱骨髁上骨折术中采用rSO2-BIS监测可降低手术患儿术后不良行为和不良反应的发生率,进而改善术后疗效。

儿童肱骨髁上骨折相关的神经损伤研究进展

本文综述了儿童肱骨髁上骨折相关的神经损伤的研究进展。首先讨论了不同类型的肱骨髁上骨折(伸直型、屈曲型及Gartland分型)与神经损伤之间的关系,接着分析了性别和侧别因素在神经损伤发生中的作用。在治疗方面,详细讨论了治疗时机的选择、损伤神经的恢复方法及不同的神经损伤治疗方式,最后对当前研究进行总结,并对未来的研究方向提出展望。

Epidemiologic pattern of paediatric supracondylar fractures of humerus in a teaching hospital of rural India： A prospective study of 263 cases

Purpose： This prospective study aimed to investigate the epidemiologic parameters of supracondylar humeral fractures in children admitted to a teaching institution of a developing country primarily catering to rural population, to find any preventable cause of such injuries. Methods： All suspected cases of supracondylar humeral fracture reporting to emergency or outpatients department were analysed for various epidemiologic parameters including age, sex, laterality, time of presentation, associated injuries, neurovascular complications and classification over a period of four years. Results： We analysed a total of 263 patients and most of the fractures were seen in 5-8-year age group with a mean of 7.9 years. A total of 157 cases were males and non-dominant extremity was involved in 65% of fractures in our series. Fall on outstretched hand was the predominant cause of injury and fall from rooftop was the predominant mode. In all patients, 36.12% reported to our hospital 1 week after injury, 39.92% presented to hospital within 48 h after trauma and the remaining 23.95% presented 48 h to 1 week after trauma. None had a bilateral injury. Gartland type 3 fractures constituted 54.37% of patients, followed by type 1 （23.95%） and type 2 （21.67%）. Conclusion： Almost one fourth of supracondylar humeral fractures in children can be prevented by installing railing of rooftops and stairs. It is necessary to educate people on hazards of treatment by traditional bonesetters. Moreover, the children with supracondylar humeral fractures should be screened for associated injuries.

手法复位夹板外固定和闭合骨折复位内固定治疗儿童闭合性肱骨髁上骨折的效果对比研究

对比手法复位夹板外固定和闭合骨折复位内固定治疗儿童闭合性肱骨髁上骨折的效果。选取2020年1月—2021年12月广东省佛山市中医院收治的242例闭合性肱骨髁上骨折患儿为研究对象,根据治疗方法的不同将患儿分为两组,分别为对照组(n=52)和观察组(n=190)。对照组患儿接受手法复位夹板外固定手术治疗,观察组患儿接受闭合骨折复位内固定手术治疗,比较两组患儿治疗效果。结果显示,观察组患儿各项关节功能评分均高于对照组(P<0.05),并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),疼痛评分低于对照组(P<0.05),住院时间短于对照组(P<0.05)。研究发现,在儿童闭合性肱骨髁上骨折手术治疗中,闭合骨折复位内固定手术治疗法所取得的治疗效果显著优于手法复位夹板外固定治疗法,其更有助于改善患儿关节功能,预防并发症的出现,减轻患儿疼痛感,促进患儿骨折愈合。

线上视频宣教联合同伴互助模式在儿童肱骨髁上骨折术后康复中的应用研究

目的探讨肱骨髁上骨折患儿术后接受线上视频宣教联合同伴互助模式干预的临床价值。方法选择2022年1月至12月于江西省儿童医院接受手术治疗的肱骨髁上骨折患儿60例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各30例。对照组接受常规骨科手术护理;观察组患儿在常规骨科护理基础上,接受线上视频宣教联合同伴互助模式干预。比较两组患儿护理干预后的视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、治疗依从性和家长满意度。结果观察组护理后的VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患儿的治疗总依从率高于对照组,观察组的患儿家属总满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论接受手术治疗的肱骨髁上骨折患儿接受线上视频宣教联合同伴互助模式干预,能缓解患儿的疼痛,使治疗依从性及家长满意度得到同步提升,使效果更加理想,可在今后工作中,普遍推广应用,更多患儿能够从中受益。

基于“动静结合”理论探讨中医治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的优势

“动静结合”是中医骨伤科治疗疾病的重要指导原则。肱骨髁上骨折是儿童最为常见的肘关节骨折,其并发症多,康复治疗缺乏一定的规范,容易出现肘关节功能障碍等严重后果。根据临床实践及文献阅读,从“动静结合的理论溯源”“儿童肱骨髁上骨折的治疗现状及困境”“动静结合的思想内涵与科学论证”“动静结合在临床中的具体应用“”动静结合理论在儿童肱骨髁上骨折治疗中的优势”5个方面探讨基于“动静结合”理论下中医药治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的优势,以期丰富中医“动静结合”思想内涵,为中医药治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折提供理论基础。

克氏针与Slongo式外固定架治疗GartlandⅢb型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的疗效比较

目的比较克氏针与Slongo式外固定架治疗GartlandⅢb型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2021年1月—2022年6月河北省沧州中西医结合医院小儿骨科收治的95例GartlandⅢb型儿童肱骨髁上骨折患儿临床资料,男童61例,女童34例;年龄4~12岁,平均6.1岁;左侧70例,右侧25例;摔伤86例,道路交通伤9例;BMI 13.2~18.3kg/m^(2),平均15.1kg/m^(2);受伤至手术时间2~19h,平均10.3 h。根据手术方法分为克氏针组(65例)和外固定架组(30例)。收集并比较两组患儿手术时间、切开复位比例、透视次数、术后并发症发生情况等。采用Flynn评分标准评估治疗效果。结果外固定架组手术时间(27.1±5.3)min、透视次数(13.9±4.0)次少于克氏针组[(40.6±3.9)min、(26.1±2.5)次],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。外固定架组切开复位比例(9.2%)与克氏针组(16.7%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患儿针道均无深部感染,外固定架组针道浅表感染率(16.7%)显著高于克氏针组(3.1%,P<0.05)。两组患儿均于术后4周去除固定装置(克氏针和外固定架)。克氏针组Baumann角(76.9±3.3)°小于外固定架组(78.2±3.4)°,两组均小于正常儿童(平均值81°),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。克氏针组矢状面畸形率(7.7%)与外固定架组(6.7%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。外固定架组、克氏针组术后6个月肘关节活动度分别为(145.1±6.3)°、(143.6±6.0)°,Flynn肘关节功能评分优良率分别为(96.1±3.9)%、(95.9±3.9)%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与克氏针固定相比,采用Slongo式外固定架固定治疗GartlandⅢb型儿童肱骨髁上骨折可缩短手术时间、减少透视次数,但也存在针道浅表感染率较高的风险。因此,临床应根据患儿实际情况采取合适的固定方式。