A comparative study of the land-atmosphere energy and water exchanges over the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River Region

正确认识不同区域能量和水分循环特征是研究局地地气相互作用及准确预测区域天气,气候变化的关键.为了研究属于干旱/半干旱气候的青藏高原(TP)和湿润/半湿润气候的长江流域(YRR)之间地表能量和水分交换的异同,本文对比分析了两个区域8个不同地表类型(包括高山荒漠,高山草地,(平原)城市和(平原)草地等)观测站点的地表辐射和能量通量数据.结果显示:(1)TP由于高原大气层稀薄且空气洁净,年平均入射短波辐射为251.3W m^(-2),是YRR的1.7倍.加之高原地表反照率高导致反射辐射(59.6 W m^(-2))是YRR的2.87倍.入射及出射的长波辐射为231.5和338.0 W m^(-2),分别为YRR的0.64和0.83.而两个区域的净辐射差异不大;(2)草地站更多的潜热释放使得地表总加热效率高于城市和高山荒漠,TP和YRR的草地站的年平均潜热分别为35.0和38.8 W m^(-2),而植被稀疏且土壤干燥的高山荒漠地区感热最大,年平均感热为42.1 W m^(-2);其次是城市下垫面,其年平均感热为37.7 W m^(-2).研究结果揭示了不同气候背景下典型下垫面地气相互作用特征,为地气相互作用过程深入分析奠定了基础.

REGRESSION OF HEAT AND MOISTURE EXCHANGE DIAGRAM OF SWISS LUWA AIR WASHER

The thesis has changed the heat and moisture exchange curves of Swiss Luwa air washer into double efficiency formulas which are widely used in our country with a computer, and also worked out the regression formula of heat transfer efficiency(X). This has created favourable condition for us to use computer in our calculation of Luwa air washer.

Variability of Soil Moisture and Its Relationship with Surface Albedo and Soil Thermal Parameters over the Loess Plateau

Data from July 2006 to June 2008 observed at SACOL （Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University, 35.946°N, 104.137°E, elev. 1961 m）, a semi-arid site in Northwest China, are used to study seasonal variability of soil moisture, along with surface albedo and other soil thermal parameters, such as heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, and their relationships to soil moisture content. The results indicate that surface albedo decreases with increases in soil moisture content, showing a typical exponential relation between the surface albedo and the soil moisture. The heat capacity, the soil thermal diffusivity, and soil thermal conductivity show large variations between Julian day 90-212 and 450-578. The soil thermal conductivity is found to increase as a power function of soil moisture. Soil heat capacity and soil thermal diffusivity increase with increases in soil moisture. The SACOL observed soil moisture are also used to validate the AMSR-E/AQUA retrieved soil moisture and there is good agreement between them. The analysis of the relationship between satellite retrieved soil moisture and precipitation suggests that the variability of soil moisture depends on the variation of precipitation over the Loess Plateau.

Relationships Between Surface Albedo,Soil Thermal Parameters and Soil Moisture in the Semi-arid Area of Tongyu,Northeastern China

Continuous observation data collected over the whole year of 2004 on a cropland surtace m Tongyu, a senti-arid area of northeastern China （44°25＇N, 122°52＇E）, have been used to investigate the variations of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters, including heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, and their relationships to soil moisture. The diurnal variation of surface albedo appears as a U shape curve on sunny days. Surface albedo decreases with the increase of solar elevation angle, and it tends to be a constant when solar elevation angle is larger than 40°. So the daily average surface albedo was computed using the data when solar elevation angle is larger than 40° Mean daily surface albedo is found to decrease with the increase of soil moisture, showing an exponential dependence on soil moisture. The variations of soil heat capacity are small during Julian days 90 300. Compared with the heat capacity, soil thermal conductivity has very gentle variations during this period, but the soil thermal diffusivity has wide variations during the same period. The soil thermal conductivity is found to increase as a power function of soil moisture. The soil thermal diffusivity increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of soil moisture.

Sorption equilibrium moisture and isosteric heat of Chinese wheat bran products added to rice to increase its dietary fibre content

More and more people concern about supplementing dietary food with wheat bran to increase fibre content,but there has been little study of the sorption isotherms and isosteric heats of wheat bran fibre products,which are important to the quality and storage durability of such commodities.This study collected equilibrium moisture content(EMC)and equilibrium relative humidity(ERH)data on six Chinese wheat bran products via the static gravimetric method and analysed their sorption isosteric heats.Results showed that all six wheat bran products had sigmoidal isotherms.The data were best fitted by polynomial,modified GAB,modified Oswin,and modified Halsey models.The relative safe moisture contents of the six wheat bran products were 12.20%–13.86%wet basis(w.b.).The heat of vaporization of wheat bran products approached the latent heat of pure water at around a moisture content(MC)of 22.5%and approximately 2450 kJ/kg.A process of extrusion and ultrafine grinding reduced the solid surface area and sorption isosteric heats of the monolayer,multilayer and condensed water regions in the wheat bran products.In the temperature range of 10–37℃,the EMC of sorption in monolayer,multilayer and condensed water regions decreased with increasing temperature.The milled rice to which 1%–3%200-mesh wheat bran product was added maintained its texture when made into cooked rice and its thermomechanical properties when made into rice dough.After processing by extrusion and ultrafine grinding,wheat bran products have a lower solid surface area and lower monolayer water content(Mm)and sorption isosteric heat values.Some 3%200-mesh wheat bran product can be added to cooked rice for increasing its fibre content and making it more nutritious.

Modeling of Air Temperature for Heat Exchange due to Vertical Turbulence and Horizontal Air Flow

In order to calculate the air temperature of the near surface layer in urban environment,the surface layer air was divided into several layers in the vertical direction,and some energy balance equations were developed for each air layer,in which the heat exchange due to vertical turbulence and horizontal air flow was taken into account.Then,the vertical temperature distribution of the surface layer air was obtained through the coupled calculation using the energy balance equations of underlying surfaces and building walls.Moreover,the measured air temperatures in a small area(with a horizontal scale of less than 500 m)and a large area(with a horizontal scale of more than 1 000 m)in Guangzhou in summer were used to validate the proposed model.The calculated results agree well with the measured ones,with a maximum relative error of 4.18%.It is thus concluded that the proposed model is a high-accuracy method to theoretically analyze the urban heat island and the thermal environment.

Experimental Analysis of Performance of Heat Exchanger with Plate Fins and Parallel Flow of Working Fluids

Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another fluid as a result of temperature difference. Heat exchanger presented in the current paper in which inside the tubes flows water, but outside the tubes flows air aims to enable cooling of circulating water, which serves to cool the engine of a machine. Such exchangers find application in the automotive industry as well as heating and cooling equipment and HVAC systems etc. The surface of the heat exchanger by the air side always tends to be much larger using surface fins in order to facilitate equalization of thermal resistance for both sides of the heat exchanger, because the rate of transmission of heat from the water side is much greater. Furthermore, the paper will present analytical and experimental studies involved for determination of performance of plate-fin heat exchanger for various flows of working fluids in order to get the highest values of performances i.e.: overall heat transfer coefficient U, efficiency of heat exchanger ε, maximal and real heat transferred, pressure drop, air velocity and Reynolds number from the air side of heat exchanger etc. The present scientific paper is based on the fact that from the experimental model made for laboratory conditions, conclusions are derived that can be used during installation of such heat exchanger on certain machines in order to predict their performance.

Heterogeneity of Surface Heat Exchange of Slopes and Potential Drivers of the Initiation of Thaw Slump,Qinghai‑Tibet Plateau

In the mountainous permafrost area,most thaw slumps are distributed in north or northeast-facing shady slope areas.It is commonly known that there is a heterogeneity in permafrost between diferent slope aspects,but there has been a lack of detailed measured data to quantitatively evaluate their relationships,and in-depth understandings on how the slope aspects are linked to the distribution of thaw slumps.This study examined the heterogenous thermal regime,soil moisture content,and surface radiation at two slope sites with opposing aspects in a warming permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).The results indicate that similar air temperatures(T_(a))were monitored on the two slopes,but there were signifcant diferences in ground temperature and moisture content in the active layer from 2016 to 2021.The sunny slope exhibited a higher mean annual ground surface temperature(T_(s)),and over the fve years the mean annual temperature at the top of permafrost was 1.3–1.4℃warmer on the sunny slope than the shady slope.On the contrary,the near-surface soil moisture content was about 10–13%lower on the sunny slope(~22–27%)than the shady slope(~35–38%)during the thawing season(June–September).Radiation data indicate that signifcantly higher shortwave downward radiation(DR)appeared at the sunny slope site.However,due to the greater surface albedo,the net radiation(Rn)was lower on the sunny slope.Slope aspect also afects the ground ice content due to its infuence on ground temperature,freeze-thaw cycles,and soil moisture.Shady slopes have a shallower burial of ice-rich permafrost compared to sunny slopes.The results highlight greatly diferent near-surface ground thermal conditions at the two slope sites with diferent aspects in a mountainous permafrost region.This helps identify the slope-related causes of increasing thaw slumps and provides a basis for predicting their future development.

Near ground air temperature calculation model based on heat transfer of vertical turbulent and horizontal air flow

In order to calculate the air temperature of the near surface layer in urban environment,the surface layer air was divided into several sections in the vertical direction,and some energy balance equations were developed for each air layer,in which the heat exchange due to vertical turbulence and horizontal air flow was taken into account.Then,the vertical temperature distribution of the surface layer air was obtained through the coupled calculation using the energy balance equations of underlying surfaces and building walls.Moreover,the measured air temperatures in a small area(with a horizontal scale of less than 500 m) and a large area(with a horizontal scale of more than 1 000 m) in Guangzhou in summer were used to validate the proposed model.The calculated results accord well with the measured ones,with a maximum relative error of 4.18%.It is thus concluded that the proposed model is a high-accuracy method to theoretically analyze the urban heat island and the thermal environment.

加氢反应换热器漏气原因分析

某石化公司加氢反应换热器在使用中发生了漏气。为了查找该换热器漏气的原因,使用渗透探伤分析、化学成分分析、金相显微组织分析、SEM微观形貌分析、EDS微区化学成分分析等手段,对漏气的换热器进行了失效分析。结果表明:堆焊复合制备的317L/316L复合不锈钢换热器管板发生了应力腐蚀开裂。建议严格控制堆焊工艺,在堆焊后进行退火处理以消除堆焊层的残余应力,或选择整体317L不锈钢来制备换热器管板。

土壤湿度-地表气温耦合对长江中下游地区2022年8月复合型热浪事件的影响

2022年8月长江中下游地区的复合型热浪给社会经济、人类健康、农业生产和自然环境等方面均造成了严重影响.本文利用国家信息中心提供的1979—2022年6—8月逐日最高、最低气温和欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析数据集的土壤湿度等资料,定义了复合型热浪事件强度指数及其相应的土壤湿度-地表气温耦合指数,采用分段线性拟合等方法,探讨此次复合型热浪特征及土壤湿度-地表气温耦合的影响.结果表明:(1)2022年8月长江中下游地区的复合型热浪事件强度为1979年以来最强,伴随最强的土壤湿度-地表气温耦合.空间分布显示,强的热浪发生在四川东部、重庆西部、湖南等地,这些区域的土壤湿度严重偏干,蒸发受限,获得的净辐射主要用于地表向上的感热通量,使土壤湿度-地表气温出现强的正反馈过程,对热浪的维持起重要作用.(2)复合型热浪中土壤湿度-地表气温耦合影响日间和夜间热浪的物理强迫及过程不同:日间,地表净太阳短波向下辐射增强的强迫作用,促使发生强的土壤湿度-地表气温耦合,引起日间热浪.夜间,白天积累在土壤的热量,通过减小大气热量通量辐散,使夜间地表气温下降减慢,形成夜间热浪,这与以往研究单独夜间热浪的过程不同,后者认为夜间热浪主要与大气柱水汽增加引起的大气逆辐射增强有关.

低温风洞管翅式换热器上水室排空残留水层干燥速率试验研究

为解决低温风洞内管翅式换热器自重排水后上水室残留5 mm水层在风洞低温工况下的冻结问题,在管内、管外热风温度均为40~70℃、入口风速为2.78~10.56 m/s的条件下,对椭圆管和铝扁管两种管翅式换热器自重排水后上水室残留水层进行干燥试验研究,对比分析了管内热风与管外热风干燥方法对两种换热器干燥速率的影响。结果表明:铝扁管换热器干燥速率更快,管外热风干燥方法干燥速率更快,换热器干燥时间随着入口风速的增加而缩短,入口风速10.56 m/s相比2.78 m/s,干燥时间节约50.75%。通过试验数据拟合干燥速率经验关系式,其拟合结果与试验测量值平均误差小于6.1%,对低温风洞内管翅式换热器热风干燥速率有较好的预测能力。

Performance Analysis and Structural Optimization of Torsional Flow Heat Exchangers with Sinusoidal Corrugated Baffle

The thermal performance of the heat exchanger is strongly influenced by the supporting structure.Corrugated baffle enhances flow field disturbance and heat transfer through its complex and changeable flow channel.In order to enhance the thermal performance of the torsional flow heat exchanger(TFHX),the sinusoidal corrugated baffle(SCB)is used to replace the flat baffle(FB)and the full-section cycle model of the torsional flow heat exchanger with sinusoidal corrugated baffle(TFHX-SCB)is established.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method was used to discuss the flow resistance characteristics of the shell-side of heat exchangers.The results show that the SCB can improve the turbulence intensity and the uniformity of the flow field between the adjacent baffles.The combination of structural configurations on the shell-side of TFHX-SCB is analyzed by the central composite design(CCD)-response surface method(RSM).When the amplitude of the SCB is 1.37 mm,the cycles of the SCB are 4.42;the initial phase of the SCB is 112.73°,and the combination of heat transfer coefficient and comprehensive performance is optimal.Compared with the original structure,the heat transfer coefficient is increased by 11.58%,and the comprehensive performance is increased by 5.48%.The laser doppler velocimetry(LDV)experimental device irradiated the specified measurement point,and the dependability and accuracy of numerical simulation methods were verified.The research conclusion provides a basic theory for the structural development of the TFHX.

Review on Anti-Frost Technology Based on Microchannel Heat Exchanger

Frosting is an inevitable adverse phenomenon in many fields such as industrial refrigeration,cryo-genics,and heat pump air conditioning,which may influence the efficiency of the equipment and increase the energy consumption of the system.The complicated louvered-fin structure and fuid-channels arrangements of the microchannel heat exchanger(HEX)will affect the heat transfer performance and frosting characteristics.First,this article analyzes different factors such as refrigerant distribution,refrigerant fow pattern,and HEX surface temperature distribution.Further,combined with the features of the microchannel HEX,the existing anti-frosting technologies and various methods of surface treatment for anti-frosting are summarized.The review focuses on the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces and their superior properties.Furthermore,the internal mechanism is analyzed in conjunction with the relevant research of our group.Superhydrophobic character has excellent anti-frosting performance and heat transfer performance,which is of great significance for improving energy-saving and system performance.Finally,the future development of superhydrophobic surface technology is analyzed and prospected.

脉冲Er:YAG激光辐照多层牙齿组织换热特性分析

目的:研究不同激光输入方式下,牙齿组织内部能量的沉积分布特征,搭建激光输入参数与牙齿组织内部温升的定性关系。方法:基于Pennes生物热传导方程,考虑牙齿组织的层状结构以及激光辐照时牙齿外表面与周围环境的热交换,构建Er:YAG激光辐照牙齿组织的热输运模型。借助有限差分法,对不同激光输入方式下牙齿组织内部温升的时-空分布特征进行了数值模拟和对比分析。结果:激光能量输入方式的改变(脉冲功率、脉宽、脉冲个数、脉冲间隔)对于牙齿组织的温升将产生显著的作用效果,并且其作用效果会随着深度的增加而逐渐衰减;输入总能量一定的前提下,输入方式的作用效果仅集中在照射表面附近,对于组织内部牙髓腔壁面的温升几乎不产生影响。此外,牙齿组织外表面与周围环境的热交换一定程度上抑制牙齿组织的温升并加速其冷却进程。结论:激光输入方式对牙齿组织的温升效果存在重要影响,在其与牙齿组织过程前后需考虑外表面与环境的热交换。

目视检测技术在核电管壳式换热器类产品制造过程中的应用

目视检测具有简单、经济、速度快、可弥补其他仪器检测设备的不足的特点。文章重点介绍了目视检测在核工业用换热器容器产品检验中的应用,对目视检测的控制重点进行深入分析和介绍,有针对性的提出目视检测的控制措施和方案,并重点介绍换热器制造的各个环节中容易出现的表面缺陷形貌和产生机理。同时针对换热器特殊结构的尺寸检查,提出简便快捷的检测工装,进而提高工作效率,具有广泛推广的作用.

12Cr2Mo1锻件带极埋弧堆焊Inconel625工艺研究

为保证12Cr2Mo1锻件带极埋弧堆焊Inconel625质量达到设计文件要求,对锻件基材和Inconel625焊接性能进行了分析,模拟承制产品实际生产状态进行堆焊工艺评定试验,采用周向堆焊和直道堆焊相结合的方法制备评定试件,对堆焊层化学成分、弯曲性能、硬度指标、金相组织、耐腐蚀性能进行了检测。试验结果表明,采用EQ62-50/ES200的焊带/焊剂组合可以获得性能优良的堆焊层。对堆焊层进行腐蚀速率检测,其焊态试样腐蚀速率为1.50 mm/a,固溶态试样腐蚀速率为1.17mm/a,两者之比为1.28,满足JB/T 4756—2006标准规定比值小于或等于1.5的要求。根据评定合格的焊接工艺对热高分气/循环氢换热器管板进行了堆焊,堆焊产品已稳定运行三年,未出现焊接缺陷和腐蚀缺陷。

表面张力模型对水平椭圆管外降膜流动传热数值计算结果的影响

采用VOF方法对水平椭圆管外降膜流动和换热进行了二维数值分析。研究了4种椭圆管管型在不同表面张力模型下的降膜流动和换热问题。结果表明,在椭圆管近壁处存在极薄的层流底层,对换热影响很大;在滞止区,流体涡流导致壁面换热系数波动较大。同时发现在椭圆管外降膜流动计算中,表面张力不可忽略,连续表面力(CSF)模型和连续表面应力(CSS)模型均能较好地体现椭圆管的壁面流动和换热情况,但CSF模型在上下滞止区的计算更为准确。此外,椭圆度对壁面传热系数影响也较为显著。椭圆度增大,换热增强,特别是当周向角θ=20°~180°时,换热增强尤为明显。

某海上平台原油入罐温度高原因分析及处理措施

某海上生产平台处理油田生产出来的原油并储存至合格油罐,通过外输油轮靠泊外输方式外输原油。随着油田大泵提液及油井含水的上升,生产处理平台生产流程出现瓶颈,其中进入原油储罐的原油温度大大提升,长期高于设计的入罐操作温度,加大了平台原油储罐的运行风险。为降低原油入罐温度,平台对入罐温度高的原因进行分析并针对性的提出了一些处理措施,取得了良好的效果。

一种金属表面发射率测量的新方法

【目的】针对测量管壳式热交换器的管束表面发射率精度低、成本高的问题,提出了一种廉价且精准的表面发射率测量的新方法。【方法】该方法以马弗炉内部空间为独立的封闭系统,根据能量守恒定律推导出系统内被测对象的表面发射率的函数关系式。对温度采样的过程中的低频噪声污染,采用两种平滑算法进行降噪。【结果】温度设置为200~500℃,对三种不同材质、不同表面处理方式的钢材进行了温度测量和发射率计算与误差分析。对比结果后发现:随温度和尺寸的升高,奥氏体不锈钢发射率逐渐减小,而碳素钢发射率逐渐增大。【结论】新方法可实现表面发射率的在线测量,且误差低。通过温度数据的降噪优化算法可以提高精度。奥氏体不锈钢的发射率与样品的尺寸有关,尺寸越大,发射率越大。