Optimization of Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption onto Coconut Husk Cellulose Using Response Surface Methodology: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms and Reusability Studies

In this study, coconut husk cellulose was employed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent to eliminate methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. The successful development of response surface methodology paired with a central composite design (RSM-CCD) enabled the optimization and modelling of the adsorption process. The study investigated the individual and combined effects of three variables (pH, contact time, and initial MB dye concentration) on the adsorption of MB dye onto coconut husk cellulose. The developed RSM-CCD model exhibited a remarkable degree of precision in predicting the removal efficiency of MB dye within the specified experimental parameters. This was demonstrated by the strong regression parameters, with an R2 value of 99.79% and an adjusted R2 value of 99.6%. The study depicted that the optimal parameters for attaining a 98.8827% removal of MB dye using coconut husk cellulose were as follows: an initial MB dye concentration of 30 mg∙L−1, contact time of 120 minutes, and pH 7 at a fixed adsorbent dose of 0.5 g. The Freundlich isotherm model provided the most satisfactory description of the equilibrium adsorption isotherms, suggesting that MB dye adsorption onto coconut husk cellulose occurs on a heterogeneous surface. The experimental results demonstrated a strong agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, indicating that the number of active sites present on the cellulose adsorbent predominantly influences the adsorption process of MB dye. Additionally, the adsorbent made from coconut husk cellulose exhibited the potential to be reused, as it retained its efficiency for a maximum of three cycles of adsorption of MB dye. The results of this study show that coconut husk cellulose has the potential to be an effective and sustainable adsorbent for removing MB dye from aqueous solutions.

Darboux Transformations for Space-Like Isothermic Surfaces in R^m,1

In this paper,by using the G_(m,1)~(1,1)-system,we study Darboux transformations for space-like isothermic surfaces in Minkowski space R~(m,1),where G_(m,1)~(1,1)=O(m+1,2)/O(m,1)×O(1,1).

AN APPROACH TO CALCULATE THE SURFACE TENSION OF THE LIQUID NITROGEN FILM ON SOLIDS FROM AN ADSORPTION ISOTHERM

The equations, used in this paper to calculate the surface tension of the liquid nitrogen film formed by the physical adsorption on many different model solids (e.g. spherical partiele, plane particle and spherical cavity pores or cylindrical pores at the openings of both ends in solid bodies), have been derived on the thermodynamie principle. The calculated results have shown that the surface tension (γ) of the adsorbed liquid nitrogen film on most of non-porous solid surfaces diminishes with the rise of the nitrogen gas pressure (p) or of the adsorbed layers (n) at 77.3K; when p reaches the vapour pressure (p_s) of the bulk liquid nitrogen, y turns into the surface tension (γ_o) of the bulk liquid nitrogen; whgn p /p, 【0.98, there is an obvious difference between γ and γ_O.

StudyofCurieisothermalsurfaceinSichuanBasinandtheseismicareaonitswesternmar┐gin

Using the aeromagnetic data and the method of 3-D magnetic stratum inversion, the data of aeromagnetic anomalies in the investigated region have been processed; and thereby the quantitative buried depth of the Curie isothermal surface in Sichuan Basin and its western marginal area has been obtained. The reliability of the inversion results has been confirmed by the features of regional tectonics, the distribution of geothermal gradient and the results of deep seismic sounding. By analyzing the deep geothermal field, it is concluded that the followings are the environmental conditions for the development and occurrence of earthquakes in the western marginal area of Sichuan Basin: (1) The collision of the Yangtze block with the Sichuan Qinghai block and Kangdian rhombic block has produced strong stress accumulation; and (2) Plastic creep in the middle lower crust owing to the upwelling of mantle flux has provided an adjusting unit for rock rupture and stress release.

Geothermal structure revealed by curie isothermal surface under Guangdong Province,China

Guangdong Province in Southeast China is noted for its numerous geothermal resources due to tectonic episodes,mainly occurred during the Cretaceous.The surface heat flow and geothermal gradient are the most direct ways to understand the temperature of the Earth.However,geothermal resources are poorly utilized in Guangdong Province due to limited numbers of boreholes and surficial hydrothermal fluids.To improve the understanding of underground temperature distribution in Guangdong Province,we have applied power-density spectral analysis to aeromagnetic anomaly data to calculate the depth of the Curie isothermal surface.Upward continuation is applied and tested to the magnetic data.The calculated Curie isotherm is between 18.5 km and 25 km below surface.The fluctuation in the depth range reflects lateral thermal perturbations in the Guangdong crust.In particular,the eastern,northern,western and coastline areas of the province have a relatively shallow Curie isotherm.By comparing the surface heat flow,geothermal gradient,distribution of Mesozoic granite-volcanic rocks,and natural hot springs,we conclude that during Mesozoic,magmatism exerted great influence on the deep thermal state of Guangdong Province.A shallow Curie isotherm surface,as well as numerous natural hot springs and high heat flow,show clear signatures of shallow heat sources.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Fluoride Removal Mechanism by Newely Developed Biomaterial

The adsorption capacities of new biomaterials derived from lemon leaf (Citrus sp.) toward fluoride ions have been explored by varying different physicochemical parameters such as pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, stirring rate and temperature. The entire study was done through batch process. Maximum fluoride adsorption of 96.9% - 98.8% was achieved with an initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Langmuir isotherm model well expressed fluoride ad- sorption onto LLD-1, LLD-2 and LLD-3. According to correlation coefficient, the fluoride adsorption onto these 3 ad- sorbents was correlated well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. From thermodynamic study, the spontaneous nature and feasibility of the adsorption process with negative enthalpy (&#916H0) value also supported the exothermic nature were shown. The rate of fluoride adsorption was mathematically described as a function of experimental parameters and was modeled through Box-Behnken (Response surface methodology). The results showed that the responses of fluoride adsorption were significantly affected by the quadratic term of pH, initial concentration, contact time and temperature and the statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA which indicated good correlation of experimental parameters.

FOURIER-TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION AMONG MARINE TRACE METAL IONS , SOLID PARTICLES AND ORGANICS Ⅱ. THE STEP WISE CHANGE IN THE SURFACE HYDROXYL GROUPS

IR spectra of Cu (Ⅱ)-marine solid particle systems show that Cu (Ⅱ)-marine solid particle ion exchange causes a stepwise change in the surface H-bonding hydroxyl groups on illite . montmorillonite, CaCO3,r. AlOOH and goethite, but that this does not affect the surface free hydroxyl groups on illite. montmorillonite and CaCO3. and framework hydroxyl group on goethite and on γ- AlOOH . Over the range of Cu(Ⅱ) exchange amounts in the present experiment, four stepwise changes were discovered for the surface H- bonding hydroxyl group on illite. while two stepwise changes were observed on the other marine solids. The interfacial stepwise ion exchange theory was first demonstrated by the above experimental evidence .

Anti-oxidation characteristics of Cr-coating on surface of Ti-45Al-8.5Nb alloy by plasma surface metallurgy technique

TiAl-based alloys have received extensive attention recently due to their excellent properties. However, the weak oxidation resistance at temperatures higher than 800℃ can limit their further high-temperature structural applications.To improve the oxidation resistance of a high-Nb-content γ-TiAl alloy(Ti-45 Al-8.5 Nb, in units of at.%), a chromium(Cr)coating is prepared by using the plasma surface alloying technique, separately, at 800℃ and 1000℃. The x-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns reveal that an oxide surface layer consisting of Cr2O3, Al2O3, and TiO2 is produced on the Cr-coated Nb containing γ-TiAl substrates during the initial oxidation. However, the Cr2O3 is dominated in the oxide surface layer after being isothermally oxidized for 300 h. The oxidation kinetic curves are composed of a parabolic law stage(≤ 90 h) and a biquadratic law stage(≥ 90 h), fit by weight–gain curves. Due to diffusion in the fabrication process and oxidation process,the Cr-coated specimens have an adhesion force after being isothermally oxidized, specifically 69 N for a specimen after oxidation for 300 h. These results demonstrate that the Cr coating enhances the oxidation resistance and adhesion of a Ti-45 Al-8.5 Nb alloy, which may provide a new feasible scheme for designing oxidation protection layers.

SURFACE SEGREGATION EFFECTS IN AL_2O_3 IMPLANTED WITH HIGH DOSE INDIUM

Implantations of 100 keV In ions to high dose of 6 ×1016 In/cm2 were performed into a-axis oriented crystals of Al2O3 held at a liquid nitrogen temperature. The implantation produced about 80nm thick amorphous surface layer. Isothermal annealing in flowing Ar gas ambient was done at the temperatures of 600, 700, 800, and 900℃ . Rutherford backscattering and channeling (RBS-C), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) have been employed to investigate the annealing behaviors.The indium shows anomalous diffusion in amorphous layer. The migration of indium was composed of two parts: (a) some broadening of In profile corresponding to diffusion within the amorphous layer, (b) segregation of In to surface to form In2O3 which appears as islands on the surface. When the ambient is made oxygen free, the segregated In is lost by evaporation at the surface.

EFFECT OF HYPERCROSSLINKED RESINS SURFACE CHEMISTRY ON THE ADSORPTION OF PHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Two hypercrosslinked resins with similar physical characters but different surface chemistry were synthesized and used to remove phenol from aqueous solutions. The FTIR spectra, elemental analysis and the Boehm titration were used to characterize the chemical properties of the resins. The adsorption experiments were carried out using the bottle-point technique, and the effects of the surface chemistry on the adsorption were discussed. The adsorption data fit well with the Freundlich model, indicating the heterogeneity of the resins surface. It could be seen from the experimental results that the adsorption capacity increased with the increase in the total surface concentration of oxygen-containing groups. The pH dependence and the effects of ionic strength were also discussed. The kinetic adsorption data fit well with the pseudo-second order model, and the results showed that the surface oxygen-containing groups have little effect on the adsorption rate.

New Method for Measurement of Plant Roots Specific Surface

To provide enough space to carry all surface charges responsible for high cation exchange capacity of plant roots, large area of the root specific surface is necessary, however all experimental methods used up to date give too small surface area values. In this paper, we propose to measure the plant roots surface area using water vapor adsorption isotherm. This method gives roots specific surface areas compatible to CEC. Methodical aspects of the measurements are described along with theoretical background for calculating specific surface area on the example of roots of barley grown in nutrient solution.

High Resolution Gas Adsorption Study on Montmorillonite Clays from Côte d’Ivoire: Assessment of Surface Energetic Properties

The surface heterogeneity of two samples of montmorillonite clays from Katiola (C?te d’Ivoire), referenced K1 and K2, has been explored by low-pressure of argon and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The adsorption isotherms of the studied samples have been modelled by the Derivative Isotherms Summation method (DIS method) in a satisfactory manner, with the help of local isotherms to argon and nitrogen. The use of the DIS method allowed us to quantify the basal and lateral surfaces, then to determine the total surface of studied materials. Beyond the quantitative aspect, the DIS method permitted us to determine the lamellarity index of the clay grains and to describe the two studied samples of a family of high energy site (–14 kT to nitrogen), that shows a strong affinity for the polar adsorbates.

高速列车铜基摩擦材料的氧化行为

高速列车铜基摩擦材料在制动过程中,由于摩擦热的产生和耗散,会发生循环氧化。研究铜基摩擦材料在300、400、500、600和700℃下等温氧化50h的氧化行为。结果表明:铜基摩擦材料的氧化行为呈现多阶段特征;Cu、Fe的氧化与氧的扩散共同控制着低温氧化过程,而石墨的氧化在500℃之后占主导作用;Cu的氧化首先形成Cu_(2)O纳米团簇,然后生成CuO纳米线,最后依次转变为细小的和粗大的等轴晶;氧化温度的升高会促进Fe_(2)O_(3)纳米片的生长和致密化;Cu氧化物由于体积膨胀较大,逐渐将Fe氧化物覆盖;石墨烧蚀后形成的连通孔为内氧化提供氧气扩散通道;材料表面氧化层的形成使得表面硬度提高。

计算机模拟在物理化学BET多分子层吸附理论教学中的应用

BET多分子层吸附理论抽象但应用广泛,BET公式的推导过程涉及较多数学知识,学生很难透彻理解BET公式的物理意义。面对比表面分析仪输出的吸附脱附等温线和比表面积,学生只能生搬硬套,难以达到预期的教学效果。本文利用计算机模拟气体分子在固体表面的吸附脱附过程,通过调整吸附脱附常数,可分别得到第I、II、III类吸附等温线;结合实时可视化使学生能直观看到气体分子在固体表面的吸附脱附动力学,从而能更好地理解BET理论。计算机模拟辅助教学还能活跃课堂气氛,实现教与学互动,激发学生的求知欲和科研兴趣,提高教学质量。

基于响应面法的镁合金轮毂等温成形过渡区折叠缺陷的预测

目的 大尺寸镁合金汽车轮毂塑性在加工过程中易出现折叠等缺陷,为获得合格的轮毂锻件,对镁合金轮毂等温成形工艺参数与折叠缺陷长度的影响关系进行研究。方法 基于轮毂复杂的几何结构,设计了三步成形工艺方案,通过成形试验测试判断出折叠缺陷产生位置,选取影响轮毂折叠缺陷的压下量h、挤压温度t、挤压速度v与摩擦因数μ作为设计变量,构建了轮毂最大折叠长度Llap的目标函数关系式。结合响应面法的线性模型和Design Expert软件,对设计变量进行了参量约束条件下的多目标优化,制备出合格的镁合金轮毂锻件。结果 基于成形试验得到折叠缺陷产生位置为轮辐和轮缘结合处;基于响应面法和有限元分析,可知压下量对折叠缺陷长度Llap影响最大;根据拟合结果得到的回归线性模型,其折叠缺陷回归系数为0.965 4,可靠性较高。结论 建立了镁合金轮毂锻件成形过程中工艺参数对折叠缺陷长度的线性回归模型,获得了关于折叠长度的最小值,为消除轮毂锻件中的折叠缺陷提供了理论依据。

Velocity of a Liquid Drop with a Sorption-Controlled Surfactant

The terminal velocity of a liquid droplet settling in a sulfactant solution has been studied for the non-linear adsorption Langmuir frameworks accounting for monolayer saturation and non-ideal surfactant interactions. Most prior research uses a linear adsorption model which cannot capture these effects, The Maragoni migration of a liquid drop settling through a surfactant solution is examined by using Langmuir framework. The solution concentration Ceq is assumed large enough for the surfactant mass transfer to be adsorption-controlled. Langmuir model generates non-linear Marangoni stresses which diverge in the limit of approaching ∝, strongly retarding U'.

改性活性炭对水中硝基苯吸附特性影响研究

选取压块破碎活性炭为研究对象,分别研究硝酸、浓硫酸、氢氟酸和氨水改性对活性炭表面官能团及元素组分的影响,以及改性前后活性炭对选定污染物的吸附性质的变化。实验结果表明,经氨水、氢氟酸以及硫酸改性后的活性炭对硝基苯吸附能力相似,且其在相同平衡浓度条件下,吸附容量较未改性活性炭略有改善;但经浓硝酸改性后,活性炭吸附性能明显下降,特别是浓硝酸改性后,下降明显。因此,活性炭对有机物的吸附以范德华力为主,增加表面官能团不能增加活性炭对硝基苯等有机污染物的吸附容量。

非等温时效对含银Al-Mg-Si合金多层摩擦表面显微组织和腐蚀行为的影响

研究非等温时效对添加不同银含量Al-Mg-Si合金多层摩擦表面显微组织和腐蚀行为的影响。通过在耗材棒横截面上钻孔的方式添加4%、8%和13%(质量分数)的银。采用光学显微镜和电子显微镜研究涂层的显微组织,采用显微硬度和拉伸实验研究涂层的力学性能,采用电化学测试研究样品的耐腐蚀性。结果表明,随着银添加量从4%(质量分数)增加到13%(质量分数),摩擦堆焊表面层的晶粒尺寸从(1.5±0.3)μm减小到(1.0±0.3)μm。铝基体中的溶质银能够加速Al-Mg-Si合金的析出动力学。经非等温时效处理后,含银涂层的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别比不含银涂层高50.6%和43.5%。经非等温时效处理后,材料的腐蚀电流密度降低,含银和不含银样品的耐腐蚀性均提高,含银涂层的耐蚀性比无银镀层提高了96.5%。

响应面法优化LAMP反应冻干保护剂配方的研究

目的筛选出适用于甲流病毒环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)的最佳冻干保护剂组合,建立起可在室温下长时间储存的甲流病毒核酸检测体系,为甲流现场快速检测和分级诊疗提供技术支持。方法以LAMP核酸扩增活性为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上利用三因素三水平的响应面法,探究冻干保护剂(海藻糖、牛血清白蛋白和甘露醇)对LAMP试剂的保护效果并优化冻干保护剂的组合。结果采用Box-Behnken试验结果进行回归模型拟合,LAMP试剂的保护剂最佳配方组合为7.64 wt%海藻糖、0.43 wt%牛血清白蛋白和0.85 wt%甘露醇。经真空冷冻干燥且加入保护剂后的LAMP试剂将以脱水形式贮存,可在常温下长期保持活性,使用时加水复溶即可。为了检验保护剂的稳定性,真空冷冻干燥后的LAMP试剂分别置于25℃和37℃下贮存,第0天、4天、8天、12天、16天、20天取出分别进行LAMP扩增活性检测。添加最优保护剂组合的LAMP冻干试剂其核酸扩增活性远大于添加单一保护剂或未添加冻干保护剂组。结论添加最优保护剂组合能够延长LAMP试剂的贮存时间和保持试剂的稳定性。

基于环介导等温技术检测人甲流H1N1病毒的响应面优化分析

目的为了建立人甲型流感H1N1病毒的环介导等温扩增(LAMP)体系,本研究以H1N1病毒核酸扩增效率为指标,通过响应面分析优化探讨LAMP检测H1N1流感病毒的最佳反应条件。方法根据Box-Benhnken响应设计原理,对影响LAMP反应关键因素(甜菜碱浓度、引物浓度、反应温度)进行三因素三水平响应面法优化。同时选取60例确诊甲流临床核酸样本和60例健康受试者核酸样本,分别采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术和LAMP检测技术进行比对评估(评估指标包括灵敏度、特异性、准确度)。结果响应面回归模型能较好地预测LAMP检测效果与甜菜碱浓度、引物浓度和反应温度之间的关系,经过优化LAMP反应体系提高检测灵敏度和缩短反应时间。同时与PCR检测结果相比,LAMP检测实现100%的灵敏度、98.9%的特异性和99.2%的准确度,检测下限可达100 copies/ml。结论本研究建立的H1N1甲流LAMP检测是一种高效、灵敏、特异性高且不需要复杂设备的检测方法,适用于基层医疗卫生机构或居家自测,对季节性甲流病毒监测及暴发时应急检测具有重要意义。