Spatial-temporal variations in near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River during the period 2002–2011 based on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System(AMSR-E) data

Detecting near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in high-altitude cold regions is important for understanding the Earth＇s surface system, but such studies are rare. In this study, we detected the spatial-temporal variations in near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River（SRYR） during the period 2002–2011 based on data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System（AMSR-E）. Moreover, the trends of onset dates and durations of the soil freeze-thaw cycles under different stages were also analyzed. Results showed that the thresholds of daytime and nighttime brightness temperatures of the freeze-thaw algorithm for the SRYR were 257.59 and 261.28 K, respectively. At the spatial scale, the daily frozen surface（DFS） area and the daily surface freeze-thaw cycle surface（DFTS） area decreased by 0.08% and 0.25%, respectively, and the daily thawed surface（DTS） area increased by 0.36%. At the temporal scale, the dates of the onset of thawing and complete thawing advanced by 3.10（±1.4） and 2.46（±1.4） days, respectively; and the dates of the onset of freezing and complete freezing were delayed by 0.9（±1.4） and 1.6（±1.1） days, respectively. The duration of thawing increased by 0.72（±0.21） day/a and the duration of freezing decreased by 0.52（±0.26） day/a. In conclusion, increases in the annual minimum temperature and winter air temperature are the main factors for the advanced thawing and delayed freezing and for the increase in the duration of thawing and the decrease in the duration of freezing in the SRYR.

Simulation analysis on characteristics of land surface over western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during freez-ing-thawing period

Using the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment-Asian Monsoon-Tibet Plateau Experiment (GAME-Tibet) observa-tional data-from October 2002 through September 2003-of Gaize in the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP),the land-surface characteristics of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are simulated by the improved land-surface model Common Land Model (CoLM).The results show that CoLM can reproduce the land-surface characteristics of plateau areas well.In the sur-face-energy balance of the western QXP in the winter half year,the sensible heat (SH) flux constituted the dominant energy,and the latent heat (LH,here and after) flux is very small.Although the LH flux nearly equals zero in freezing season,it cannot be ig-nored during the period of freezing-thawing in QXP.In the transition season from midto late-May,the frequent phase change of soil water that is caused by the freezing-thawing process leads to the increase of LH flux and decrease of the Bowen ratio.The simulation results also indicate that the changes of surface effective heat fluxes (SH and LH flux) are associated with precipitation and the frequent change between freezing and thawing processes in soil surface.

Deformation monitoring and analysis at two frost mounds during freeze–thaw cycles along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor

This paper presents various deformation-monitoring technologies employed to monitor the frost heave and thaw settlement of two mounds along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor(QTEC), China. The QTEC is known as a critical infrastructure and passage connecting inland China and the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP). Three technologies—global navigation satellite system(GNSS), terrestrial laser scanning(TLS), and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)—were used to estimate the freeze/thaw–induced 3D surface deformation of two frost mounds. Our results showed that (1) the two frost mounds exhibited mainly thaw settlement in thawing periods and frost heave in the freezing period, but frost heave dominated after repeated freeze–thaw cycles;(2) different zones of the mounds showed different deformation characteristics;(3) active-layer thickness(ALT) and elevation changes were highly correlated during thaw periods;(4) integrated 3D-measurement technologies can achieve a better understanding and assessment of hazards in the permafrost area.

The Impact of Soil Freezing/Thawing Processes on Water and Energy Balances

A frozen soil parameterization coupling of thermal and hydrological processes is used to investigate how frozen soil processes affect water and energy balances in seasonal frozen soil. Simulation results of soil liquid water content and temperature using soil model with and without the inclusion of freezing and thawing processes are evaluated against observations at the Rosemount field station. By comparing the simulated water and heat fluxes of the two cases, the role of phase change processes in the water and energy balances is analyzed. Soil freezing induces upward water flow towards the freezing front and increases soil water content in the upper soil layer. In particular, soil ice obviously prevents and delays the infiltration during rain at Rosemount. In addition, soil freezingthawing processes alter the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and lead the soil to release more sensible heat into the atmosphere during freezing periods.

Recent changes in ground surface thermal regimes in the context of air temperature warming over the Heihe River Basin, China

Changes in ground surface thermal regimes play a vital role in surface and subsurface hydrology, ecosystem diversity and productivity, and global thermal, water and carbon budgets as well as climate change. Estimating spring, summer, autumn and winter air temperatures and mean annual air temperature（MAAT） from 1960 through 2008 over the Heihe River Basin reveals a statistically significant trend of 0.31 °C/decade, 0.28 °C/decade, 0.37 °C/decade, 0.50 °C/decade, and 0.37 °C /decade, respectively. The averaged time series of mean annual ground surface temperature（MAGST） and maximum annual ground surface temperature（MaxAGST） for 1972–2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of 0.58 °C/decade and 1.27 °C/decade, respectively. The minimum annual ground surface temperature（MinAGST） in the same period remains unchanged as a whole. Estimating surface freezing/thawing index as well as the ratio of freezing index to thawing index（RFT） in the period between 1959 and 2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of-42.5 °C-day/decade, 85.4 °C-day/decade and-0.018/decade, respectively.

玄武岩-聚乙烯醇纤维对再生混凝土抗冻性能的影响

为了推广再生混凝土在高海拔和北方寒冷地区的应用,对单掺、混掺不同体积掺量玄武岩纤维和聚乙烯醇纤维的再生混凝土进行质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、抗压强度损失率3项抗冻性能指标的探究,并用SEM对200次冻融循环后混掺纤维再生混凝土进行细观作用机理分析,最后结合响应面法对混掺纤维掺量进行优选。结果显示:外掺纤维能够提高再生混凝土的抗冻性能,而混掺纤维效果优于单掺纤维;2种纤维在试件内部呈网状分布,协同受力,与基体互相约束,很大程度限制了裂缝的扩展和数量;纤维优化结果显示当聚乙烯醇纤维与玄武岩体积掺量分别为0.170%和0.246%时,再生混凝土的抗冻性能最优。研究成果对玄武岩-聚乙烯醇纤维再生混凝土纤维掺量设计具有一定的借鉴意义。

A land surface model incorporated with soil freeze/thaw and its application in GAME/Tibet

Land surface process is of great importance in global climate change, moisture and heat exchange in the interface of the earth and atmosphere, human impacts on the environment and eco- system, etc. Soil freeze/thaw plays an important role in cold land surface processes. In this work the diurnal freeze/thaw effects on energy partition in the context of GAME/Tibet are studied. A sophisti- cated land surface model is developed, the particular aspect of which is its physical consideration of soil freeze/thaw and vapor flux. The simultaneous water and heat transfer soil sub-model not only reflects the water flow from unfrozen zone to frozen fringe in freezing/thawing soil, but also demon- strates the change of moisture and temperature field induced by vapor flux from high temperature zone to low temperature zone, which makes the model applicable for various circumstances. The modified Picard numerical method is employed to help with the water balance and convergence of the numerical scheme. Finally, the model is applied to analyze the diurnal energy and water cycle char- acteristics over the Tibetan Plateau using the Game/Tibet datasets observed in May and July of 1998. Heat and energy transfer simulation shows that: (i) There exists a negative feedback mechanism between soil freeze/thaw and soil temperature/ground heat flux; (ii) during freezing period all three heat fluxes do not vary apparently, in spite of the fact that the negative soil temperature is higher than that not considering soil freeze; (iii) during thawing period, ground heat flux increases, and sensible heat flux decreases, but latent heat flux does not change much; and (iv) during freezing period, soil temperature decreases, though ground heat flux increases.

Diurnal freeze/thaw cycles of the ground surface on the Tibetan Plateau

The exchange of energy and water between the lithosphere and atmosphere mainly takes place at the ground surface. Therefore, freeze/thaw condition at the ground surface is an important factor in ex- amining the interactions between the land surface and atmosphere. Based on the observation data obtained by CEOP/CAMP-Tibet, the diurnal freeze/thaw cycles of the ground surface near Naqu, central Tibetan Plateau was preliminarily analyzed. The results show that the surface layer was completely frozen for approximately one month. However, the time that the ground surface experienced diurnal freeze/thaw cycles was about 6 months. The high frequency of freeze/thaw cycles at the ground surface significantly influences water and energy exchanges between ground and atmosphere over half a year. The interaction processes between the ground and atmosphere under different soil conditions (such as complete thaw, complete freeze and diurnal freeze/thaw cycles) are issues worthy of further examina- tion.

浅析混凝土的冻融破坏机理

混凝土耐久性决定了建筑结构的安全性与稳定性,并在长期服役过程中起到重要作用,影响其使用寿命。耐久性与混凝土所处的环境密切相关,寒冷地区正负温交变引起的混凝土冻融破坏是导致混凝土耐久性不足的重要原因之一。介绍了混凝土冻融耐久性的两种典型破坏形式,即内部冻胀开裂和表面盐冻剥蚀,包括冻融破坏的特征、常用表征手段以及劣化机理。同时针对非引气混凝土和引气混凝土,普通混凝土和高性能混凝土的冻融破坏机理进行了比较和分析,并针对性介绍了高性能混凝土的冻融破坏特性。

彩色陶粒混凝土冻融循环试验研究

为研究彩色陶粒混凝土的抗冻性能,本文对红色颜料不同掺量的彩色陶粒混凝土试件进行了300次冻融循环试验,并计算其质量损失率与相对动弹性模量;在此基础上,建立了彩色陶粒混凝土质量损失率、冻融损伤经验模型,并运用响应曲面法综合分析了冻融循环次数、红色颜料掺量对彩色陶粒混凝土质量损失率和冻融损伤度的影响程度。研究结果表明:掺加红色颜料可有效增强陶粒混凝土的抗冻性能。

基于GPS-IR的复杂寒区地表冻融状态监测研究

针对复杂寒区地表冻融状态情况,基于GPS-IR(Global Positioning System-Interference Reflectometry)技术进行地表冻融状态监测精度研究。采用2017—2022年PBO(The Plate Boundary Observatory)GPS站点数据,结合SNOTEL气象站地表实测数据,充分考虑了复杂寒区地表积雪深度、土壤湿度和地表冻融状态对GPS(Global Positioning System)多路径观测值的影响,基于GPS-IR技术利用卫星反射信号来进行地表冻融状态监测。结果表明:在积雪深度和土壤湿度时间序列平稳的状态下,GPS-IR技术的冻融监测精度为90.63%,积雪深度和土壤湿度的波动都会导致监测精度下降。实验表明GPS-IR技术的监测精度会受到积雪深度和土壤湿度的影响,在地球物理参数小范围变化的情况下监测精度较好,对地表冻融状态响应敏感,是一种有效监测复杂寒区冻融特性的有效手段。

冻融条件对环氧基透水面层的影响研究

为探究环氧基透水面层在冻融循环条件下性能的演变规律,以外观形态、质量损失和强度退化为评定指标,对环氧基透水面层进行冻融循环试验。试验结果表明:环氧基透水面层在经过30次冻融循环后,其质量损失率较小,在0.1%以内,远低于标准的性能要求;抗折强度损失率较大,而抗压强度损失率在10.85%左右,低于标准要求的20%。综合试验结果可知,环氧基透水面层具有优异的抗冻融性能。

基于响应面法和Weibull分布的不锈钢纤维再生混凝土抗冻性能研究

【目的】在我国严寒地区,冻融损伤会使再生混凝土(RAC)结构提前达到耐久性极限甚至导致构件失效,为了延长再生混凝土(RAC)结构在严寒地区的使用寿命,【方法】对再生混凝土(RAC)、天然混凝土(NC)、普通钢纤维再生混凝土(PFRAC)和不锈钢纤维再生混凝土(SFRAC)进行冻融循环试验。经过冻融循环后,测得RAC、NC、PFRAC、SFRAC的质量损失及相对动弹性模量,分析冻融循环过程中混凝土内部的损伤机理及劣化规律。以相对动弹性模量为损伤变量,基于响应面模型(RSM)和Weibull分布建立了钢纤维再生混凝土冻融损伤模型,研究冻融循环次数、PF和SF的掺量对再生混凝土抗冻性的影响。【结果】结果表明,SF的掺入能有效延缓RAC质量的损失和相对动弹性模量的降低。冻融循环150次时,掺量为2%的SFRAC质量损失和相对动弹性模量分别下降3.01%和19.57%。SFRAC与RAC相比,质量损失率降低了0.4%,相对动弹性模量提高了14.17%。【结论】Weibull分布和响应面模型(RSM)的预测结果 基本一致,但RSM预测值的相对误差要低于Weibull分布的预测值。两种模型的相关系数R2均在0.94以上,预测结果较为准确,可为钢纤维再生混凝土在寒冷地区的使用提供理论参考。

基于水热耦合的寒区隧道仰坡稳定性研究

【目的】研究我国西北部寒冷地区的隧道仰坡稳定性及其季节温度效应的变化规律。【方法】建立寒区隧道仰坡的水热全耦合数学模型,以冻融环境变化为模拟分析基础,对其水热环境和稳定性进行数值模拟计算。【结果】结果表明,寒区隧道仰坡稳定性与土体冻融状态相关;临空面土体受环境温度影响较为明显,而内侧土温变化不显著。【结论】当温度降低,土体冻结层厚度增加时,仰坡稳定性表现较好;气温回暖季节冻融层融化,仰坡破坏滑移面几乎与坡面平行并向上延伸,极易发生滑塌灾害。

考虑冻融锋面移动过程的多年冻土水热模拟

活动层内部的冻融锋面是冻融过程中冻结土层与融化土层的分界面,其上下土层的水热参数有着显著差异。在陆面过程模式中准确描述冻融锋面的移动过程将有助于提高其对多年冻土水热过程的模拟能力。本研究首先将Noah-MP陆面过程模式的模拟深度扩展到20 m,并将原模式的4层土层增加到19层土层,同时引入前人的有机质方案和植被根系方案,然后在此基础上,通过耦合Stefan方法以加强模式对冻融锋面的模拟能力,进而探究耦合Stefan方法的Noah-MP模式对西大滩多年冻土站点水热过程的模拟效果。研究中设置了不耦合Stefan方法的CTL控制试验和耦合Stefan方法的STE对照试验来分别模拟西大滩多年冻土站点2012年0~20 m的土壤温度与土壤液态含水量,模拟结果用站点0~3.2 m内10个深度的日均土壤温度、土壤液态水含量监测数据以及3 m、6 m和10 m的年均地温监测数据来做验证。研究结果表明,由土壤温度模拟值插值得到的冻融锋面(0℃等温线)有明显阶梯状特征,最大冻融深度与实测相比偏大。耦合Stefan方法增强了Noah-MP模式模拟冻融锋面的能力,使得模式能够基于Stefan方法较好地模拟出冻融锋面的变化趋势和最大深度。同时,改进后的模式整体改善了对土壤温度的模拟效果,使得0~3.2 m各土层土壤温度的平均RMSE降至0.89℃,减小44%;平均MBE降至-0.13℃,减小86%;模拟的3~20 m年均地温与实测数据更为接近。改进后的模式对土壤液态含水量的模拟水平也有一定改善,其中,模拟的0~3.2 m各土层的土壤液态含水量的平均RMSE降至0.06 m^(3)·m^(-3),减小33%;平均MBE降至-0.01 m^(3)·m^(-3),减小67%。模式还较好描述了活动层20 cm、40 cm、80 cm、120 cm土壤的融化时间。可以看出,在陆面过程模式中耦合能够较好模拟冻融锋面移动过程的Stefan方法可较大程度提高模式的模拟能力,是陆面过程模式改进的有效途径之一,本研究的结果可为多年冻土区陆面过程模式改进提供参考。

改性纳米SiO_(2)-苯丙乳液混凝土复合防护涂层的制备及性能研究

采用硅烷偶联剂KH560对纳米SiO_(2)进行接枝改性,通过傅里叶红外变换光谱、热重分析及微观形貌分析等方法研究了KH560对纳米SiO_(2)改性机理的影响,探究了改性SiO_(2)-苯丙乳液复合涂层中掺入一定质量分数的改性纳米SiO_(2)对混凝土抗硫酸盐溶液冻融性能的影响,并分析了改性纳米SiO_(2)对苯丙乳液涂层的增强机理。结果表明:采用KH560改性后,纳米SiO_(2)颗粒的团聚状态得到了显著改善,热稳定性提高;当改性纳米SiO_(2)的质量分数为4%时,C4复合涂层对混凝土的防护作用最好,此时混凝土抗硫酸盐溶液冻融等级由F100~F150提升到F300以上;300次硫酸盐溶液冻融循环后,混凝土的质量损失率仅为0.35%,相对动弹性模量为96.2%,此时混凝土内部结构并未发生明显破坏。

低热混凝土与中热混凝土抗冻性能及孔隙特征的对比研究

低热混凝土在水工领域得到了广泛关注,由于其初期较缓慢的放热速率,能够有效地减少大体积混凝土早期开裂的风险。本文对低热混凝土与中热混凝土的抗冻性能进行对比研究,并结合压汞法和液氮吸附法获得多尺度下的孔隙分布情况。分别采用BJH模型和DFT模型对液氮吸附孔隙分布进行不同尺度的侧重分析,通过表面分形维数对孔隙表面粗糙度和孔径分布进一步表征,从混凝土抗渗性及孔隙结构方面揭示了低热混凝土具有较好抗冻性能的根本原因。

冻融及盐碱双重胁迫对苜蓿幼苗营养器官矿质离子吸收及运输的影响

我国东北盐渍区春季常发生冻融现象,为探究冻融和盐碱双重胁迫对苜蓿矿质离子吸收和转运的影响,本研究以‘龙牧807’苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)幼苗为试材,对其进行冻融循环(Freezing-thaw cycle,FT)和冻融循环+盐碱(Freezing-thaw cycle and saline-alkali,FT+SA)胁迫,分析FT和FT+SA胁迫对苜蓿幼苗营养器官矿质离子吸收及运输能力的影响。结果表明:苜蓿幼苗在FT和FT+SA胁迫下,根部Na^(+)含量增加,而茎和叶部Na^(+)含量降低,且根、茎、叶部K^(+),Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),Fe^(3+),Mn^(2+),Zn^(2+),Cu^(2+)含量和K^(+)/Na^(+),Ca^(2+)/Na^(+),Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)比值均降低,在FT+SA胁迫下降低的水平高于FT胁迫;根部对Mg^(2+)选择性运输能力高于K^(+)和Ca^(2+),茎和叶部K^(+)运输能力高于Mg^(2+)和Ca^(2+),根部限Na^(+)能力和抑制K^(+),Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)选择性运输能力以及茎向叶部选择性运输K^(+),Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)的能力均为FT+SA胁迫高于FT。各离子间相关性较高,共同维系植株的离子平衡。FT和FT+SA胁迫影响苜蓿幼苗对上述矿质离子在根、茎、叶营养器官的分布和运输,与苜蓿幼苗的抗寒和抗盐碱有一定的相关性。

河西走廊近40年地表土壤冻融状态变化特征

为探究河西走廊地区土壤冻融规律,基于ERA5-LAND逐小时地表温度数据,通过划分不同冻融阶段并结合Mann-Kendall趋势检验及线性回归法,分析河西走廊近40年地表土壤冻融状态变化特征。结果表明:(1)春季过渡期发生天数呈现平原多山区少,总体年均发生天数为65天以上,完全融化期发生天数整体上为北部多于南部,在同一纬度上呈东部多于西部,且发生天数为200天以上的地区不断增加;秋季过渡期年均发生天数最少,为50天左右,完全冻结期发生天数随海拔升高而增加,其中春季过渡期发生天数的空间分布随时间变化较明显。(2)春季过渡期和完全融化期起始日期由北向南逐渐推迟,南北差异最大为90天以上,且不同时期完全融化期起始日期空间分布变化明显。秋季过渡期起始日期与前者相反,由北向南逐渐提前,不同时期空间分布无明显差异。绝大部分地区在12月份进入完全冻结期,高海拔山区在11月份进入完全冻结期。(3)研究区大部分地区春季过渡期起始日期滞后,完全融化期起始日期提前,故春季过渡期发生天数总体以0.2天/年的速率减少,而大部分地区秋季过渡期起始日期滞后,致使完全融化期发生天数以0.3天/年的速率增加。研究区北部完全冻结期发生天数呈增加趋势,而南部祁连山脉一带则呈现减少趋势,完全冻结期起始日期总体以0.03天/年的速率推迟。(4)山地、绿洲和荒漠地区近40年完全融化期发生天数分别以0.393,0.321,0.288天/年的速率增加,起始日期分别以0.134,0.188,0.206天/年的速率提前,完全冻结期发生天数分别以0.353,0.219,0.016天/年的速率减少,起始日期以0.06,0.10,0.01天/年的速率推迟。在全球变暖趋势下,年均气温每升高1℃,完全融化期发生天数增加8.1天,起始日期提前4.53天,完全冻结期发生天数减少9.02天,起始日期推迟3.27天。研究结果可为土壤冻融对气候变化响应相关研究提供理论依据。

冻融循环条件下沥青混合料的损伤规律

为研究冻融循环作用对沥青混合料水稳定性的影响,基于表面自由能理论,分析了不同冻融循环次数下沥青-集料界面间黏附功与剥落功的变化情况,并对沥青混合料的水稳定性进行了评价;在此基础上,利用劈裂试验及Logistic模型进一步探究了沥青混合料的饱水程度与冻融作用对其水稳定性的影响.研究结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,沥青的表面能及黏聚功降低,沥青-集料间的黏附功降低,剥落功升高,沥青混合料的水稳定性减弱;沥青混合料的空隙率随冻融循环次数的增加而增大,其劈裂强度降低;冻融过程中沥青混合料的饱和度越大,其损伤程度与损伤速率越大,当沥青混合料的饱和度大于50.00%时,冻融作用对沥青混合料性能的影响愈发明显,因此推荐沥青混合料的冻融劈裂试验在饱和度高于50.00%的条件下进行.