Geologic surface approximation is profoundly affected by the presence, density and location of scattered geologic input data. Many studies have recognized the importance of utilizing varied sources of information when...Geologic surface approximation is profoundly affected by the presence, density and location of scattered geologic input data. Many studies have recognized the importance of utilizing varied sources of information when reconstructing a surface. This paper presents an improved geologic surface approximation method using a multiquadric function and borehole data. Additional information, i.e., inequality elevation and dip-strikes data extracted from outcrops or mining faces, is introduced in the form of physical constraints that control local changes in the estimated surface. Commonly accepted hypothesis states that geologic surfaces can be approximated to any desired degree of exactness by the summation of regular, mathematically defined, surfaces: in particular displaced quadric forms. The coefficients of the multiquadric functions are traditionally found by a least squares method. The addition of physical constraints in this work makes such an approach into a non-deterministic polynomial time problem. Hence we propose an objective function that represents the quality of the estimated surface and that includes the additional constraints by incorporation of a penalty function. Maximizing the smoothness of the estimated surface and its fitness to the additional constraints then allows the coefficients of the multiquadric function to be obtained by iterative methods. This method was implemented and demonstrated using data collected from the 81'st coal mining area of the Huaibei Coal Group.展开更多
The knowledge of Martian geology has increased enormously in the last 40 yr. Several missions orbiting or roving Mars have revolutionized our understanding of its evolution and geological features, which in several wa...The knowledge of Martian geology has increased enormously in the last 40 yr. Several missions orbiting or roving Mars have revolutionized our understanding of its evolution and geological features, which in several ways are similar to Earth, but are extremely different in many respects. The impressive dichotomy between the two Martian hemispheres is most likely linked to its impact cratering history, rather than internal dynamics such as on Earth. Mars＇ volcanism has been extensive, very longlived and rather constant in its setting. Water was available in large quantities in the distant past of Mars, when a magnetic field and more vigorous tectonics were active. Exogenic forces have been shaping Martian landscapes and have led to a plethora of landscapes shaped by wind, water and ice. Mars＇ dynamical behavior continues, with its climatic variation affecting climate and geology until very recent times. This paper tries to summarize major highlights in Mars＇ Geology, and points to deeper and more extensive sources of important scientific contributions and future exploration.展开更多
The laws of thermodynamics have been developed for inert matter,and living matter has not been considered as a variable in these laws.Living matter possesses properties that have had major effects on biosphere evoluti...The laws of thermodynamics have been developed for inert matter,and living matter has not been considered as a variable in these laws.Living matter possesses properties that have had major effects on biosphere evolution with time.The zeroth property is“Living matter is produced from living matter only.”The first property may be summarized as“Living matter occupies the available spaces to the maximum extent when environmental conditions are favorable and no obstacles are present.”And the second property is“Living matter mutates,changes,and adapts to maintain the continuity of life and size as large as possible when environmental conditions are unfavorable.”While the zeroth property is objective in nature,the first and second properties are subjective,in that they are driven by internal stimuli characterizing living matter.Their interaction with the laws of thermodynamics may be thought of as“philosophy intertwining with science.”Accordingly,the laws of thermodynamics are revised to factor in life as a variable.Mathematical expressions of the first and second laws are derived and some of their applicability to the biosphere and climate is explained and discussed.The main conclusion is that life changes climates and the fabric of the biosphere.展开更多
基金provided by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Nos.2009ZX05039-004 and 2009ZX 05039-002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.40771167 and 70621001)
文摘Geologic surface approximation is profoundly affected by the presence, density and location of scattered geologic input data. Many studies have recognized the importance of utilizing varied sources of information when reconstructing a surface. This paper presents an improved geologic surface approximation method using a multiquadric function and borehole data. Additional information, i.e., inequality elevation and dip-strikes data extracted from outcrops or mining faces, is introduced in the form of physical constraints that control local changes in the estimated surface. Commonly accepted hypothesis states that geologic surfaces can be approximated to any desired degree of exactness by the summation of regular, mathematically defined, surfaces: in particular displaced quadric forms. The coefficients of the multiquadric functions are traditionally found by a least squares method. The addition of physical constraints in this work makes such an approach into a non-deterministic polynomial time problem. Hence we propose an objective function that represents the quality of the estimated surface and that includes the additional constraints by incorporation of a penalty function. Maximizing the smoothness of the estimated surface and its fitness to the additional constraints then allows the coefficients of the multiquadric function to be obtained by iterative methods. This method was implemented and demonstrated using data collected from the 81'st coal mining area of the Huaibei Coal Group.
文摘The knowledge of Martian geology has increased enormously in the last 40 yr. Several missions orbiting or roving Mars have revolutionized our understanding of its evolution and geological features, which in several ways are similar to Earth, but are extremely different in many respects. The impressive dichotomy between the two Martian hemispheres is most likely linked to its impact cratering history, rather than internal dynamics such as on Earth. Mars＇ volcanism has been extensive, very longlived and rather constant in its setting. Water was available in large quantities in the distant past of Mars, when a magnetic field and more vigorous tectonics were active. Exogenic forces have been shaping Martian landscapes and have led to a plethora of landscapes shaped by wind, water and ice. Mars＇ dynamical behavior continues, with its climatic variation affecting climate and geology until very recent times. This paper tries to summarize major highlights in Mars＇ Geology, and points to deeper and more extensive sources of important scientific contributions and future exploration.
文摘The laws of thermodynamics have been developed for inert matter,and living matter has not been considered as a variable in these laws.Living matter possesses properties that have had major effects on biosphere evolution with time.The zeroth property is“Living matter is produced from living matter only.”The first property may be summarized as“Living matter occupies the available spaces to the maximum extent when environmental conditions are favorable and no obstacles are present.”And the second property is“Living matter mutates,changes,and adapts to maintain the continuity of life and size as large as possible when environmental conditions are unfavorable.”While the zeroth property is objective in nature,the first and second properties are subjective,in that they are driven by internal stimuli characterizing living matter.Their interaction with the laws of thermodynamics may be thought of as“philosophy intertwining with science.”Accordingly,the laws of thermodynamics are revised to factor in life as a variable.Mathematical expressions of the first and second laws are derived and some of their applicability to the biosphere and climate is explained and discussed.The main conclusion is that life changes climates and the fabric of the biosphere.
