Based on slow- and fast-response measurements under neutral stratification conditions from a 325-m meteorological tower located in a built-up area of north-central Beijing as well as a descriptive survey of surface ro...Based on slow- and fast-response measurements under neutral stratification conditions from a 325-m meteorological tower located in a built-up area of north-central Beijing as well as a descriptive survey of surface roughness elements (i.e., buildings and trees) around the tower site, urban roughness lengths, zo, with zero-plane displacement height are estimated using logarithmic wind profile and morphometric methods in eight 45° directional sectors. When comparing their results with each other, the slow-response method tends to give smaller zo values. At a given location, considerable directional variations in values are observed. The effect of surface roughness on urban turbulence characteristics in terms of non-dimensional standard deviations of three-component velocity, σi/u*1 (where i = u, v, w and u*1 is local friction velocity), is investigated.展开更多
The Earth’s surface roughness constitutes an important parameter in terrain analysis for studying different environmental and engineering problems. Authors gave different definitions and measures for the earth’s sur...The Earth’s surface roughness constitutes an important parameter in terrain analysis for studying different environmental and engineering problems. Authors gave different definitions and measures for the earth’s surface roughness that usually depend on exploitation of digital elevation data for its reliable determination. This research aimed at exploring the different approaches for defining and extraction of the Earth’s surface roughness from Airborne LiDAR Measurements. It also aimed at evaluating the effects of the window size of the standard deviation filter on the created roughness maps in downtown landscapes using three known approaches namely;standard deviation filtering of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), standard deviation filtering of the slope gradient model and standard deviation filtering of the profile curvature model. In this context, different roughness maps have been created from Airborne LiDAR measurements of the City of Toronto, Canada using the three filtering approaches with varying window sizes. Visual analysis has shown color tones of small roughness values with smooth textures dominate the roughness maps from small window sizes of the standard deviation filter, however, increasing the window sizes has produced wider variations of the color tones and rougher texture roughness maps. The standard deviations and ranges of the roughness maps from LiDAR DEM have increased due to increasing the filter window size while the skewness and kurtosis have decreased due to increasing the window size, indicating that the roughness maps from larger window sizes are statistically more symmetrical and more consistent. Thus, kurtosis has decreased by 53% and 82% due to increasing the window size to 7 × 7 and 15 × 15 respectively. The standard deviations of the roughness maps from the slope gradient model have increased due to increasing the window size till 15 × 15 while they have decreased with more increases. However, skewness has decreased due to increasing the window size till 15 × 15 and the kurtosis has decreased with higher rate till window size of 11 × 11. In the roughness maps from the profile curvature model, the ranges and skewness have decreased by 93.6% and 82.6% respectively due to increasing the window size to 15 × 15 while, kurtosis has decreased by 58.6%, 76.3% and 93.76% due to increases in the filter window size to 5 × 5, 7 × 7 and 15 × 15 respectively.展开更多
针对各汽车企业标准都要求汽车用薄钢板表面粗糙度Ra<2μm的客观条件,对多种不同类型表面形貌特征的样板采用不同的取样长度(以0.8mm和2.5mm为主)和取样区间数进行了表面粗糙度测量对比试验,以检验欧洲标准DIN EN 10049-2006将汽车...针对各汽车企业标准都要求汽车用薄钢板表面粗糙度Ra<2μm的客观条件,对多种不同类型表面形貌特征的样板采用不同的取样长度(以0.8mm和2.5mm为主)和取样区间数进行了表面粗糙度测量对比试验,以检验欧洲标准DIN EN 10049-2006将汽车用薄钢板表面粗糙度测量的取样长度由ISO 4288:1996中的0.8mm更改为2.5mm是否科学合理。结果表明:采用0.8mm和2.5mm取样长度测得不同薄板的表面粗糙度变化情况不同,两者各有大小,因样板的表面结构特征而异,与"取样长度增大,测量的Ra值也应相应增大"这一传统观点并不相符;从促进世界贸易角度出发,在汽车用薄钢板Ra测量中坚持遵循ISO 4288:1996选用0.8mm的取样长度有利于数据溯源。展开更多
为了研究表面粗糙度对绝缘子闪络特性的影响,使用了不同目数的砂纸对绝缘子表面进行均匀打磨,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜对绝缘子表面粗糙度进行了量化处理。利用陡前沿冲击试验装置产生标准雷电冲击,并对不同粗糙度的绝缘子施加正负标准...为了研究表面粗糙度对绝缘子闪络特性的影响,使用了不同目数的砂纸对绝缘子表面进行均匀打磨,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜对绝缘子表面粗糙度进行了量化处理。利用陡前沿冲击试验装置产生标准雷电冲击,并对不同粗糙度的绝缘子施加正负标准雷电波,观察了在不同极性的标准雷电波的作用下绝缘子沿面闪络电压和表面粗糙度的关系,并从实验得出,随着绝缘子表面粗糙度增大,绝缘子50%闪络电压逐渐降低,在正、负极性的标准雷电波下,新绝缘子即未经过砂纸打磨的绝缘子的平均50%击穿电压最高,分别为424.9,429.1 k V,各个粗糙度下的绝缘子的闪络电压与未打磨的绝缘子的闪络电压的比值在半对数坐标系下与粗糙度呈线性关系。展开更多
为了研究表面粗糙度对绝缘子闪络特性的影响,使用了不同目数的砂纸对绝缘子表面进行均匀打磨,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜对绝缘子表面粗糙度进行量化处理。利用陡前沿冲击试验装置产生标准雷电冲击,并对不同粗糙度的绝缘子施加正负标准雷电...为了研究表面粗糙度对绝缘子闪络特性的影响,使用了不同目数的砂纸对绝缘子表面进行均匀打磨,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜对绝缘子表面粗糙度进行量化处理。利用陡前沿冲击试验装置产生标准雷电冲击,并对不同粗糙度的绝缘子施加正负标准雷电波,观察了在不同极性的标准雷电波的作用下绝缘子沿面闪络电压和表面粗糙度的关系,并从实验得随着绝缘子表面粗糙度的增大绝缘子50%闪络电压逐渐降低,在正、负极性的标准雷电波新绝缘子即未经过砂纸打磨的绝缘子的平均50%击穿电压最高,分别为424.9 k V,429.1 k V,各个粗糙度下的绝缘子的闪络电压与未打磨的绝缘子的闪络电压的比值在半对数坐标系下与粗糙度的关系呈线性关系。展开更多
文摘Based on slow- and fast-response measurements under neutral stratification conditions from a 325-m meteorological tower located in a built-up area of north-central Beijing as well as a descriptive survey of surface roughness elements (i.e., buildings and trees) around the tower site, urban roughness lengths, zo, with zero-plane displacement height are estimated using logarithmic wind profile and morphometric methods in eight 45° directional sectors. When comparing their results with each other, the slow-response method tends to give smaller zo values. At a given location, considerable directional variations in values are observed. The effect of surface roughness on urban turbulence characteristics in terms of non-dimensional standard deviations of three-component velocity, σi/u*1 (where i = u, v, w and u*1 is local friction velocity), is investigated.
文摘The Earth’s surface roughness constitutes an important parameter in terrain analysis for studying different environmental and engineering problems. Authors gave different definitions and measures for the earth’s surface roughness that usually depend on exploitation of digital elevation data for its reliable determination. This research aimed at exploring the different approaches for defining and extraction of the Earth’s surface roughness from Airborne LiDAR Measurements. It also aimed at evaluating the effects of the window size of the standard deviation filter on the created roughness maps in downtown landscapes using three known approaches namely;standard deviation filtering of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), standard deviation filtering of the slope gradient model and standard deviation filtering of the profile curvature model. In this context, different roughness maps have been created from Airborne LiDAR measurements of the City of Toronto, Canada using the three filtering approaches with varying window sizes. Visual analysis has shown color tones of small roughness values with smooth textures dominate the roughness maps from small window sizes of the standard deviation filter, however, increasing the window sizes has produced wider variations of the color tones and rougher texture roughness maps. The standard deviations and ranges of the roughness maps from LiDAR DEM have increased due to increasing the filter window size while the skewness and kurtosis have decreased due to increasing the window size, indicating that the roughness maps from larger window sizes are statistically more symmetrical and more consistent. Thus, kurtosis has decreased by 53% and 82% due to increasing the window size to 7 × 7 and 15 × 15 respectively. The standard deviations of the roughness maps from the slope gradient model have increased due to increasing the window size till 15 × 15 while they have decreased with more increases. However, skewness has decreased due to increasing the window size till 15 × 15 and the kurtosis has decreased with higher rate till window size of 11 × 11. In the roughness maps from the profile curvature model, the ranges and skewness have decreased by 93.6% and 82.6% respectively due to increasing the window size to 15 × 15 while, kurtosis has decreased by 58.6%, 76.3% and 93.76% due to increases in the filter window size to 5 × 5, 7 × 7 and 15 × 15 respectively.
文摘针对各汽车企业标准都要求汽车用薄钢板表面粗糙度Ra<2μm的客观条件,对多种不同类型表面形貌特征的样板采用不同的取样长度(以0.8mm和2.5mm为主)和取样区间数进行了表面粗糙度测量对比试验,以检验欧洲标准DIN EN 10049-2006将汽车用薄钢板表面粗糙度测量的取样长度由ISO 4288:1996中的0.8mm更改为2.5mm是否科学合理。结果表明:采用0.8mm和2.5mm取样长度测得不同薄板的表面粗糙度变化情况不同,两者各有大小,因样板的表面结构特征而异,与"取样长度增大,测量的Ra值也应相应增大"这一传统观点并不相符;从促进世界贸易角度出发,在汽车用薄钢板Ra测量中坚持遵循ISO 4288:1996选用0.8mm的取样长度有利于数据溯源。
文摘为了研究表面粗糙度对绝缘子闪络特性的影响,使用了不同目数的砂纸对绝缘子表面进行均匀打磨,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜对绝缘子表面粗糙度进行了量化处理。利用陡前沿冲击试验装置产生标准雷电冲击,并对不同粗糙度的绝缘子施加正负标准雷电波,观察了在不同极性的标准雷电波的作用下绝缘子沿面闪络电压和表面粗糙度的关系,并从实验得出,随着绝缘子表面粗糙度增大,绝缘子50%闪络电压逐渐降低,在正、负极性的标准雷电波下,新绝缘子即未经过砂纸打磨的绝缘子的平均50%击穿电压最高,分别为424.9,429.1 k V,各个粗糙度下的绝缘子的闪络电压与未打磨的绝缘子的闪络电压的比值在半对数坐标系下与粗糙度呈线性关系。
文摘为了研究表面粗糙度对绝缘子闪络特性的影响,使用了不同目数的砂纸对绝缘子表面进行均匀打磨,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜对绝缘子表面粗糙度进行量化处理。利用陡前沿冲击试验装置产生标准雷电冲击,并对不同粗糙度的绝缘子施加正负标准雷电波,观察了在不同极性的标准雷电波的作用下绝缘子沿面闪络电压和表面粗糙度的关系,并从实验得随着绝缘子表面粗糙度的增大绝缘子50%闪络电压逐渐降低,在正、负极性的标准雷电波新绝缘子即未经过砂纸打磨的绝缘子的平均50%击穿电压最高,分别为424.9 k V,429.1 k V,各个粗糙度下的绝缘子的闪络电压与未打磨的绝缘子的闪络电压的比值在半对数坐标系下与粗糙度的关系呈线性关系。
