Impact of Initial Soil Conditions on Soil Hydrothermal and Surface Energy Fluxes in the Permafrost Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Accurate initial soil conditions play a crucial role in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes in land surface process modeling.This study emphasized the influence of the initial soil temperature(ST)and soil moisture(SM)conditions on a land surface energy and water simulation in the permafrost region in the Tibetan Plateau(TP)using the Community Land Model version 5.0(CLM5.0).The results indicate that the default initial schemes for ST and SM in CLM5.0 were simplistic,and inaccurately represented the soil characteristics of permafrost in the TP which led to underestimating ST during the freezing period while overestimating ST and underestimating SLW during the thawing period at the XDT site.Applying the long-term spin-up method to obtain initial soil conditions has only led to limited improvement in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes.The modified initial soil schemes proposed in this study comprehensively incorporate the characteristics of permafrost,which coexists with soil liquid water(SLW),and soil ice(SI)when the ST is below freezing temperature,effectively enhancing the accuracy of the simulated soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes.Consequently,the modified initial soil schemes greatly improved upon the results achieved through the long-term spin-up method.Three modified initial soil schemes experiments resulted in a 64%,88%,and 77%reduction in the average mean bias error(MBE)of ST,and a 13%,21%,and 19%reduction in the average root-mean-square error(RMSE)of SLW compared to the default simulation results.Also,the average MBE of net radiation was reduced by 7%,22%,and 21%.

Energy and exergy recovery from exhaust hot water using organic Rankine cycle and a retrofitted configuration

Exhaust hot water （EHW） is widely used for various industrial processes. However, the excess heat carried by EHW is typically ignored and discharged into the environment, resulting in heat loss and heat pollution. An organic Rankine cycle （ORC） is an attractive technology to recycle heat from low-temperature energy carriers. Herein, ORC was used to recycle the heat carried by EHW. To investigate the energy and exergy recovery effects of EHW, a mathematical model was developed and a parametric study was conducted. The energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the EHW-driven ORC system were modeled with R245fa, Rl13 and R123 as the working fluids. The results demonstrate that the EHW and evaporation temperatures have significant effects on the energy and exergy efficiencies of the EHW-driven ORC system. Under given EHW conditions, an optimum evaporation temperature exists corresponding to the highest exergy efficiency. To further use the low-temperature EHW, a configuration retrofitted to the ORC by combining with flash evaporation （FE） was conducted. For an EHW at 120 ~C and 0.2 MPa, the maximum exergy efficiency of the FE-ORC system is 45.91% at a flash pressure of 0.088 MPa. The FE-ORC performs better in exergy efficiency than the basic FE and basic EHW-driven ORC.

Subdaily to Seasonal Change of Surface Energy and Water Flux of the Haihe River Basin in China: Noah and Noah-MP Assessment

The land surface processes of the Noah-MP and Noah models are evaluated over four typical landscapes in the Haihe River Basin(HRB) using in-situ observations. The simulated soil temperature and moisture in the two land surface models(LSMs) is consistent with the observation, especially in the rainy season. The models reproduce the mean values and seasonality of the energy fluxes of the croplands, despite the obvious underestimated total evaporation. Noah shows the lower deep soil temperature. The net radiation is well simulated for the diurnal time scale. The daytime latent heat fluxes are always underestimated, while the sensible heat fluxes are overestimated to some degree. Compared with Noah, Noah-MP has improved daily average soil heat flux with diurnal variations. Generally, Noah-MP performs fairly well for different landscapes of the HRB. The simulated cold bias in soil temperature is possibly linked with the parameterized partition of the energy into surface fluxes. Thus, further improvement of these LSMs remains a major challenge.

Surface free energy of copper-zinc alloy for energy-saving of boiler

Cu-Zn,Cu-Zn-Sn,Cu-Zn-Ni alloys were melted by vacuum smelter.The effect factors to the surface free energy of the alloys such as chemical composition,crystal structure and surface crystal lattice distortion etc.were investigated by OCA30 automatic contact angle test instrument,metallography microscope and XRD instrument etc.Results suggests:adding alloy element to Cu may increase its surface free energy,and the more kinds of alloy elements are added,the more surface free energy increases;the alloy element Sn an increase the surface free energy of Cu-Zn alloy;Cu-Zn alloy with fir-tree crystal structure,great phase discrepancy and obvious composition aliquation has greater surface free energy;Cu-Zn alloy with compounds and serious surface crystal lattice distortion has greater surface free energy.

A comparative study of the land-atmosphere energy and water exchanges over the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River Region

正确认识不同区域能量和水分循环特征是研究局地地气相互作用及准确预测区域天气,气候变化的关键.为了研究属于干旱/半干旱气候的青藏高原(TP)和湿润/半湿润气候的长江流域(YRR)之间地表能量和水分交换的异同,本文对比分析了两个区域8个不同地表类型(包括高山荒漠,高山草地,(平原)城市和(平原)草地等)观测站点的地表辐射和能量通量数据.结果显示:(1)TP由于高原大气层稀薄且空气洁净,年平均入射短波辐射为251.3W m^(-2),是YRR的1.7倍.加之高原地表反照率高导致反射辐射(59.6 W m^(-2))是YRR的2.87倍.入射及出射的长波辐射为231.5和338.0 W m^(-2),分别为YRR的0.64和0.83.而两个区域的净辐射差异不大;(2)草地站更多的潜热释放使得地表总加热效率高于城市和高山荒漠,TP和YRR的草地站的年平均潜热分别为35.0和38.8 W m^(-2),而植被稀疏且土壤干燥的高山荒漠地区感热最大,年平均感热为42.1 W m^(-2);其次是城市下垫面,其年平均感热为37.7 W m^(-2).研究结果揭示了不同气候背景下典型下垫面地气相互作用特征,为地气相互作用过程深入分析奠定了基础.

Application of Life-Cycle Assessment for the Study of Carbon and Water Footprints of the 16.5 MWe Wind Farm in Villonaco, Loja, Ecuador

Wind technology is considered to be among the most promising types of renewable energy sources, and due to high oil prices and growing concerns about climate change and energy security, it has been the subject of extensive considerations in recent years, including questions related to the relative sustainability of electricity production when the manufacturing, assembly, transportation and dismantling processes of these facilities are taken into account. The present article evaluates the environmental impacts, carbon emissions and water consumption, derived from the production of electric energy of the Villonaco wind farm, located in Loja, Ecuador, during its entire life cycle, using the Life Cycle Analysis for this purpose. Finally, it is concluded that wind energy has greater environmental advantages since it has lower values of carbon and water footprints than other energy sources. Additionally, with the techniques Cumulative Energy Demand and Energy Return on Investment, sustainability in the production of electricity from wind power in Ecuador is demonstrated;and, that due to issues of vulnerability to climate change, the diversification of its energy mix is essential considering the inclusion of non-conventional renewable sources such as solar or wind, this being the only way to reduce both the carbon footprint and the water from the energy supply.

The Impact of Soil Freezing/Thawing Processes on Water and Energy Balances

A frozen soil parameterization coupling of thermal and hydrological processes is used to investigate how frozen soil processes affect water and energy balances in seasonal frozen soil. Simulation results of soil liquid water content and temperature using soil model with and without the inclusion of freezing and thawing processes are evaluated against observations at the Rosemount field station. By comparing the simulated water and heat fluxes of the two cases, the role of phase change processes in the water and energy balances is analyzed. Soil freezing induces upward water flow towards the freezing front and increases soil water content in the upper soil layer. In particular, soil ice obviously prevents and delays the infiltration during rain at Rosemount. In addition, soil freezingthawing processes alter the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and lead the soil to release more sensible heat into the atmosphere during freezing periods.

Water and Energy Conservation of Rainwater Harvesting System in the Loess Plateau of China

Water is the source of all the creatures on the earth and energy is the main factor driving the world. With the increasing population and global change, water and energy conservation have become worldwide focal issues, particularly in the water-stressed and energy-limited regions. Rainwater harvesting, based on the collection and storage of rainfall runoff, has been widely used for domestic use and agricultural production in arid and semiarid regions. It has advantages of simple operation, high adaption, low cost and less energy consumption. This study reviewed rainwater harvesting systems adopted in the Loess Plateau of China and analyzed water use efficiency （WUE） for various rainwater harvesting techniques. Supplemental irrigation using harvested rainwater could increase crop yield by more than 30%, and WUE ranged from 0.7 to 5.7 kg m4 for spring wheat, corn and flax, and 30-40 kg m-3 for vegetables. Moreover, energy consumption for rainwater harvesting based on single family was compared with traditional water supply in the city of the Loess Plateau using the life cycle assessment （LCA） method. Results showed that energy consumption yielded per unit harvested rainwater was 25.96 MJ m-3 yr which was much less than 62.25 MJ m3 yr^-1 for main water supply in Baoji City, Shanxi Province, meaning that rainwater harvesting saved energy by 139.8% as compared to the main water supply system. This study highlights the importance and potential of rainwater harvesting for water and energy conservation in the near future.

The integration of nitrogen dynamics into a land surface model. Part 1: model description and site-scale validation

Nitrogen cycling has profound effects on carbon uptake in the terrestrial ecosystem and the response of the biosphere to climate changes.However,nutrient cycling is not taken into account in most land surface models for climate change.In this study,a nitrogen model,based on nitrogen transformation processes and nitrogen fluxes exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem,was incorporated into the Atmosphere–Vegetation Interaction Model(AVIM)to simulate the carbon cycle under nitrogen limitation.This new model,AVIM-CN,was evaluated against site-scale eddy covariance–based measurements of an alpine meadow located at Damxung station from the FLUXNET 2015 dataset.Results showed that the annual mean gross primary production simulated by AVIM-CN(0.7073 gC m^-2 d^-1)was in better agreement with the corresponding flux data(0.5407 gC m^-2 d^-1)than the original AVIM(1.1403 gC m^-2 d^-1)at Damxung station.Similarly,ecosystem respiration was also down-regulated,from 1.7695 gC m^-2 d^-1 to 1.0572 gC m^-2 d^-1,after the nitrogen processes were introduced,and the latter was closer to the observed vales(0.8034 gC m^-2 d^-1).Overall,the new results were more consistent with the daily time series of carbon and energy fluxes of observations compared to the former version without nitrogen dynamics.A model that does not incorporate the limitation effects of nitrogen nutrient availability will probably overestimate carbon fluxes by about 40%.

Remote sensing parameterization of the processes of energy and water cycle over desertification areas

In order to understand the processes of land surface-atmosphere interaction over de-sertification area, it is indispensable to utilize of satellite remote sensing. Two scenes of LandsatTM were used to produce a set of maps of surface reflectance, MSAVI, vegetation coverage, sur-face temperature, net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. Statisticalanalysis based on these maps revealed some quantitative significant land surface characteristics.Future developments of the method are also discussed.

Characteristics of land-atmosphere energy and turbulentfluxes over the plateau steppe in central Tibetan Plateau

The land-atmosphere energy and turbulence exchange is key to understanding land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Using observed data for Aug. 4 to Dec. 3, 2012 from the Bujiao observation point(BJ) of the Nagqu Plateau Climate and Environment Station(NPCE-BJ), different characteristics of the energy flux during the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) season and post-monsoon period were analyzed. This study outlines the impact of the ASM on energy fluxes in the central TP. It also demonstrates that the surface energy closure rate during the ASM season is higher than that of the post-monsoon period. Footprint modeling shows the distribution of data quality assessments(QA) and quality controls(QC) surrounding the observation point. The measured turbulent flux data at the NPCE-BJ site were highly representative of the target land-use type. The target surface contributed more to the fluxes under unstable conditions than under stable conditions. The main wind directions(180° and 210°) with the highest data density showed flux contributions reaching 100%, even under stable conditions. The lowest flux contributions were found in sectors with low data density, e.g., 90.4% in the 360° sector under stable conditions during the ASM season. Lastly, a surface energy water balance(SEWAB) model was used to gap-fill any absent or corrected turbulence data. The potential simulation error was also explored in this study. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients(NSEs) of the observed fluxes with the SEWAB model runs were 0.78 for sensible heat flux and 0.63 for latent heat flux during the ASM season, but unrealistic values of-0.9 for latent heat flux during the post-monsoon period.

Introduction of Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment and Research

Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Ex-periment and Research (HUBEX), as one of the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) Major Programs support-ed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC), successfully passed the check-up and won high appraisement from the experts. Huaihe River Basin, located in the inland of the eastern Asia monsoon area, is the key base for rice-cotton production and suf-fers from the frequent drought and flood. In order to in-vestigate the climate problem of Huaihe River Basin area,

A thermodynamic-based model for modeling thermo-elastoplastic behaviors of saturated clayey soils considering bound water dehydration

The non-isothermal deformation of soft mudrocks or clay soils is one of the most critical issues in energy and environmental related geotechnics.Clay-related geomaterials hold complex microstructure and mineral composition,which brings difficulty in investigating their thermo-mechanical behaviors.Previous studies pay little attention to the difference between a thermal plastic strain and the strain from clay dehydration.In this study,a new constitutive model is proposed for describing the thermoelastoplastic behaviors of clayey soils under water-saturated condition.The effect of temperature variation and mechanical loading on elastoplastic strains and dehydration are investigated.The thermodynamics laws and the unconventional plasticity are applied to quantify the thermo-mechanical behavior.The irreversible strain is captured by using Cam-Clay plasticity and subloading yield surface concept.The dehydration strain is described by utilizing a novel method based on generalized thermodynamics approach and Helmholtz free energy function.The internal variables,and the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applied in the model.The hardening rule is established by implementing the laws of physical conservation,energy dissipation,and plastic flow.The proposed model is validated using specially designed thermal consolidation tests on laboratory prepared heavily consolidated clayey soils and some published data of clayey soils with different geological origins.

Density Functional Theory Study of Water Diffusion and Clustering on Pd(111)

The internal structures as well as adsorption and hopping energies of monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers and hexamers of water on Pd（111） have been studied by density functional theory （DFT） plane-wave pseudopotential method which performs the firstprinciples quantum-mechanical calculations to explore the properties of crystals and surfaces in materials. Based on the calculations, we suppose that their absorption is via one water molecule for monomers, dimmers and trimers, but three water molecules for pentamers and hexamers. Moreover, there is one water molecule bonding with Pd atom by O atom in pentamers and hexamers, which explains why pentamers and hexamers are stable. The binding energies of polymers may be used to explain why the trimer comes close to two nearby monomers to form a stable pentamer instead of tetramer. And the difference of mobility of small water clusters is due to their different hopping energies.

Introduction of Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment and Research

Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment and Research (HUBEX), as one of the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) Major Programs supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), successfully passed the check-up and won high appraisement from the experts.……

干湿循环下节理砂岩细观能量演化规律研究

为探究干湿循环作用下的节理砂岩的细观损伤劣化规律,采用颗粒流软件开展了节理砂岩细观数值模拟,研究了不同干湿循环下节理砂岩的细观力学特性和能量演化机制。研究表明:随着干湿循环次数的增大,颗粒间的接触力和平行黏结力最大值呈线性递减规律;干湿循环下节理砂岩裂纹演化主要经历缓慢增加、均匀增加、阶梯增加及突变增加4个阶段,且裂纹数目(总裂纹、拉伸裂纹及剪切裂纹)与干湿循环次数呈正相关;细观边界能、平行黏结应变能及线性黏结应变能随干湿循环次数的增加呈逐渐减小趋势,节理砂岩中耗散能与微裂纹数大致呈正相关;干湿循环作用导致颗粒间抗断裂能力弱化,使岩样能量储存能力降低,这是造成节理砂岩干湿损伤劣化的能量机制。

低表面能氟碳聚合物涂层真空热循环及防爬移特性研究

低表面能氟碳聚合物涂层是一种抑制空间用油脂润滑剂爬移流失的关键材料,该材料的应用可为空间油脂润滑活动机构实现长寿命、高可靠运行提供技术保障。采用水接触角测试仪、X射线荧光能谱仪、光学显微镜等对自研的氟碳聚合物涂层进行了真空热循环前后的接触角、表面能变化以及对多烷基环戊烷(MACs)润滑油防爬移特性的研究。结果表明,9Cr18不锈钢、2A12铝合金和TC4钛合金三种不同金属基体表面涂覆聚合物涂层后的表面能分别为8.797 mN/m、9.083 mN/m和9.203 mN/m;在温度−45~+90℃下,经过30天、60次真空热循环后,涂层的表面能分别为8.915 mN/m、9.209 mN/m和9.266 mN/m,仍然较低。涂层与MACs润滑油之间存在明显界面,涂层上距离润滑油200μm界面处的XPS分析未发现MACs润滑油的特征峰,表明没有润滑油爬移扩散至涂层处,低表面能氟碳聚合物涂层对MACs润滑油能够起到有效的“防爬移”作用。

浙江嵊州-新昌地区红层软岩崩解能量耗散研究

以浙江嵊州-新昌地区红层软岩为研究对象,探究该地区红层软岩崩解表面能特性。基于能量耗散原理,通过分析该地区3组不同组成成分的红层软岩在干湿循环作用下崩解过程中能量的转化、传递和耗散,得出红层软岩崩解过程中吸收的能量向表面能转化的规律。结果表明,该地区红层软岩随着干湿循环次数的不断增多,表面能累计增长量有3个变化过程:初期呈平缓增长;中期表面能急剧增加,增长速率越来越快;崩解后期其表面能累计增长量逐渐保持平稳状态。试验还表明黏土矿物含量越高的红层软岩,产生的表面能越多,耐崩解性越差。本研究提出的能量耗散模型,为治理浙江嵊州-新昌地区各种红层软岩问题提供了参考价值。

基于微震监测的工作面底板破坏曲面提取方法

我国矿山安全生产形势明显好转,但水害事故是矿井主要灾害之一,准确预测工作面回采过程中底板破坏程度是承压水上采煤水害防治的关键技术之一。根据葛泉矿东井地质特征和11916工作面具体情况,利用“井-地-孔”联合微震监测技术,对回采中底板破坏过程进行监测,在微震定位的基础上,采用微震事件数量直方图和密度图的统计方法,初步获得底板破坏深度为15 m;根据地质数据建立三维地质模型并划分均匀网格,结合微震发生位置、释放能量及数量等震源参数,计算每个网格的能量密度,采用MC算法最终获得底板破坏曲面。结果表明,底板破坏深度不仅与微震事件数量有关,还与微震释放能量、破坏半径以及巷道底板起伏有关,从底板破坏曲面分析得出回风巷道底板破坏深度约为10 m,运输巷附近底板破坏深度约为15 m。最后,将其与钻孔压水试验测试得到的数值对比,证明基于微震监测底板破坏曲面预测方法能更加准确、精细获得底板破坏分布情况。

氢氧同位素组成对丰沛平原区水循环的指示意义

丰沛平原区包括丰县、沛县与铜山区北部,近年来该地区出现地下水超采、地下水氟污染等严重的问题。为调查该地区水循环情况,采集了地表水与地下水样品共28个,分析了氢氧同位素组成的分布规律及其影响因素,并讨论了丰沛平原区浅层地下水与地表水转化关系以及各自的蒸发损失情况。研究结果表明:大气降水的云下二次蒸发程度较小,地下水的蒸发比附近地区更强烈。地下水同位素含量呈现总体沿地下径流方向逐渐富集的趋势,且地下水^(18)O与CO_(2)存在微弱的交换作用导致^(18)O贫化。结合水文地质调查与氢氧同位素特征,推断出河流中上游更倾向于地下水补给地表水,河流下游地表水对地下水大量渗漏。利用两端元法计算得出,总体上地表水受到地下水补给的比例为20%~40%左右,部分地区补给比例达60%以上。河流下游河水对地下水的补给比例大多介于25%~50%不等,部分点位可达90%。采用非平衡分馏条件下的Rayleigh模型计算蒸发比例,河水的蒸发损失约为23%~28%,地下水蒸发损失约为15%~20%。结果可为丰沛平原区及周边相似地区的水资源管理提供科学参考。