Relationship between spatio-temporal evolution of soil pH and geological environment/surface cover in the eastern Nenjiang River Basin of Northeast China during the past 30 years

To illuminate the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and geochemical driving mechanism of soil pH in the Nenjiang River Basin,the National Multi-objective Regional Geochemical Survey data of topsoil,the Second National Soil Survey data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)were analyzed.The areas of neutral and alkaline soil decreased by 21100 km^(2)and 30500 km^(2),respectively,while that of strongly alkaline,extremely alkaline,and strongly acidic soil increased by 19600 km^(2),18200 km^(2),and 15500 km^(2),respectively,during the past 30 years.NDVI decreased with the increase of soil pH when soil pH>8.0,and it was reversed when soil pH<5.0.There were significant differences in soil pH with various surface cover types,which showed an ascending order:Arbor<reed<maize<rice<high and medium-covered meadow<low-covered meadow<Puccinellia.The weathering products of minerals rich in K_(2)O,Na_(2)O,CaO,and MgO entered into the low plain and were enriched in different parts by water transportation and lake deposition,while Fe and Al remained in the low hilly areas,which was the geochemical driving mechanism.The results of this study will provide scientific basis for making scientific and rational decisions on soil acidification and salinization.

中国的牛奶消费调查

我们至今还记得,2013年欧洲超市对每位消费者限购两罐婴儿配方奶粉的规定,为了满足希望为自己的孩子提供西方奶粉的中国人,其中主要是中国游客,超市消耗了大量库存。这发生在四月的英国,仅在澳洲发生相同现象之后三个月。这个情况被解释为,中国公民自2008年秋季的三聚氰胺危机之后,对国内生产的婴儿奶粉失去了信心。

Survey and Practice of Reporting Quality of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials on Traditional Chinese Medicine

Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials （RCTs） has been generally accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Readers need to understand the trial design, implementation, results, analysis and interpretation, so as to fully Jnderstand the results of RCTs. Thus, the investigators of RCTs have to report these items in a complete, accurate and clear manner. Since 1998, we have conducted several evaluations on the reporting quality of RCTs published in Chinese journals on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and results have shown that there is an urgent need for higher quality RCTs on TCM.

Improving surveys with paradata:analytic uses of response time A study based on process information of China Family Dynamic Survey

This study uses paradata and survey data from the China Family Dynamic Survey to analyze the issue of response time in a questionnaire survey.The survey questions were classified into three levels and we compared the inter-group differences of response time between four kinds of questions which included information inquiries,logical calculations,intimate information and logical judgments.We used OLS method to perform a regression analysis to identify the impediments to response time and discussed the roles played by the survey locale,and the characteristics of interviewees and those of interviewers.The major impediments that prolonged response time were factors that impeded comprehension of the survey.The impediments included the difficulties interviewees had understanding questions,questions that did not take into account the different cultural backgrounds of interviewees,the complexity of questionnaires,and the performance of interviewers.Finally,this paper puts forward some suggestions for questionnaire design and investigation processes to reduce impediments to comprehension and improve the ability of interviewers.

Determination of symptoms associated with hiesho among young females using hie rating surveys

Objective： Hie （cold sensation） is one of the most well-known health complaints in Japan and elsewhere in East Asia. Those who suffer from severe hie are considered to have hiesho （cold disorder）. This study was conducted to determine symptoms associated with hie in young females using a survey consisting of the hie scale and hie diary. Methods： Two hundred and seventy-one participants were included for the analysis. Survey forms were distributed to the participants. Diagnosis of hiesho was determined by using the hie scale. A discriminant score of over -0.38 was considered hiesho. The Short Form-8 Health Survey Standard Version （SF-8） was used to measure health-related quality of life （QOL）. The participants were also asked to respond to the questionnaire evaluating 14 physical and emotional symptoms, utilizing a six-level Likert scale item. Results： The 1st factor （hie factor） was correlated with hie （r= 0.546）, dry mouth （r= 0.332）, lower- extremity edema （r = 0.450）, headrushes （r=0.470）, shoulder stiffness （r = 0.311 ）, headrushes with chills （r = 0.726）, and fatigue （r= 0.359）. Cronbach＇s α of the 1st factor was 0.748, which indicated reliability between the items. When hie factor was the dependent variable, standardized partial regression coefficient was β=-0.387 for physical component score （P 〈 0.001） and β=-0.243 for mental component score （P 〈 0.001 ）. Conclusion： This study indicated that hiesho symptoms among young female adults were associated with bodily pain and general health perceptions of the SF-8 QOL survey.

Reliability and validity of Persian version of Medical Outcome Study-HIV health survey in Iranian people living with HIV

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the medical outcome study human immunodeficiency virus(MOS-HIV)health survey among people living with HIV or acquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS) in Iran is our main goal in this study.METHODS: The MOS-HIV questionnaire was translated into Persian using backward translation and the Persian version was filled by 100 HIV infected patients. Reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total questionnaire and for each dimension. Convergent, discriminant and construct validity were performed. Comparisons were performed between the subscales of the questionnaire in Iran and some other countries with t-test.RESULTS: The overall Cronbach's alpha in this study was 0.90 and the range of this coefficient was from 0.71 to 0.86 across the subscales with two exceptions, general health perception and role functioning, which were at 0.65 and 0.61. Convergent and discriminant validity were excellent in all domains. The two factor confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit based on standardized estimates of factor loading, incremental and absolute fit indices.CONCLUSION: The Persian version of the MOS-HIV had good reliability and validity in measuring health related quality of life in people living with HIV in Iran. Furthermore, quality of life for HIV infected patients was very low in comparing with the people in some other countries.