Susceptibility-weighted imaging is suitable for evaluating signal strength in different brain regions of a rabbit model of acute hemorrhagic anemia

Acute hemorrhagic anemia can decrease blood flow and oxygen supply to brain, and affect its physiological function. While detecting changes in brain function in patients with acute hemorrhagic anemia is helpful for preventing neurological complications and evaluating therapeutic effects, clinical changes in the nervous systems of these patients have not received much attention. In part, this is because current techniques can only indirectly detect changes in brain function following onset of anemia, which leads to lags between real changes in brain function and their detection.

Asymmetrically hypointense veins on T2~*w imaging and susceptibility-weighted imaging in ischemic stroke

AIM:To review the literature on the assessment of venous vessels to estimate the penumbra on T2*w imaging and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). METHODS:Literature that reported on the assessment of penumbra by T2*w imaging or SWI and used a validation method was included. PubMed and relevant stroke and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) related conference abstracts were searched. Abstracts that had overlapping content with full text articles were excluded. The retrieved literature was scanned for further relevant references. Only clinical literature published in English was considered, patients with Moya-Moya syndrome were disregarded. Data is given as cumulative absolute and relative values, ranges are given where appropriate. RESULTS:Forty-three publications including 1145 patients could be identified. T2*w imaging was used in 16 publications (627 patients), SWI in 26 publications (453 patients). Only one publication used both (65 patients). The cumulative presence of hypointense vessel sign was 54% (range 32%-100%) for T2* (668 patients) and 81% (range 34%-100%) for SWI (334 patients). There was rare mentioning of interrater agreement (6 publications, 210 patients) and reliability (1 publication, 20 patients) but the numbers reported ranged from good to excellent. In most publications (n = 22) perfusion MRI was used as a validation method (617 patients). More patients were scanned in the subacute than in the acute phase (596 patients vs 320 patients). Clinical outcome was reported in 13 publications (521 patients) but was not consistent. CONCLUSION:The low presence of vessels signs on T2*w imaging makes SWI much more promising. More research is needed to obtain formal validation and quantification.

Signal Alteration of Substantia Nigra on 3.0T Susceptibility-weighted Imaging in Parkinson's Disease and Vascular Parkinsonism

Recent researches have found that 7 Tesla SWI can detect the alteration of substantia nigra hyperintensity in Parkinson's disease(PD),multiple system atrophy(MSA),and progressive supranuclear palsy(PSP).The aim of this study was to investigate whether 3 Tesla SWI(3T SWI)can visualize anatomical alterations occurring in a hyperintense structure of the substantia nigra in PD and vascular parkinsonism(VP),and whether the evaluation of abnormal signal can be used as a factor in the differential diagnosis of PD and VP.Using 3 Tesla MRI,we evaluated 38 healthy subjects,33 patients with PD and 34 patients with VP.Two blinded readers independently assessed the images.We found that the dorsolateral nigral hyperintensity was absent in 31 of 33 patients with PD and 15 of 34 patients with VP.The dorsolateral nigral hyperintensity was present in 19 of 34 patients with VP and 35 of 38 healthy controls.Group comparisons of absence of dorsolateral nigral hyperintensity revealed significant differences between the patients with PD and those with VP(P<0.001).The sensitivity of SWI for PD was 93.9%and the specificity was 92.1%.Visual assessment of dorsolateral nigral hyperintensity on high-field SWI scans may serve as a new simple diagnostic imaging marker for PD.And our study results indicate that 3T SWI can be used as a tool to identify PD and VP.

Cerebral Microbleeds Identified by Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging in Two Cases of Fabry Disease without Neurological Symptoms

Cerebrovascular disease is one of the fatal causes of Fabry disease (FD). Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings typically show lacunar infarcts in young patients with FD, but brain hemorrhages in FD are rarely reported. We report two cases of FD focusing on cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and T2*-weighted imaging reveal several lobar and deep CMBs in two patients with no medical history of stroke symptoms, hypertension, and anticoagulant/antiplatelet treatment. SWI can detect a greater number of CMBs than T2*-weighted imaging. Thus, SWI is an excellent tool for identifying underlying CMBs in FD.

Correlation between iron deposition and Alzheimer's disease In vivo preliminary quantitative study with susceptibility-weighted imaging

BACKGROUND： Studies have demonstrated iron deposition in Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） patients. Therefore, quantitative measurements and tracing of iron deposition are important for early detection and treatment.OBJECTIVE： To quantitatively measure iron deposition in the brain and evaluate the relationship between iron deposition and AD using magnetic susceptibility-weighted imaging. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A case-control study was performed at the Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University from February to July 2008. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 20 AD patients, comprising 11 males and 9 females, with a mean age of 72.5 years （range, 51-80 years）, and 20 healthy volunteers, comprising 10 males and 10 females, with a mean age of 69.9 years （range, 55-78 years）, were selected. AD was diagnosed according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria.METHODS： Sagittal T2-weighted images were acquired to locate precise positions of the anterior and posterior commissures. The susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance images were parallel to the anterior-posterior commissural line through the use of a three-dimensional gradient-echo sequence. All participants underwent measurement of corrected phase （CP） value and Mini-Mental State Examination. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the association between CP values and Mini-Mental State Examination results.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： CP values of regions of interest in the hippocampal regions were measured on CP images.RESULTS： CP values were significantly reduced in bilateral hippocampal regions of AD patients compared with normal controls （P〈0.01）, but there were no significant differences between left and right CP values （P〉0.05）. The hippocampal mean CP value positively correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination score in AD patients and normal controls （r= 0.57, P〈0.01）. CONCLUSION： Susceptibility-weighted imaging can be used to measure CP values to determine iron deposition in the brains of AD patients and could serve as a useful diagnostic tool for AD.

Susceptibility-weighted Imaging in Thrombolytic Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objective： To provide a comprehensive and latest overview of susceptibility-weighted imaging （SWI） in the application of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke, and to update the decision-making effect and clinical value of SWI on identifying stroke patients suitable for thrombolytic therapy and possible benefits and risks followed. Data Sources： Literatures referred to this review were collected from PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE published till May 2017, using the search terms including susceptibility-weighted imaging, gradient-echo, T2＊, thrombolysis, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator （rt-PA）, thrombolytic therapy, and stroke. Study Selection： Papers in EngLish or with available English abstracts were considered, with no limitation of study design. References were also identified from the bibliographies of identified articles and the authors＇ files. Results： SW1 is of guiding significance for thrombolytic therapy in stroke patients, it can predict the location and length of thrombus and ischemic penumbra. It is worthy of noting that susceptibility vessel sign （SVS） on SWI can be used to predict recanalization after thrombolytic therapy and whether it is better to implement endovascular thrombolectonqy in combination or alone. SW1 is sensitive in detecting cerebral microbleed （CMB）, and CMB might not be a contraindication for thrombolytic therapy, yet CMBs in multiple loci could possibly be related to intracranial hemorrhage （ICH） after thrombolysis. SVS and CMB on SWI sequence are of instructive value in performing antiplatelet therapy after thrombolytic therapy. Cerebral venous change on SWI is related to lower recanalization rate and poor outcome after thrombolysis. Conclusions： It seems that SWI can be applied to guide individualized thrombolytic therapies and assist clinicians in making better decisions by weighing benefits and risks. However, there still exist controversies about the relationship between signs on SWI and thrombolytic therapy.

Utility of susceptibility-weighted imaging in Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonian disorders

In the clinic,the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease(PD)largely depends on clinicians’experience.When the diagnosis is made,approximately 80%of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra(SN)have been lost.Additionally,it is rather challenging to differentiate PD from atypical parkinsonian disorders(APD).Clinially-available 3T conventional MRI contributes little to solve these problems.The pathologic alterations of parkinsonism show abnormal brain iron deposition,and therefore susceptibility-weighted imaging(SWI),which is sensitive to iron concentration,has been applied to find iron-related lesions for the diagnosis and differentiation of PD in recent decades.Until now,the majority of research has revealed that in SWI the signal intensity changes in deep brain nuclei,such as the SN,the putamen(PUT),the globus pallidus(GP),the thalamus(TH),the red nucleus(RN)and the caudate nucleus(CN),thereby raising the possibility of early diagnosis and differentiation.Furthermore,the signal changes in SN,PUT and TH sub-regions may settle the issues with higher accuracy.In this article,we review the brain iron deposition of PD,MSA-P and PSP in SWI in the hope of exhibiting a profile of SWI features in PD,MSA and PSP and its clinical values.

Magnetic resonance imaging of extraocular rectus muscles abnormalities in acute acquired concomitant esotropia

AIM:To investigate the difference of medial rectus(MR)and lateral rectus(LR)between acute acquired concomitant esotropia(AACE)and the healthy controls(HCs)detected by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).METHODS:A case-control study.Eighteen subjects with AACE and eighteen HCs were enrolled.MRI scanning data were conducted in target-controlled central gaze with a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner.Extraocular muscles(EOMs)were scanned in contiguous image planes 2-mm thick spanning the EOM origins to the globe equator.To form posterior partial volumes(PPVs),the LR and MR cross-sections in the image planes 8,10,12,and 14 mm posterior to the globe were summed and multiplied by the 2-mm slice thickness.The data were classified according to the right eye,left eye,dominant eye,and non-dominant eye,and the differences in mean cross-sectional area,maximum cross-sectional area,and PPVs of the MR and LR muscle in the AACE group and HCs group were compared under the above classifications respectively.RESULTS:There were no significant differences between the two groups of demographic characteristics.The mean cross-sectional area of the LR muscle was significantly greater in the AACE group than that in the HCs group in the non-dominant eyes(P=0.028).The maximum cross-sectional area of the LR muscle both in the dominant and non-dominant eye of the AACE group was significantly greater than the HCs group(P=0.009,P=0.016).For the dominant eye,the PPVs of the LR muscle were significantly greater in the AACE than that in the HCs group(P=0.013),but not in the MR muscle(P=0.698).CONCLUSION:The size and volume of muscles dominant eyes of AACE subjects change significantly to overcome binocular diplopia.The LR muscle become larger to compensate for the enhanced convergence in the AACE.

In vivo imaging reveals a synchronized correlation among neurotransmitter dynamics during propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia

General anesthesia is widely applied in clinical practice.However,the precise mechanism of loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics remains unknown.Here,we measured the dynamics of five neurotransmitters,includingγ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,norepinephrine,acetylcholine,and dopamine,in the medial prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex of C57BL/6 mice through in vivo fiber photometry and genetically encoded neurotransmitter sensors under anesthesia to reveal the mechanism of general anesthesia from a neurotransmitter perspective.Results revealed that the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,norepinephrine,and acetylcholine increased in the cortex during propofol-induced loss of consciousness.Dopamine levels did not change following the hypnotic dose of propofol but increased significantly following surgical doses of propofol anesthesia.Notably,the concentrations of the five neurotransmitters generally decreased during sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness.Furthermore,the neurotransmitter dynamic networks were not synchronized in the non-anesthesia groups but were highly synchronized in the anesthetic groups.These findings suggest that neurotransmitter dynamic network synchronization may cause anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness.

Intravascular photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography imaging dual-mode system for detecting spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A feasibility study

In this work,we present an intravascular dual-mode endoscopic system capable of both intravascular photoacoustic imaging(IVPAI)and intravascular optical coherence tomography(IVOCT)for recognizing spontaneous coronary artery dissection(SCAD)phantoms.IVPAI provides high-resolution and high-penetration images of intramural hematoma(IMH)at different depths,so it is especially useful for imaging deep blood clots associated with imaging phantoms.IVOCT can readily visualize the double-lumen morphology of blood vessel walls to identify intimal tears.We also demonstrate the capability of this dual-mode endoscopic system using mimicking phantoms and biological samples of blood clots in ex vivo porcine arteries.The results of the experiments indicate that the combined IVPAI and IVOCT technique has the potential to provide a more accurate SCAD assessment method for clinical applications.

A synthetic diagnostics platform for microwave imaging diagnostics in tokamaks

Interpreting experimental diagnostics data in tokamaks,while considering non-ideal effects,is challenging due to the complexity of plasmas.To address this challenge,a general synthetic diagnostics(GSD)platform has been established that facilitates microwave imaging reflectometry and electron cyclotron emission imaging.This platform utilizes plasma profiles as input and incorporates the finite-difference time domain,ray tracing and the radiative transfer equation to calculate the propagation of plasma spontaneous radiation and the external electromagnetic field in plasmas.Benchmark tests for classical cases have been conducted to verify the accuracy of every core module in the GSD platform.Finally,2D imaging of a typical electron temperature distribution is reproduced by this platform and the results are consistent with the given real experimental data.This platform also has the potential to be extended to 3D electromagnetic field simulations and other microwave diagnostics such as cross-polarization scattering.

Self-confocal NIR-II fluorescence microscopy for multifunctional in vivo imaging

Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II,900–1880 nm)with less scattering background in biological tissues has been combined with the confocal microscopic system for achieving deep in vivo imaging with high spatial resolution.However,the traditional NIR-IIfluorescence confocal microscope with separate excitation focus and detection pinhole makes it possess low confocal e±ciency,as well as di±cultly to adjust.Two types of upgraded NIR-IIfluorescence confocal microscopes,sharing the same pinhole by excitation and emission focus,leading to higher confocal e±ciency,are built in this work.One type is-ber-pinhole-based confocal microscope applicable to CW laser excitation.It is constructed forfluorescence intensity imaging with large depth,high stabilization and low cost,which could replace multiphotonfluorescence microscopy in some applications(e.g.,cerebrovascular and hepatocellular imaging).The other type is air-pinhole-based confocal microscope applicable to femtosecond(fs)laser excitation.It can be employed not only for NIR-IIfluorescence intensity imaging,but also for multi-channelfluorescence lifetime imaging to recognize different structures with similarfluorescence spectrum.Moreover,it can be facilely combined with multiphotonfluorescence microscopy.A single fs pulsed laser is utilized to achieve up-conversion(visible multiphotonfluorescence)and down-conversion(NIR-II one-photonfluorescence)excitation simultaneously,extending imaging spectral channels,and thus facilitates multi-structure and multi-functional observation.

Performance optimization of the neutron-sensitive image intensifier used in neutron imaging

As a non-destructive testing technology,neutron imaging plays an important role in various fields,including material science,nuclear engineering,and fundamental science.An imaging detector with a neutron-sensitive image intensifier has been developed and demonstrated to achieve good spatial resolution and timing resolution.However,the influence of the working voltage on the performance of the neutron-sensitive imaging intensifier has not been studied.To optimize the performance of the neutron-sensitive image intensifier at different voltages,experiments have been performed at the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)neutron beamline.The change in the light yield and imaging quality with different voltages has been acquired.It is shown that the image quality benefits from the high gain of the microchannel plate(MCP)and the high accelerating electric field between the MCP and the screen.Increasing the accelerating electric field is more effective than increasing the gain of MCPs for the improvement of the imaging quality.Increasing the total gain of the MCP stack can be realized more effectively by improving the gain of the standard MCP than that of the n MCP.These results offer a development direction for image intensifiers in the future.

Microwave-induced thermoacoustic elastic imaging:A simulation study

Microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging(MTI)has the advantages of high resolution,high contrast,non-ionization,and non-invasive.Recently,MTI was used in the¯eld of breast cancer screening.In this paper,based on the¯nite element method(FEM)and COMSOL Multiphysics software,a three-dimensional breast cancer model suitable for exploring the MTI process is proposed to investigate the in°uence of Young's modulus(YM)of breast cancer tissue on MTI.It is found that the process of electromagnetic heating and initial pressure generation of the entire breast tissue is earlier in time than the thermal expansion process.Besides,compared with normal breast tissue,tumor tissue has a greater temperature rise,displacement,and pressure rise.In particular,YM of the tumor is related to the speed of thermal expansion.In particular,the larger the YM of the tumor is,the higher the heating and contraction frequency is,and the greater the maximum pressure is.Di®erent Young's moduli correspond to di®erent thermoacoustic signal spectra.In MTI,this study can be used to judge di®erent degrees of breast cancer based on elastic imaging.In addition,this study is helpful in exploring the possibility of microwave-induced thermoacoustic elastic imaging(MTAE).

Topic highlight on texture and color enhancement imaging in gastrointestinal diseases

Olympus Corporation developed texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)as a novel image-enhancing endoscopic technique.This topic highlights a series of hot-topic articles that investigated the efficacy of TXI for gastrointestinal disease identification in the clinical setting.A randomized controlled trial demonstrated improvements in the colorectal adenoma detection rate(ADR)and the mean number of adenomas per procedure(MAP)of TXI compared with those of white-light imaging(WLI)observation(58.7%vs 42.7%,adjusted relative risk 1.35,95%CI:1.17-1.56;1.36 vs 0.89,adjusted incident risk ratio 1.48,95%CI:1.22-1.80,respectively).A cross-over study also showed that the colorectal MAP and ADR in TXI were higher than those in WLI(1.5 vs 1.0,adjusted odds ratio 1.4,95%CI:1.2-1.6;58.2%vs 46.8%,1.5,1.0-2.3,respectively).A randomized controlled trial demonstrated non-inferiority of TXI to narrow-band imaging in the colorectal mean number of adenomas and sessile serrated lesions per procedure(0.29 vs 0.30,difference for non-inferiority-0.01,95%CI:-0.10 to 0.08).A cohort study found that scoring for ulcerative colitis severity using TXI could predict relapse of ulcerative colitis.A cross-sectional study found that TXI improved the gastric cancer detection rate compared to WLI(0.71%vs 0.29%).A cross-sectional study revealed that the sensitivity and accuracy for active Helicobacter pylori gastritis in TXI were higher than those of WLI(69.2%vs 52.5%and 85.3%vs 78.7%,res-pectively).In conclusion,TXI can improve gastrointestinal lesion detection and qualitative diagnosis.Therefore,further studies on the efficacy of TXI in clinical practice are required.

Efficient single-pixel imaging encrypted transmission based on 3D Arnold transformation

Single-pixel imaging(SPI)can transform 2D or 3D image data into 1D light signals,which offers promising prospects for image compression and transmission.However,during data communication these light signals in public channels will easily draw the attention of eavesdroppers.Here,we introduce an efficient encryption method for SPI data transmission that uses the 3D Arnold transformation to directly disrupt 1D single-pixel light signals and utilizes the elliptic curve encryption algorithm for key transmission.This encryption scheme immediately employs Hadamard patterns to illuminate the scene and then utilizes the 3D Arnold transformation to permutate the 1D light signal of single-pixel detection.Then the transformation parameters serve as the secret key,while the security of key exchange is guaranteed by an elliptic curve-based key exchange mechanism.Compared with existing encryption schemes,both computer simulations and optical experiments have been conducted to demonstrate that the proposed technique not only enhances the security of encryption but also eliminates the need for complicated pattern scrambling rules.Additionally,this approach solves the problem of secure key transmission,thus ensuring the security of information and the quality of the decrypted images.

Five-view three-dimensional reconstructionfor ultrafast dynamic imaging of pulsedradiation sources

Multiaxial neutron/x-ray imaging and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques play a crucial role in gaining valuable insights intothe generation and evolution mechanisms of pulsed radiation sources. Owing to the short emission time (∼200 ns) and drastic changes of thepulsed radiation source, it is necessary to acquire projection data within a few nanoseconds in order to achieve clear computed tomography3D imaging. As a consequence, projection data that can be used for computed tomography image reconstruction at a certain moment are oftenavailable for only a few angles. Traditional algorithms employed in the process of reconstructing 3D images with extremely incomplete datamay introduce significant distortions and artifacts into the final image. In this paper, we propose an iterative image reconstruction methodusing cylindrical harmonic decomposition and a self-supervised denoising network algorithm based on the deep image prior method. Weaugment the prior information with a 2D total variation prior and a 3D deep image prior. Single-wire Z-pinch imaging experiments have beencarried out at Qin-1 facility in five views and four frames, with a time resolution of 3 ns for each frame and a time interval of 40 ns betweenadjacent frames. Both numerical simulations and experiments verify that our proposed algorithm can achieve high-quality reconstructionresults and obtain the 3D intensity distribution and evolution of extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray emission from plasma.

Activatable fluorescent probes for imaging and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a systemic autoimmune disease that is primarily manifested as synovitis and polyarticular opacity and typically leads to serious joint damage and irreversible disability,thus adversely affecting locomotion ability and life quality.Consequently,good prognosis heavily relies on the early diagnosis and effective therapeutic monitoring of RA.Activatable fluorescent probes play vital roles in the detection and imaging of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and in vivo imaging.Herein,we review the fluorescent probes developed for the detection and imaging of RA biomarkers,namely reactive oxygen/nitrogen species(hypochlorous acid,peroxynitrite,hydroxyl radical,nitroxyl),pH,and cysteine,and address the related challenges and prospects to inspire the design of novel fluorescent probes and the improvement of their performance in RA studies.

Two-photon live imaging of direct glia-to-neuron conversion in the mouse cortex

Over the past decade,a growing number of studies have reported transcription factor-based in situ reprogramming that can directly conve rt endogenous glial cells into functional neurons as an alternative approach for n euro regeneration in the adult mammalian central ne rvous system.Howeve r,many questions remain regarding how a terminally differentiated glial cell can transform into a delicate neuron that forms part of the intricate brain circuitry.In addition,concerns have recently been raised around the absence of astrocyte-to-neuron conversion in astrocytic lineage-tra cing mice.In this study,we employed repetitive two-photon imaging to continuously capture the in situ astrocyte-to-neuron conversion process following ecto pic expression of the neural transcription factor NeuroD1 in both prolife rating reactive astrocytes and lineage-tra ced astrocytes in the mouse cortex.Time-lapse imaging over several wee ks revealed the ste p-by-step transition from a typical astrocyte with numero us short,tapered branches to a typical neuro n with a few long neurites and dynamic growth cones that actively explored the local environment.In addition,these lineage-converting cells were able to migrate ra dially or to ngentially to relocate to suitable positions.Furthermore,two-photon Ca2+imaging and patch-clamp recordings confirmed that the newly generated neuro ns exhibited synchronous calcium signals,repetitive action potentials,and spontaneous synaptic responses,suggesting that they had made functional synaptic connections within local neural circuits.In conclusion,we directly visualized the step-by-step lineage conversion process from astrocytes to functional neurons in vivo and unambiguously demonstrated that adult mammalian brains are highly plastic with respect to their potential for neuro regeneration and neural circuit reconstruction.

Investigating the relationship between intracranial atherosclerotic plaque remodelling and diabetes using high-resolution vessel wall imaging

BACKGROUND Intracranial atherosclerosis,a leading cause of stroke,involves arterial plaque formation.This study explores the link between plaque remodelling patterns and diabetes using high-resolution vessel wall imaging(HR-VWI).AIM To investigate the factors of intracranial atherosclerotic remodelling patterns and the relationship between intracranial atherosclerotic remodelling and diabetes mellitus using HR-VWI.METHODS Ninety-four patients diagnosed with middle cerebral artery or basilar artery INTRODUCTION Intracranial atherosclerotic disease is one of the main causes of ischaemic stroke in the world,accounting for approx-imately 10%of transient ischaemic attacks and 30%-50%of ischaemic strokes[1].It is the most common factor among Asian people[2].The adaptive changes in the structure and function of blood vessels that can adapt to changes in the internal and external environment are called vascular remodelling,which is a common and important pathological mechanism in atherosclerotic diseases,and the remodelling mode of atherosclerotic plaques is closely related to the occurrence of stroke.Positive remodelling(PR)is an outwards compensatory remodelling where the arterial wall grows outwards in an attempt to maintain a constant lumen diameter.For a long time,it was believed that the degree of stenosis can accurately reflect the risk of ischaemic stroke[3-5].Previous studies have revealed that lesions without significant luminal stenosis can also lead to acute events[6,7],as summarized in a recent meta-analysis study in which approximately 50%of acute/subacute ischaemic events were due to this type of lesion[6].Research[8,9]has pointed out that the PR of plaques is more dangerous and more likely to cause acute ischaemic stroke.Previous studies[10-13]have found that there are specific vascular remodelling phenomena in the coronary and carotid arteries of diabetic patients.However,due to the deep location and small lumen of intracranial arteries and limitations of imaging techniques,the relationship between intracranial arterial remodelling and diabetes is still unclear.In recent years,with the development of magnetic resonance technology and the emergence of high-resolution(HR)vascular wall imaging,a clear and multidimensional display of the intracranial vascular wall has been achieved.Therefore,in this study,HR wall imaging(HR-VWI)was used to display the remodelling characteristics of bilateral middle cerebral arteries and basilar arteries and to explore the factors of intracranial vascular remodelling and its relationship with diabetes.