Efficiency of Bio-Fertilizing as One of the Natural Alternatives to Improve the Growth of Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni Trees and for Sustainability

A field experiment was carried out at Ismailia Research Station, Ismailia Governorate from 2020-2022 to improve the growth of Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni by using a combination of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and biological fertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium, and Bacillus circulant) as recommended dose under new sandy soils conditions. Split plot designed with four treatments (Control, (50% Mineral fertilizer (M.) + 50% Biological fertilizer (Bio.)), 100% M. and 100% Bio.) of each species. Vegetative growth, leaf area, tree biomass, stored carbon, basal area, tree volume, and in the soil both of microbial account and mineral content were determined. The experimental results showed no significant differences between studied species among the most studied parameters except for Khaya senegalensis which gave the highest significant difference in root biomass and below-stored carbon than Swietenia mahagoni. Evidently, the highest significant growth parameters were 100% mineral fertilizer followed by (50% M. + 50% Bio.) as compared with control. No significant difference between 100% M. and (50% M. + 50% Bio.) of shoot dry biomass (15.19 and 12.02 kg, respectively) and above-stored carbon (0.28 and 0.22 Mt, respectively). Microbial account and mineral content in soil were improved after cultivation of tree species compared to before planting and control, especially with 50% mineral fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer treatment. In conclusion, a treatment containing 50% mineral fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer has led to the ideal Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni growth in sandy soil for cheaper and sustainable.

Effect of overnight temperature on leaf photosynthesis in seedlings of Swietenia macrophylla King

After exposure of one-year old seedlings of Swietenia macrophylla to an overnight temperature (13 C, 19 C, 25 C, 31 C or 35 C), the leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was researched through measuring photosynthetic light-response curves at 360 mmolmol-1 CO2, and photosynthetic CO2-response curves at light-saturated intensity (1500 mmolm-2 s-1). The optimal temperature for photosynthesis measured at 360 mmol穖ol-1 CO2 was from 25 C to 31 C, but which was from 31C to 35 C at saturating CO2 concentration. At temperature of below 25 C, the decline in Pn was mainly due to the drop in carboxylation efficiency (Ce), while as temperature was over 31 C, the reduction in Pn resulted from both decrease in Ce and increase in leaf respiration. The CO2-induced stimulation of photosynthesis was strongly inhibited at temperatures below 13 C. The results showed that, the leaf photosynthesis of tropical evergreen plants should not be accelerated at low temperature in winter season with elevated CO2 concentration in the future.

中国分类学文献中Swietenia mahagoni之订正

通过调查,对Swietenia mahagoni的后选模式、S.macrophylla的主模式与中国分类学文献（如《植物分类学报》、《广州植物志》、《中国高等植物图鉴》、《云南植物志》、《广东植物志》、《中国植物志》和《中国高等植物》）的S.mahagoni作比较,证实中国分类学文献将S.mahagoni和S.macrophylla相混,上述分类学文献中的S.mahagon是S.macrophylla King。桃花心木（S.mahagoni（L.）Jacq.）的羽状复叶及小叶较短,小叶长度绝不超过10 cm,果卵球形,长度绝不超过15 cm;而大叶桃花心木（S.macrophylla King）的羽状复叶及小叶较长,总有一部分小叶的长度超过10 cm,果长卵球形,长1222 cm。

Diterpenoids and Limonoids from the Leaves and Twigs of Swietenia mahagoni

Three new compounds,including two diterpenoids,nemoralisins H and I(1 and 2),and a limonoid,2-methoxy khayseneganin E(3),along with four known constituents(4-7),were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Swietenia mahagoni.Their chemical structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis.The cytotoxities of these isolated constituents were assayed.

桃花心木木材定量解剖特征变异性及其识别

[目的]基于定量解剖方法探究桃花心木属3种树种木材的构造特征,揭示其不同构造特征的种间和种内变异规律,为木材“种”水平的准确识别提供科学依据。[方法]针对大叶桃花心木、桃花心木和矮叶桃花心木木材标本显微切片,通过光学显微镜采集其横、径、弦三切面微观构造图像,利用图像分析软件分别测量导管分子长度、管孔弦向直径、管孔频率、木纤维长度、木射线宽度、木射线高度和木射线频率7个定量解剖特征,分析其不同构造特征的种间和种内变异规律;采用随机森林算法对木材树种进行识别,比较木材不同定量解剖特征对识别准确率的贡献度。[结果]3种桃花心木木材显微切片图像中管孔、轴向薄壁组织和木射线等构造特征相似,通过人工方式难以区分;除木射线宽度外,其他6组定量解剖特征在种间均存在显著差异;随机森林算法对桃花心木的识别准确率达86.67%,7个定量解剖特征对木材识别结果的贡献度存在差异,其中导管分子长度的平均准确率降低度值(3.956)和平均基尼指数降低度值(6.311)最大,管孔弦向直径次之,木射线宽度的平均准确率降低度值(0.797)和平均基尼指数降低度值(2.175)最小,表明导管分子长度的贡献度最大,木射线宽度的贡献度最小。[结论]采用木材定量解剖方法,揭示3种桃花心木构造特征的种间和种内变异规律以及在木材识别中起关键作用的定量解剖特征,可为实现木材“种”水平的准确识别提供科学依据。

Fluctuation of Vegetative Storage Proteins in the Seedlings of Swietenia macrophylla, Analogous to the Seasonal Changes of Those in the Shoot of the Adult Tree

In order to Identify appropriate plant materials for studying the gene expression and biological function of vegetative storage proteins （VSPs） in woody plants, the VSPs in the seedlings of Swietenla rnacrophylla King were investigated by using light microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） and Western.blotting. The seed of S. macrophylla was rich in storage proteins that accumulated In the vacuoles of cotyledon parenchyma cells in appearance of compact spherical grains. The growth and development of S. macrophylla seedlings were characterized by an obvious growth rhythm. The storage proteins In seeds disappeared during seedling growth while VSPs appeared in the stem 2 weeks after seedling leaves matured. Thereafter, the VSPs In the seedling stem almost exhausted during new shoot growth, and when the leaves of new shoot Just matured, both the stem beneath the new shoot of seedlings and the stem of new shoot started to accumulate VSPs. Nitrogen application dramatically Increased the level of VSPs, but had little influence on the dynamics of VSP consumption and accumulation in seedling stem. Together with these data, the fluctuation of VSPs in seedlings was very similar to that in the branches of the adult trees. In addition, seedlings are easy to be treated due to their small size. Our results suggested that S. rnacrophylla seedlings were suitable for Investigating the biological roles of VSPs and the mechanism of nitrogen storage in trees.

Pharmacological effects and active phytoconstituents of Swietenia mahagoni: a review

The usage of Swietenia mahagoni, a popular medicinal plant in India and some African countries, dates back to ancient times for its curative properties in diseases like malaria, diabetes, and diarrhea. It is also used as an anti-pyretic, bitter tonic and astringent. Its pharmacological activities are being widely explored. Although many important groups of phytochemicals have been identified and isolated from various parts of the plant, most of these researches have been focused on seeds. Toxicological studies have established the safety of many of these plant extracts, and found insignificant side effects. Here we present a comprehensive review of all the pharmacological effects and constituent phytochemicals of the plant.

Quantification of total tannin,flavonoid contents and pharmacognostic study of the seeds of Swietenia mahagoni(Linn.)

Objective:To justify the folkloric use of Swietenia mahagoni(S.mahagoni)seeds,90%ethanolic extract and their aqueous and organic partitioning substances were evaluated for their possible antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial potentials in vivo.Methods:Crude ethanolic extract of S.mahagoni seeds were subjected and partitioned into fractions using solvents at different polarity.Antimicrobial and antidiarrheal activities were evaluated and subsequently outcomes were corresponded with the conventional standard drugs.Results:The antidiarrheal activity was assessed using mouse model,where unfractionated ethanolic extract significantly reduced,the number,onset,rate and weight of diarrheal episodes.This fraction showed the limited number of defecation episodes of 27.0%and 40.9%at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively and reference drug,loperamide,showed 53%at a dose of 50 mg/kg.All extract fractions exhibited the significant potential to kill or subside the growth of known Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Conclusions:Ethanolic extract and their aqueous and organic fractious revealed the seeds of S.mahagoni(Linn.)have the potential to be used as a remedy for diarrhea and known pathogenic microbes which ensured the folkloric use of the seeds of S.mahagoni.

大叶桃花心木树皮化学成分研究

为了解大叶桃花心木(Swietenia macrophylla)树皮的化学成分,采用硅胶、凝胶、制备液相等手段分离、纯化,从其树皮提取物中分离得到9个化合物。根据理化性质及波谱数据,鉴定化合物结构分别为香草酸(1)、东莨菪素(2)、大黄素甲醚(3)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、(+)-儿茶素(5)、5′-甲氧基异落叶松脂素-9′-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(6)、南烛木树脂酚-9′-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(7)、豆甾醇(8)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)。除化合物5外,其余化合物为首次从该植物中分离。细胞毒活性试验表明化合物均无显著的细胞毒活性。

向天果HPLC指纹图谱及特征成分含量测定研究

目的 建立向天果高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱及2种柠檬苦素类成分含量测定方法。方法 采用KR100-5C18(250 mm×4.6 mm)色谱柱,以乙腈(A)-水(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,流速1 ml/min,检测波长210 nm。采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)软件》,结合聚类分析和主成分分析比较30批向天果色谱图,同时测定了向天果中swietenolide和swietwnine的含量。结果 建立了向天果HPLC指纹图谱,并对13个共有峰中的5个主要共有峰进行指认。30批向天果swietenolide和swietwnine的平均含量分别为14.28,10.74 mg/g。结论 本文所建立的指纹图谱和含量测定方法可用于向天果的质量控制。

向天果中柠檬苦素类化合物对氧化损伤下INS-1细胞保护作用研究

为了探究向天果中swietenine(Stn)及swietenolide(Std)对氧化损伤下INS-1细胞保护作用。使用不同浓度的过氧化氢作用于INS-1细胞4 h,CCK-8法筛选出合适的造模条件;将向天果正丁醇层活性成分Stn、Std和阳性药格列齐特(Gli)作用于INS-1细胞24 h,CCK-8法筛选出化合物的安全作用浓度;在过氧化氢损伤模型下,将化合物作用于INS-1细胞24 h后,分别检测细胞活力并计算细胞存活率和ROS水平变化;使用胰岛素ELISA试剂盒检测葡萄糖浓度分别为3.3 mM和16.7 mM刺激下的胰岛素分泌量,模拟BIS和GSIS下胰岛素分泌量。化合物Stn、Std可以提高氧化损伤下INS-1细胞的存活率,促进胰岛素分泌,降低ROS水平,促进细胞增殖,改善细胞凋亡状况。化合物Stn、Std可保护氧化损伤下INS-1细胞。

植物提取物对南方根结线虫的控制作用

采用浸渍生测法测定了采自广东、新疆、湖南的15科28种植物提取物对南方根结线虫M eloidogyne incognita的毒杀活性.结果表明:骆驼蓬Peganum harmala、黄文江鱼藤Derris elliptica和火殃勒Euphorbia antiguorum甲醇提取物以1 000μg/mL处理后48 h,供试2龄线虫校正死亡率分别为86.46%、69.28%和70.84%,处理后72 h,校正死亡率分别为98.20%、85.45%和81.90%,呈强杀线虫活性.此外,厚果鸡血藤M illettia pachycarpa、桃花心木Swi-etenia mahagany等12种植物甲醇提取物亦有较强的杀线虫活性.盆栽试验结果表明:骆驼蓬、黄文江鱼藤、厚果鸡血藤、桃花心木提取物处理的番茄地上部植株高度分别比对照增长163.35%、90.61%、155.99%和178.08%,地上部鲜质量分别增长191.37%、130.25%、79.25%和124.35%.骆驼蓬、黄文江鱼藤、桃花心木、火殃勒提取物处理后根长分别增长140.57%、93.40%、135.85%和107.55%,均显著优于或相当于对照药剂阿维菌素(30μg/mL,即6%乳油2 000倍)处理增长率98.11%.黄文江鱼藤提取物处理后根结数2.33个/株,病级最低(1.00),显著低于印楝素2.5μg/mL处理.骆驼蓬、黄文江鱼藤、桃花心木、火殃勒对盆栽番茄南方根结线虫病控制效果明显.

大叶桃花心木的花、叶抽提物对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性

以大叶桃花心木的花和叶为材料,测试了其乙醇抽提物对重要多食性害虫斜纹夜蛾5龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明:试剂中大叶桃花心木的花与叶各自的抽提物质量分数5％时均有较强的拒食作用,非选择性拒食率分别高达96.33％和86.23％,选择性拒食率分别高达96.63％和91.98％;质量分数5％大叶桃花心木花、叶抽提物拒食率在48 h后均有所下降,但仍然保持较高的拒食率,其非选择性拒食率分别为87.3％和73.9％,选择性拒食率分别为95.46％和85.63％;连续以质量分数1％的花、叶抽提物浸叶饲喂时,试虫体重的增长明显低于对照试虫,处理后第5天,质量分数1％的花、叶抽提物处理试虫的平均体重分别为对照的49.32％和53.01％。研究结果表明,大叶桃花心木的花、叶的乙醇抽提物对斜纹夜蛾均具有良好的拒食活性,并且大叶桃花心木的花抽提物对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性高于其叶的抽提物。

大叶桃花心木营养贮藏蛋白质的细胞学研究

采用光学显微镜技术研究大叶桃花心木（Ｓｗｉｅｔｅｎｉａ ｍａｃｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ ｋｉｎｇ）的营养贮藏蛋白质。颗粒状的贮藏蛋白质积累在普通薄壁细胞的中央大液泡中。这些细胞的周缘细胞质中通常含有淀粉粒。在接近落叶期和无叶期，贮藏蛋白质在植株中大量积累，主要分布在次生韧皮部的射线薄壁组织细胞和韧皮薄壁细胞中，且末端小枝的贮藏蛋白质比树干和大根的多。末端小枝贮藏蛋白质的消失与新消生长过程是同步的，表明这些蛋白质被新消生长所消耗。落叶前对一年生枝条基部环剥，萌发的新消生长被抑制，环剥伤口下方贮藏蛋白质的消失受到阻碍。在新梢形成之后，树干和根中贮藏蛋白质明显减少，这些蛋白质的完全消失发生在相应器官形成层活动最活跃的时期。贮藏蛋白质在新梢萌芽后２个月就开始积累，正值高温和长日照时期。

向天果化学成分研究

目的：研究向天果的化学成分。方法：利用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20等多种色谱法分离单体化合物,根据波谱方法对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果：从向天果中分离并鉴定了17个化合物,分别为：swietenine（1）、swietenine acetate（2）、febrifugine（3）、khayasin T（4）、3-O-tigloyl-6-O-acetylswietenolide（5）、3-O-tigloylswietenolide（6）、3,6-O,O-diacetylswietenolide（7）、fissinolide（8）、3-O-acetylswietenolide（9）、proceranolide（10）、swietenolide（11）、swietemahonin E（12）、swietemahonin F（13）、7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin（14）、secomahoganin（15）、altissimanin B（16）、ororatone（17）。结论：其中,化合物3、5、8~10、16、17为首次从该植物中分离得到。

大叶桃花心木的花、叶抽提物对斜纹夜蛾的拒食作用研究

测试了大叶桃花心木花和叶的乙醇抽提物对重要杂食性害虫斜纹夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,大叶桃花心木花、叶抽提物50μg/mg浓度对斜纹夜蛾3龄、5龄试虫均具有较高的拒食作用,10μg/mg浓度对斜纹夜蛾3龄、5龄幼虫拒食作用较低,25μg/mg浓度对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫拒食作用高于5龄幼虫,且呈显著差异。大叶桃花心木花抽提物对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性高于叶抽提物。

大叶桃花心木抽提物对黄守瓜的拒食作用

以大叶桃花心木的叶为材料,测试了其石油醚和乙醇抽提物对重要害虫黄守瓜的拒食活性。结果表明:大叶桃花心木叶的石油醚抽提物在非选择性、选择性条件下对黄守瓜的拒食作用均显著高于乙醇抽提物,在抽提物质量分数为0.5%时,非选择性拒食率分别为99.58%和56.45%,选择性拒食率分别为98.63%和74.42%。质量分数为0.5%时,大叶桃花心木叶的石油醚和乙醇抽提物拒食率在48 h后均有不同程度下降,非选择性拒食率分别为98.46%和46.74%,选择性拒食率分别为96.05%和61.11%。

向天果脂肪酸成分的气相色谱-质谱分析

目的测定向天果中石油醚浸提物的成分。方法采用石油醚冷浸法提取向天果的脂肪酸类成分,甲酯化后,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定其化学成分,在wiley7n.L质谱数据库中鉴定质谱图。结果经鉴定出16种成分,占总成分的99.70%。结论向天果中脂肪酸的主要化学成分为9,12-十八碳二烯酸、8-十八碳烯酸、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸、十八烷酸等。

大叶桃花心木抽提物对菜青虫的杀虫活性研究

将楝科植物大叶桃花心木叶的甲醇抽提物用氯仿萃取，所得萃取物对菜青虫进行生物活性测试．结果表明，萃取物有高效的毒杀与生长发育抑制作用．1％药液浸叶饲喂法处理试虫，5d后试虫的生长比率为24．5％，7d后校正死亡率达92．5％，拒食率为94．4％，但触杀作用则为中等活性；而点滴法处理的LC_(50)为2．43％．以植物性杀虫剂川楝素与印楝油做药效比较，表明萃取物的拒食与生长发育抑制活性高于印楝油．

桃花心木人工林早期生长特性及其与西南桦混交幼林前期的营林效果

2003年7月～2005年12月在云南省孟连县开展了桃花心木与西南桦的混交种植试验研究,结果表明:在定植后的2.5年内,桃花心木幼树的相对树高年生长率和相对胸径年生长率分别为552.22%和185.30%,树高生长还略高于云南的乡土树种西南桦(456.29%)。在幼林前期,两树种已经初步形成西南桦居上层、桃花心木居二层的复层结构。对两树种混交种植的经济效益进行了预测,并在该试验研究的基础上,对今后应继续开展的研究提出了建议。