Estimating distribution of water uptake with depth of winter wheat by hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes under different irrigation depths

Crop root system plays an important role in the water cycle of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. In this study, com- bined isotope techniques, root length density and root cell activity analysis were used to investigate the root water uptake mechanisms of winter wheat （Triticum aesfivum L.） under different irrigation depths in the North China Plain. Both direct inference approach and multisource linear mixing model were applied to estimate the distribution of water uptake with depth in six growing stages. Results showed that winter wheat under land surface irrigation treatment （Ts） mainly absorbed water from 10-20 cm soil layers in the wintering and green stages （66.9 and 72.0%, respectively）; 0-20 cm （57.0%） in the jointing stage; 0-40 （15.3%） and 80-180 cm （58.1%） in the heading stage; 60-80 （13.2%） and 180-220 cm （35.5%） in the filling stage; and 0-40 （46.8%） and 80-100 cm （31.0%） in the ripening stage. Winter wheat under whole soil layers irrigation treatment （Tw） absorbed more water from deep soil layer than Ts in heading, filling and ripening stages. Moreover, root cell activity and root length density of winter wheat under TW were significantly greater than that of Ts in the three stages. We concluded that distribution of water uptake with depth was affected by the availability of water sources, the root length density and root cell activity. Implementation of the whole soil layers irrigation method can affect root system distribution and thereby increase water use from deeper soil and enhance water use efficiency.

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on the Distribution of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Water-Stable Aggregates in Paddy Soil

We investigated the size distribution of water-stable aggregates and the soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration over aggregate size fractions based on a long-term （1990-2006） fertilization experiment in a reddish paddy soil. The results showed that the largest water-stable aggregate （WSA） （〉5 mm） and the smallest WSA （〈0.25 mm） took up the first largest proportion （38.3%） and the second largest proportion （23.3%）, respectively. Application of organic materials increased the proportion of the large WSA （〉2 mm） and decreased the proportion of the small WSA （〈1 ram）, resulting in an increase in the mean weight diameter of WSA, whereas application of chemical fertilizer had little effect. Application of organic materials, especially combined with chemical fertilizers, increased total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in all sizes of WSA, and total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were prone to concentrate in the large WSA. Further more, application of organic materials improved the supply effectiveness of available phosphorus, whereas had little influence on the labile carbon in WSA. Application of chemical fertilizers improved concentrations of total and available phosphorus in all sizes of WSA, whereas had little influence on total carbon and nitrogen contents. Economical fertilization model maintained the soil fertility when compared with full dose of chemical fertilizers, indicating that using organic materials could reduce chemical fertilizers by about one third.

A NEW CORRENTROPY BASED TDE METHOD UNDER α-STABLE DISTRIBUTION NOISE ENVIRONMENT

This paper presents a robust time delay estimation algorithm for the α-Stable noise based on correntropy. Many time delay estimation algorithms derived for impulsive stable noise are based on the theory of Fractional Lower Order Statistics (FLOS). Unlike previously introduced FLOS-type algorithms, the new algorithm is proposed to estimate the time delay by maximizing the generalized correlation function of two observed signals needing neither prior information nor estimation of the numerical value of the stable noise's characteristic exponent. An interval for kernel selection is found for a wide range of characteristic exponent values of α-Stable distribution. Simulations show the proposed algorithm offers superior performance over the existing covariation time delay estimation, least mean p-norm time delay estimation and achieves slightly improved performance than fractional lower order covariance time delay estimation at lower signal to noise ratio when the noise is highly impulsive.

ON THE TESTING FOR ALPHA-STABLE DISTRIBUTIONS OF ETHERNET NETWORK TRAFFIC

The modeling of network traffic is important for the design and application of networks, but little is known as to the characteristics of distribution of packets in network traffic. In this letter the distribution of packets in network traffic is explored.

Securing color image transmission using compression-encryption model with dynamic key generator and efficient symmetric key distribution

There are a few issues related to the existing symmetric encryption models for color image data,such as the key generation and distribution problems.In this paper,we propose a compression-encryption model to solve these problems.This model consists of three processes.The first process is the dynamic symmetric key generation.The second one is the compression process,which is followed by encryption using keystreams and S-Boxes that are generated using a chaotic logistic map.The last process is the symmetric key distribution.The symmetric key is encrypted twice using Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA)to provide both authentication and confidentiality.Then,it is inserted into the cipher image using the End of File(EoF)method.The evaluation shows that the symmetric key generator model can produce a random and dynamic symmetric key.Hence,the image data is safe from ciphertext-only attacks.This model is fast and able to withstand entropy attacks,statistical attacks,differential attacks,and brute-force attacks.

Prediction of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical of Diurnal Global Solar Irradiance Distribution—New Approach

A simple formula to predict the received global solar irradiance q(t), W/m2 for clear days is suggested on pure theoretical basis. It is expressed in terms of the length of the local day time td which is well defined in literatures on meteorological basis. The introduced distribution is also a function of the maximum value of the daily received irradiance qmax. which in turn is expressed in term of the solar constant. This renders the trial to be a closed system. Thus the obtained distribution is not a semi empirical one. Both cases of symmetrical and asymmetrical distributions for q(t) are considered. For its simplicity it can be easily integrated along the length of the day to get the daily totals of solar energy received by unit horizontal area. This is important for practical applications. Comparison between computed according to the present model and published experimental meteorological data in Barcelona (Spain), Hong Kong (China), Jeddah and Makkah (Saudi Arabia) is given as illustrative examples. Better fitting relative to the published trials for the same locations are obtained. The introduced model itself gives good fitting for the intermediate intervals points of the local day time which is the more effective region. The estimated relative error is 12% for Hong Kong, and it is 7% for Barcelona, Jeddah and Makah.

Six-State Symmetric Quantum Key Distribution Protocol

We propose and demonstrate an optical implementation of a quantum key distribution protocol, which uses three-non-orthogonal states and six states in total. The proposed scheme improves the protocol that is proposed by Phoenix, Barnett and Chefles [J. Mod. Opt. 47, 507 (2000)]. An additional feature, which we introduce in our scheme, is that we add another detection set;where each detection set has three non-orthogonal states. The inclusion of an additional detection set leads to improved symmetry, increased eavesdropper detection and higher security margin for our protocol.

Asymptotic Properties of Estimators for Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Processes with Small Symmetricα-Stable Motions

The asymptotic behaviors for estimators of the drift parameters in the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process driven by small symmetricα-stable motion are studied in this paper.Based on the discrete observations,the conditional least squares estimators(CLSEs)of all the parameters involved in the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process are proposed.We establish the consistency and the asymptotic distributions of our estimators asεgoes to 0 and n goes to∞simultaneously.

Basic Functions for Computational Implementation of the Box-Cox Symmetric Class of Distributions

A class of distributions called Box-Cox symmetric was proposed for random variables with asymmetric distributions. This class allows through its structure an interpretation of the parameters in terms of quantiles (in particular, the median), relative dispersion and skewness. This study presents the initial results of the computational development of basic functions of each of the distributions that make up the Box-Cox symmetric class. Four functions have been developed to compose a routine in software R up to now. These functions are related to random numbers generation, probability density function, cumulative distribution function, and quantile function associated to a given probability. Examples of implemented functions were presented. The gamlss routine was used to check the performance of developed functions.

UHAS-MIDA Software Package: Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis-Applying the Inverse Matrix for the Determination of Stable Isotopes of Chromium Distribution during Red Blood Cell Labelling

Clinical assessment of fluid volume status in children during malaria can be taxing and often inaccurate. During malaria, changes in fluid volume are rather multifarious and estimating this parameter, especially in sick children is very challenging for clinicians who frequently rely on indices such as long capillary refill times, tachycardia, central venous pressure and decreased urine volume as guides. Here, we present the UHAS-MIDA, an open-source software tool that calculates the red blood cell (RBC) concentration and blood volume during malaria in children determined using a stable isotope of chromium (53Cr as the label) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) analysis. A key component involves the determination of the compositions of the most abundant naturally occurring isotopes of Cr (50Cr, 52Cr, 53Cr), and converting the proportions into a 3 × 3 matrix. To estimate unknown proportions of chromium isotopic mixtures from the measured abundances of three ions, an inverse matrix was calculated. The inverse together with several inputs is then used to calculate the corrected MS ion abundances. Thus, we constructed the software tool UHAS- MIDA using HTML, CSS/Bootstrap, JavaScript, and PHP scripting languages. The tool enables the user to efficiently determine RBC concentration and fluid volume. The source code, binary packages and associated materials for UHAS-MIDA are freely available at https://github.com/bentil078/Abaye-et-al_UHASmida

Robust Linear Regression Models:Use of a Stable Distribution for the Response Data

In this paper, we study some robustness aspects of linear regression models of the presence of outliers or discordant observations considering the use of stable distributions for the response in place of the usual normality assumption. It is well known that, in general, there is no closed form for the probability density function of stable distributions. However, under a Bayesian approach, the use of a latent or auxiliary random variable gives some simplification to obtain any posterior distribution when related to stable distributions. To show the usefulness of the computational aspects, the methodology is applied to two examples: one is related to a standard linear regression model with an explanatory variable and the other is related to a simulated data set assuming a 23 factorial experiment. Posterior summaries of interest are obtained using MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) methods and the OpenBugs software.

Recognition of multi-carrier OFDM and single-carrier with alpha-stable distribution noise

In order to identify the multi-carrier orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) and the single-carrier signal in the non-Gaussian noise environment, different features of the two signals are analyzed in terms of five parameters: generalized normalized fourth-order cumulant, the maximum value of the instantaneous amplitude power spectral density, absolute standard deviation of instantaneous phase on the section with weak signals, and position and numbers of the generalized cyclic spectrum's peak. The recognition method of the multi-carrier OFDM and single-carrier signal is proposed in the environment with alpha-stable distribution noise. Simulation results show that the recognition rate of the multi-carrier OFDM can reach 100% when the mixed signal to noise ratio(MSNR) is greater than-5 dB and the recognition rate can reach 90% for the single-carrier when the MSNR is greater than 2 dB.

Derivatives of Intersection Local Time for Two Independent Symmetricα-stable Processes

In this paper,we consider the derivatives of intersection local time for two independent d-dimensional symmetricα-stable processes X^(α) and X^(α)with respective indices α and α.We first study the sufficient condition for the existence of the derivatives,which makes us obtain the exponential integrability and H?lder continuity.Then we show that this condition is also necessary for the existence of derivatives of intersection local time at the origin.Moreover,we also study the power variation of the derivatives.

对称α-stable与高斯的混合噪声中信号检测的几种新方法

文章首先对现有α-stable噪声中信号检测的几种方法进行概述、分析.在将背景噪声拓展为对称α-stable分布噪声和高斯噪声的混合噪声(一种更接近实际工程的噪声模型)时,基于一种可逼近于对称α-stable分布的表达式,提出了几种基于低阶矩理论的信号检测新方法.它们分别是:改进的矩方法、局部次最优新方法.它们有简单的表达式,容易实现.蒙特卡罗仿真试验结果表明,这几种新方法是行之有效的,检测性能优于现有的一些方法.

基于极大值截尾和偏斜分类的Alpha-stable分布参数估计新方法

在分析Alpha-stable分布概率密度函数特性的基础上,充分利用Alpha-stable分布拖尾的渐进Pareto特性和不对称性,本文提出了一种新的Alpha-stable分布极大值估计方法。仿真和分析表明该方法提高了参数估计的准确性和稳定性。

基于α-stable分布的多目标粒子群算法研究及应用

多目标的粒子群算法(MOPSO)在各个领域的优化设计中得到了广泛应用及改进,但是目前仍然存在着在进化后期容易陷入局部最优导致收敛精度低、解的多样性差等问题。引入α-stable分布理论,发展建立了一种新的基于α-stable动态变异的多目标粒子群优化算法(ASMOPSO)。通过α-stable分布生成随机数对PSO算法的种群进行变异操作,增加种群的多样性,在算法中动态调整稳定性系数α实现变异范围和幅度的变化,从而使得改进的ASMOPSO算法具有兼顾计算精度和全局寻优的能力。使用ZDT系列无约束函数和带约束的Tanaka及Srinivas函数对改进前后的算法进行了测试,结果显示出了ASMOPSO算法的快速全局寻优性能。将改进后的算法应用到RAE2822跨音速翼型的减阻和力矩绝对值不增大的综合优化中,得到了较好的多目标气动优化结果。

PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR A CLASS OF STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS DRIVEN BY SMALL STABLE NOISES FROM DISCRETE OBSERVATIONS

We study the least squares estimation of drift parameters for a class of stochastic differential equations driven by small a-stable noises, observed at n regularly spaced time points ti = i/n, i = 1,...,n on [0, 1]. Under some regularity conditions, we obtain the consistency and the rate of convergence of the least squares estimator （LSE） when a small dispersion parameter ε→0 and n →∞ simultaneously. The asymptotic distribution of the LSE in our setting is shown to be stable, which is completely different from the classical cases where asymptotic distributions are normal.

基于Alpha-stable的粒子群算法变异策略研究及气动优化应用

提出了一种基于Alpha stable分布的新型变异方法。针对粒子群算法容易陷入局部最优的缺点,通过对比分析确定了一种调整Alpha stable分布的稳态系数动态变异策略,使粒子群算法能够在搜索初始阶段具有更强的种群多样性以及算法探索能力,减少陷入局部最优的可能;在算法末期增强粒子群优化算法的局部搜索能力,提高解的精度。将基于Alpha stable变异的粒子群优化算法(Alpha stable particle swarm optimization, ASPSO)与多种改进型粒子群优化算法以及差分进化算法(differential evolution algorithm, DE)进行了比较,基准测试函数结果表明新建立的ASPSO算法极大地提高了算法的收敛速度和精度。将其应用到RAE2822翼型的单点跨声速减阻优化中,在保持种群规模等参数相同的情形下,ASPSO算法的优化效果和效率都远高于传统PSO算法,最终得到的翼型也比PSO优化的翼型具有更高的升阻比,翼面波阻有明显降低。

暂留对称Stable过程逗留测度的重分形结构

设X是取值于Rd的阶数为α<d的暂留对称Stab le过程,μ(x,ε)表示X在中心x、半径为ε球里的逗留测度.用d(,μx)和-d(,μx)分别表示X在x点的下局部和上局部维数.本文得到,当β∈(α,2α)时,满足-d(,μx)=β的点的Hausdorff维数是2α-β几乎处处成立,当β>2α时,这个相应的集合是空集几乎处处成立.

Quantum key distribution series network protocol with M-classical Bobs

Secure key distribution among classical parties is impossible both between two parties and in a network. In this paper, we present a quantum key distribution （QKD） protocol to distribute secure key bits among one quantum party and numerous classical parties who have no quantum capacity. We prove that our protocol is completely robust, i.e., any eavesdropping attack should be detected with nonzero probability. Our calculations show that our protocol may be secure against Eve＇s symmetrically individual attack.