The biosafety level-2 macromolecular crystallography beamline(BL10U2)at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

BL10U2 is an undulator-based macromolecular crystallography(MX)beamline located at the 3.5-GeV Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.BL10U2 is specifically designed for conducting routine and biosafety level-2(BSL-2)MX experiments utilizing high-flux tunable X-rays with energies from 7 to 18 keV,providing a beam spot size of 20μm(horizontal)×10μm(vertical)at the sample point.Certification by the Shanghai Pudong Municipal Health Commission confirmed the capability to perform BSL-2 MX experiments.The beamline is currently equipped with an Eiger X 16 M detector and two newly developed in-house high-precision diffractometers that can be switched to perform conventional or in situ crystal diffraction experiments.An automatic sample changer developed in-house allows fast sample exchange in less than 30 s,supporting high-throughput MX experimentation and rapid crystal screening.Data collection from both the diffractometer and detector was controlled by an in-house developed data collection software(Finback)with a user-friendly interface for convenient operation.This study presents a comprehensive overview of the facilities,experimental methods,and performance characteristics of the BL10U2 beamline.

BL02U1:the relocated macromolecular crystallography beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

Macromolecular crystallography beamline BL17U1 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility has been relocated,upgraded,and given a new ID(BL02U1).It now delivers X-rays in the energy range of 6–16 keV,with a focused beam of 11.6μm×4.8μm and photon flux greater than 1012 phs/s.The high credibility and stability of the beam and good timing synchronization of the equipment significantly improve the experimental efficiency.Since June 2021,when it officially opened to users,over 4200 h of beamtime have been provided to over 200 research groups to collect data at the beamline.Its good performance and stable operation have led to the resolution of several structures based on data collected at the beamline.

The protein complex crystallography beamline(BL19U1)at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

The protein complex crystallographic beamline BL19U1 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is one of the five beamlines dedicated to protein sciences operated by National Facility for Protein Science(Shanghai,China).The beamline,which features a small-gap invacuum undulator,has been officially open to users since March 2015.This beamline delivers X-ray in the energy range 7–15 keV.With its high flux,low divergence beam and a large active area detector,BL19U1 is designed for proteins with large molecular weight and large crystallographic unit cell dimensions.Good performance and stable operation of the beamline have allowed the number of Protein Data Bank(PDB)depositions and the number of articles published based on data collected at this beamline to increase steadily.To date,over 300 research groups have collected data at the beamline.More than 600 PDB entries have been deposited at the PDB(www.pdb.org).More than 300 papers have been published that include data collected at the beamline,including 21 research articles published in the top-level journals Cell,Nature,and Science.

Tuning control system of a third harmonic superconducting cavity in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

Beam lifetime is dominated by Touschek scattering at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF).Touschek loss rate is affected by probability for scattering beyond the RF acceptance and the volume charge density of the bench.In the phaseⅡupgrade of the SSRF,a third harmonic superconducting cavity will be used to enhance the Touschek lifetime by lengthening the bunches.The Touschek lifetime improvement factor is affected by the voltage of a harmonic cavity.To stabilize the cavity voltage,a tuning control system was designed to control it.The design of the tuning control system was based on the SSRF third-generation low-level RF control system.Some hardware and specialized algorithms were redesigned to fit the harmonic cavity control.The design of the tuning control system is complete,and the control system has been tested.The test result shows that the fluctuation of amplitude is<±0.34%within 1.5 h,which satisfies the stability requirement.

Design of wide-range energy material beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

We report the design of a wide-range energy material beamline(E-line) with multiple experimental techniques at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.The undulators consisted of an elliptically polarizing undulator and in-vacuum undulator that generate the soft and hard X-rays, respectively. The beamline covered a wide energy range from 130 to 18 ke V with both a high photon flux([ 10^(12) phs/s with exit silt 30 lm in soft X-ray and [ 5 9 10^(12) phs/s in hard X-ray within 0.1%BW bandwidth) and promising resolving power(maximum E/DE [ 15,000 in soft X-ray with exit silt 30 lm and [6000 in hard X-ray). Moreover, the beam spots from the soft and hard X-rays were focused to the same sample position with a high overlap ratio, so that the surfaces, interfaces, and bulk properties were characterized in situ by changing the probing depth.

Investigation of the topological shape of bovine serum albumin in solution by small-angle x-ray scattering at Beijing synchrotron radiation facility

This paper reports that at a newly constructed small-angle x-ray scattering station of Beijing Synchrotron Radia- tion Facility, the topological shape of ligand-free bovine serum albumin in solution has been investigated. An appropriate scattering curve is obtained and the calculated value of the gyration radius is 31.2~=t=0.25 ~_ （11=0.1 nm） which is co- incident with other ones＇ results. It finds that the low-resolution structure models obtained by making use of ab initio reconstruction methods are fitting the crystal structure of human serum albumin very well. All of these results perform the potential of the beamline to apply to structural biology studies. The characteristics, the defects, and the improving measures of the station in future are also discussed.

Focusing high-energy x-rays by a P MMA compound x-ray lens on Beijing synchrotron radiation facility

The x-ray compound lens is a novel refractive x-ray optical device. This paper reports the authors＇ recent research on a polymethyl methacrylate （PMMA） compound x-ray lens. Firstly the designing and LIGA fabrication process for the PMMA compound x-ray lens are briefly described. Then, a method for theoretical analysis, as well as the experimental system for measurement is also introduced. Finally, the focusing spots for 8keV monochromatic x-rays by the PMMA compound x-ray lens are measured and analysed. According to the experimental results, it is concluded that the PMMA compound x-ray lens promises a good focusing performance under the high-energy x-rays.

The SLEGS beamline of SSRF

The Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source(SLEGS,located in BL03SSID)beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)is a Laser Compton Scattering(LCS)gamma source used for the investigation of nuclear structure,which is in extensive demand in fields such as nulear astrophysics;nulear cdluster structure,polarization physics;and nulear energy The beamline is based on the inverse Compton scattering of 10640 nm photons on 3.5 GeV electrons and a gamma source with va riable energy by changing the scattering angle frorm 20°to 160°.γrays of 0.25-21.1 MeV can be extracted by the scheme consisting of the interaction chamber,coarse collinator,fine collimator,and attenuator.The maximum photon flux for 1800 is approximately 10^(7)photons/s at the target at 21.7 MeV,with a 3-mm-diameter beam.The beamline was equipped with four types of spectrometers for experiments in(Y,Y'),(7,n),(Y,D),and(7,0).At present,Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence(NRF)spectrometry,Flat-Efficiency neutron Detector(FED)spectrometry,neutron Time-OF Flight(TOF)spectrometry,and Light-Charged Particle(LCP)spectrormetry methods have been developed.

The hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the SSRF

The hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline BL13U is a phase-II beamline project at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.The beamline aims to enable comprehensive experiments at high spatial resolutions ranging from 50 to 10 nm.The X-ray energy range of the beamline,5-25 keV,can detect most elements in the periodic table.Two operating modes were designed to accommodate the experimental requirements of high-energy resolution or high photon flux,respectively.X-ray nanofluorescence,nanodiffraction,and coherent diffraction imaging are developed as the main experimental techniques for BL13U.This paper describes the beamline optics,end station configurations,experimental methods under development,and preliminary test results.This comprehensive overview aims to provide a clear understanding of the beamline capabilities and potential applications.

Ultrahard X-ray multifunctional application beamline at the SSRF

The ultrahard X-ray multifunctional application beamline(BL12SW)is a phase-II beamline project at the Shanghai Syn-chrotron Radiation Facility.The primary X-ray techniques used at the beamline are high-energy X-ray diffraction and imaging using white and monochromatic light.The main scientific objectives of ultrahard X-ray beamlines are focused on two research areas.One is the study of the structural properties of Earth’s interior and new materials under extreme high-temperature and high-pressure conditions,and the other is the characterization of materials and processes in near-real service environments.The beamline utilizes a superconducting wiggler as the light source,with two diamond windows and SiC discs to filter out low-energy light(primarily below 30 keV)and a Cu filter assembly to control the thermal load entering the subsequent optical components.The beamline is equipped with dual monochromators.The first was a meridional bending Laue monochromator cooled by liquid nitrogen,achieving a full-energy coverage of 30-162 keV.The second was a sagittal bending Laue monochromator installed in an external building,providing a focused beam in the horizontal direction with an energy range of 60-120 keV.There were four experimental hutches:two large-volume press experimental hutches(LVP1 and LVP2)and two engineering material experimental hutches(ENG1 and ENG2).Each hutch was equipped with various near-real service conditions to satisfy different requirements.For example,LVP1 and LVP2 were equipped with a 200-ton DDIA press and a 2000-ton dual-mode(DDIA and Kawai)press,respectively.ENG1 and ENG2 provide in situ tensile,creep,and fatigue tests as well as high-temperature conditions.Since June 2023,the BL12SW has been in trial operation.It is expected to officially open to users by early 2024.

中国光子大科学装置的发展

光子大科学装置主要分为同步辐射光源和自由电子激光装置两大类,可以产生光子能量范围从红外到硬X射线的高通量、高亮度、光子能量连续可调的光,在过去半个多世纪里已经发展成为服务于物理学、化学、材料科学、生命科学、能源、环境科学等众多学科的综合性科研中心。光子大科学装置在我国经过了40多年的发展,已经建立起较完整的体系,达到世界先进水平。文章通过对已有的和建设中的装置的描述分别介绍同步辐射光源和自由电子激光在国内的发展历程和现状,并对未来发展趋势进行展望。

Synchrotron radiation-based materials characterization techniques shed light on molten salt reactor alloys

From a safety point of view, it is important to study the damages and reliability of molten salt reactor structural alloy materials, which are subjected to extreme environments due to neutron irradiation, molten salt corrosion, fission product attacks, thermal stress, and even combinations of these. In the past few years, synchrotron radiation-based materials characterization techniques have proven to be effective in revealing the microstructural evolution and failure mechanisms of the alloys under surrogating operation conditions. Here, we review the recent progress in the investigations of molten salt corrosion,tellurium(Te) corrosion, and alloy design. The valence states and distribution of chromium(Cr) atoms, and the diffusion and local atomic structure of Te atoms near the surface of corroded alloys have been investigated using synchrotron radiation techniques, which considerably deepen the understandings on the molten salt and Te corrosion behaviors. Furthermore, the structure and size distribution of the second phases in the alloys have been obtained, which are helpful for the future development of new alloy materials.

Polycapillary X-ray lens for the secondary focusing Beijing synchrotron radiation source

According to intensity distribution of the synchrotron radiation source focused by a toroidal mirror at the Beijing synchrotron radiation biological macromolecule station, theoretical modeling of the Beijing synchrotron radiation source is developed for capillary optics. Using this theoretical modeling, the influences of the configuration curve of the polycapillary X-ray lens on transmission efficiency and working distance are analyzed. The experimental results of the transmission efficiency and working distance at the biological macromolecule station are in good agreement with the theoretical results.

基于人工智能的高能物理大数据技术与应用

【目的】高能物理的科学目标是探索物质微观结构以及相互作用的基本原理,这些研究均依赖于超大规模的高能物理实验装置。由高能物理加速器技术衍生出来的同步辐射光源、自由电子激光、散裂中子源装置成为材料科学、生物医学、环境科学、地质学、物理、化学等学科领域的基础和应用研究的不可替代的工具。新一代高能物理实验装置的规模和复杂度得到巨大的提升,实验产生的数据量出现数量级的增长。人工智能和大数据技术逐步成为应对高能物理装置运行以及数据处理挑战的有效工具,并带来科研范式的变革。【方法】本文讨论了高能物理在大数据方面的挑战、国内外大数据与AI在高能物理领域的应用现状。文章介绍了国内高能物理大数据与AI的战略部署和相关研究,同时介绍了一些应用示范案例。【结论】文章最后对大数据与AI带来的科研范式变革进行了讨论。

上海粒子加速器大科学装置概述

先进粒子加速器包括射频直线加速器和环形同步加速器等,不仅极大地加速了人类从核物理迈向基本粒子物理的进程,而且同时派生出了同步辐射光源、自由电子激光、质子/重离子治疗仪等一批涉及生命科学、材料科学、能源科学、物理学、化学和医学等重大前沿学科研究和应用的大科学装置。上海已经成为我国并且正在成为国际上先进加速器科学中心之一,本文概述性地介绍上海先后建成的第三代同步辐射光源、软X射线自由电子激光装置、先进质子治疗装置、以及正在建设的硬X射线自由电子激光,并对上海未来粒子加速器学科和大科学装置的发展方向做出总结和展望。

The new X-ray imaging and biomedical application beamline BL13HB at SSRF

A new X-ray imaging and biomedical application beamline(BL13HB)has been implemented at the Shanghai Radiation Synchrotron Facility(SSRF)as an upgrade to the old X-ray imaging and biomedical application beamline(BL13W1).This is part of the Phase II construction project of the SSRF.The BL13HB is dedicated to 2D and 3D static and dynamic X-ray imaging,with a field of view of up to 48.5 mm×5.2 mm and spatial resolution as high as 0.8μm.A super-bending magnet is used as the X-ray source in BL13HB,which has a maximum magnetic field of 2.293 T.The energy range of monochromatic X-ray photons from a double-multiplayer monochromator was 8–40 keV,and the white beam mode was provided on the beamline for dynamic X-ray imaging and dynamic X-ray micro-CT.While maintaining the previous experimental setup of BL13W1,new equipment was added to the beamline experimental station.The beamline is equipped with different sets of X-ray imaging detectors for several experimental methods such as micro-CT,dynamic micro-CT,and pair distribution function.The experimental station of BL13HB is designed specifically for various in situ dynamic experiments,and BL13HB has been open to users since June 2021.

上海光源准直测量方案设计

上海光源在准直测量方案设计中面临的最大挑战来自于松软地基及高精度的定位要求。上海光源的准直过程分为控制网测量、元件标定、预安装准直、现场安装及平滑测量5个关键步骤。采用激光跟踪仪和静力水准系统等测量手段,将控制网精度设计为0.08 mm,其余步骤精度达到0.05 mm,以保证相邻共架机构的准直精度达到0.12 mm,优于0.15 mm的设计指标。方案在注重精度指标的同时,还兼顾了可靠性、测量效率、费用及实时监测的可能性。

基于同步辐射高能X射线的喷油器喷嘴内部几何结构及尺寸的测量

由于目前很难精确地对柴油喷油器喷嘴内部结构和尺寸进行直接测量,利用上海光源高能高通量同步辐射X射线,对喷油器进行X线层析扫描,获得了高精度的喷油器内部三维结构模型,并基于该模型实现了柴油机喷油器的喷孔孔径、喷孔间夹角、喷孔锥角以及喷孔上下倒角半径的测量。测量结果表明,用本文方法能够实现喷油器内部结构及尺寸的测量,且测量得到的各种尺寸参数具有较高的精度。

上海光源同步辐射空间干涉仪研制

研制了上海光源同步辐射空间干涉仪,用于储存环束团横向截面尺寸及发射度的精确测量。对干涉仪工艺设计中的光路参数、关键设备选型、数据处理方法及数据采集处理软件结构进行了分析讨论。结合束流实验完成了系统调试及运行参数优化,结果表明,CCD增益系数与曝光时间设置对测量精度有显著影响,增益系数设为0 dB,曝光时间设为200 ms时,随机测量误差可控制在μm量级。对上海光源储存环横向束斑尺寸进行了精确测量,结果表明:空间相干度曲线近似为高斯分布,可以采用单一空间频率的相干度测量值进行快速束斑尺寸计算;水平束斑尺寸实测值为52.4μm,与理论值预期值53.0μm相比,差异小于2%;系统测量误差约为5.5%,主要误差来源为相干度随机测量误差。

同步辐射在显微CT中的应用

计算机X射线断层成像技术(CT)是利用X射线的穿透能力对物体进行扫描,所得信号经过反投影的算法而得到物体二维分布的一种成像方法,已经在医学诊断、工业探伤等领域广泛应用。但是由于实验室光源的低通量,光源点大小及其单色性等限制了其向高分辨发展,通常其分辨率在0.5mm左右。利用微焦点X射线源作为光源的显微CT分辨率可以达到微米量级,但是由于其光通量低且为非单色光,对不同样品有不同程度的束线硬化,影响了其真实分辨率。同步辐射作为一种新兴的光源有高亮度、高光子通量、高准直性、高极化性、高相干性及宽的频谱范围的特点,配合高分辨的X射线探测器,可以发展同步辐射显微CT,其分辨率可达10μm以下。利用同步辐射的高空间相干性开展位相衬度显微CT的研究,对低吸收物质也可以清晰三维成像。新建的上海光源的X射线成像及生物医学应用线站开展了三维显微CT方面的研究,经过初步试验,得到了较好的结果。