Efficacy and necessity of prophylactic vitrectomy for acute retinal necrosis syndrome

AIM: To compare the efficacy of prophylactic vitrectomy for acute retinal necrosis syndrome(ARN) with routine treatment in Chinese patients, thereby investigate the necessity of prophylactic vitrectomy for ARN. METHODS: Thirty patients (37 eyes) were retrospectively included in this study. The eyes were divided into 2 groups by treatment, including routine treatment, which consisted of antiviral medication and vitrectomy after retinal detachment (RD) (n=21), and prophylactic vitrectomy, which consisted of antiviral medication and vitrectomy for the prevention of RD performed during the active inflammatory phase (n=16). The extent of necrosis was determined by fundus photographs at the time of presentation (for eyes with mild vitreous opacity) or the drawings in the operation records. Necrosis of the 37 eyes was divided into 3 grades, including peripheral, middle-peripheral and extensive. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 57 months. Differences in visual acuity and necrosis between groups were identified using independent samples t-test. RESULTS: Necrosis was more extensive in the routine treatment group than in the prophylactic vitrectomy group (P<0.05). In the routine treatment group, conservative treatment improved necrosis and prevented RD in 6 eyes (29%). Seven eyes (33%) obtained anatomical success, but retinal redetachment occurred in 8 eyes (57%). There were also 5 eyes (24%) developed ocular hypotony or atrophy. Ten eyes (48%) achieved equal or increased visual acuity. In the prophylactic vitrectomy group, RD occurred in 2 eyes (13%). Twelve eyes (75%) were completely anatomically successful, and 10 eyes underwent silicone oil removal. Only one eye (6%) became ocular hypotony. Fourteen eyes (88%) achieved equal or increased visual acuity. The prophylactic vitrectomy group achieved better vision trends than the routine treatment group (P<0.05). Eyes with peripheral necrosis had better visual outcomes than those with mid-peripheral (P<0.05) or extensive (P<0.05) necrosis. However, there was no significant difference between eyes with mid-peripheral and extensive necrosis (P=0.3008) CONCLUSION: Prophylactic vitrectomy can prevent RD and improve the prognosis of ARN, making it an option for cases with rapidly progressing necrosis despite antiviral treatment and cases with moderate to extensive necrosis and severe vitreous opacity.

Advances in the diagnosis and management of acute retinal necrosis

Acute retinal necrosis(ARN)is a devastating syndrome characterized by panuveitis,retinal necrosis,and a high rate of retinal detachment that may result in poor visual outcomes if not promptly diagnosed and treated.ARN is most commonly caused by viruses within the herpesvirus family.Etiologies include varicella-zoster virus,herpes simplex virus,and cytomegalovirus,and may be promptly diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction testing of aqueous or vitreous fluid.The true incidence of ARN is not known due to its rarity;as a result,clinical treatment is often guided by retrospective case series,case reports,and expert opinion.Standard of care has evolved over time but currently includes a combination of systemic and intravitreal antiviral in conjunction with topical or oral steroids and surgical therapy as needed.Combination therapy may reduce the rate of severe vision loss and increase the rate of visual acuity gain,although further studies are needed in this area.In particular for patients with mild to moderate disease,combination therapy may reduce the rate of retinal detachment.Adjunctive therapies including oral corticosteroid and prophylactic laser barricade are incompletely studied,but corticosteroid in particular,may reduce inflammation,which also is involved in the severe disease pathogenesis observed in ARN.This review discusses the advances in diagnosis and treatment of ARN,including management with combination antiviral medication and surgical interventions.

Nursing Care of 13 Cases with Acute Retinal Necrosis Associated with HIV/AIDS during Day Surgery

Objective: Summarizing the nursing points from the treatment of the 13 cases of AIDS-related acute retinal necrosis syndrome (ARNS). Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical nursing process of 13 cases (15 eyes) of AIDS-related ARNS patient treated in our hospital from January to December 2019. Results: The retina of all the patients were flat after operation. Postoperative visual acuity: bilateral visual acuity < 0.05 in 3 cases, >0.1 in 11 eyes, 0.01 - 0.1 in 3 eyes, >0.1 in 1 eye. No adverse events and nursing safety events occurred. Patients recovered well after operation during the follow-up after discharge. Conclusion: The focus of nursing care for patients with HIV/AIDS combined with acute retinal necrosis during daytime surgery is multifaceted, apart from the daily, perioperative nursing in day-care unit, continuous nursing, psychological counseling, disinfection and isolation should be paid attention to. At the same time, with the help of promotion and application of information education means, the treatment compliance of patients can be improved, which plays an essential role in the advance of the treatment effect.

Acute esophageal necrosis as a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis:A case report

BACKGROUND Acute esophageal necrosis(AEN)is a rare condition that has been associated with low volume states,microvascular disease,gastrointestinal(GI)mucosal damage,and impaired GI motility.It has been linked in case reports with diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA)and is commonly associated with GI bleeding(GIB).CASE SUMMARY We report a case of endoscopy confirmed AEN as a complication of DKA in a 63-year-old Caucasian male without any overt GIB and a chief complaint of epigastric pain.Interestingly,there was no apparent trigger for DKA other than a newly started ketogenic diet two days prior to symptom onset.A possible potentiating factor for AEN beyond DKA is the recent start of a Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist(GLP-1 RA),though they have not been previously connected to DKA or AEN.The patient was subsequently treated with high dose proton pump inhibitors,GLP-1 RA was discontinued,and an insulin regimen was instituted.The patient’s symptoms improved over the course of several weeks following discharge and repeat endoscopy showed well healing esophageal mucosa.CONCLUSION This report highlights AEN in the absence of overt GIB,emphasizing the importance of early consideration of EGD.

Varicella-zoster virus as a causative agent of acute retinal necrosis in younger patients

Background: Herpes virus is considered to be the pathogen of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) infection. Previous studies have that patients with ARN caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are often older, and patients with herpes simplex virus (HSV) induced ARN are considerably younger. However, in our clinical work, we find that VZV is also a pathogen in younger ARN patients. We, therefore, aimed to analyze the common etiology of younger ARN patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was made of 20 eyes (18 patients) diagnosed as having ARN in the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2014 to 2016. All patients were reviewed for demographic data, clinical course, clinical manifestations, time from onset to initial physician visit, duration of follow-up, visual acuity at both presentation and final visit, and treatment strategies. A paired t test was used to compare visual acuity between the presenting vision and those of final follow-up. Vitreous or aqueous specimens from 18 eyes of 18 patients were analyzed with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR)/quantitative PCR (qPCR) and xTAG-liquid chip technology (xTAG-LCT) to determine the causative virus of ARN. Results: Final best visual acuity (BCVA) improved significantly from 1.36±0.95 (median 20/400) to 0.95±0.82 (median 20/100)￠=2.714, P = 0.015) after systemic and intravitreal antiviral treatment combined with or without pars plana vitrectomy. PCR and xTAG-LCT results showed four of the five samples in the younger group (32.2±5.2 years) and 12 of the 13 samples in the senior group (53.6±4.9 years) were positive for VZV, and two of the five samples in the younger group were positive for HSV-1. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that VZV is also a common causative virus for ARN in younger patients. Considering this finding, a systemic antiviral treatment protocol should be immediately changed to intravenous ganciclovir when the patient does not respond to acyclovir before determining the causative virus, especially in younger patients.

Clinically applicable artificial intelligence algorithm for the diagnosis,evaluation,and monitoring of acute retinal necrosis

The prompt detection and proper evaluation of necrotic retinal region are especially important for the diagnosis and treatment of acute retinal necrosis(ARN).The potential application of artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms in these areas of clinical research has not been reported previously.The present study aims to create a computational algorithm for the automated detection and evaluation of retinal necrosis from retinal fundus photographs.A total of 149 wide-angle fundus photographs from40 eyes of 32 ARN patients were collected,and the U-Net method was used to construct the AI algorithm.Thereby,a novel algorithm based on deep machine learning in detection and evaluation of retinal necrosis was constructed for the first time.This algorithm had an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.92,with 86%sensitivity and 88%specificity in the detection of retinal necrosis.For the purpose of retinal necrosis evaluation,necrotic areas calculated by the AI algorithm were significantly positively correlated with viral load in aqueous humor samples(R2=0.7444,P<0.0001)and therapeutic response of ARN(R2=0.999,P<0.0001).Therefore,our AI algorithm has a potential application in the clinical aided diagnosis of ARN,evaluation of ARN severity,and treatment response monitoring.

Lipopolysaccharide “Two-hit” Induced Refractory Hypoxemia Acute Respiratory Distress Model in Rats

To establish a stable and reliable model of refractory hypoxemia acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS） and examine its pathological mechanisms, a total of 144 healthy male Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups： group Ⅰ （saline control group）, group Ⅱ （LPS intravenous ＂single-hit＂ group）, group Ⅲ （LPS intratracheal ＂single-hit＂ group） and Group IV （LPS ＂two-hit＂ group）. Rats were intravenously injected or intratracheally instilled with a large dose of LPS （10 mg/kg in 0.5 mL） to simulate a single attack of ARDS, or intraperitoneally injected with a small dose of LPS （1 mg/kg） followed by tracheal instillation with median dose of LPS （5 mg/kg） to establish a ＂two-hit＂ model. Rats in each group were monitored by arterial blood gas analysis and visual inspection for three consecutive days. Arterial blood gas values, lung wet/dry weight ratio and pathological pulmonary changes were analyzed to determine the effects of each ALI/ARDS model. Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-10 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） and blood plasma were meastired by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISA）. Our resulsts showed that single LPS-stimulation, whether through intravenous injection or tracheal instillation, could only induce ALl and temporary hypoxemia in rats. A two-hit LPS stimulation induces prolonged hypoxemia and specific pulmonary injury in rats, and is therefore a more ideal approximation of ARDS in the animal model. The pathogenesis of LPS two-hit-induced ARDS is associated with an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response and inflammatory injury. It is concluded that the rat ARDS model produced by our LPS two-hit method is more stable and reliable than previous models, and closer to the diagnostic criteria of ARDS, and better mimics the pathological process of ARDS.

EFFECT OF ASPIRIN PLUS CLOPIDOGREL ON INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH NON-ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Background Aspirin can inhibit inflammatory reactions and platelet aggregation, but little is known about the effects of the combination of aspirin plus clopidogrel, a new antiplatelet agent, on inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether aspirin plus clopidogrel can further suppress inflammation in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome （NSTEACS）. Methods One hundred and fifteen patients with NSTEACS were randomized into two groups： group A （aspirin alone, n=58） and group B （aspirin plus clopidogrel, n=57）. Patients in group A received a loading dose of 300 mg aspirin, then 100 mg per day. The patients in group B received a loading dose of 300 mg aspirin and 300 mg clopidogrel, then 100 mg aspirin and 75 mg clopidogrel per day. Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α ） were measured in all patients at baseline prior to any drug treatment after admission, and at 7 and 30 days after beginning drug treatment. Thirty healthy volunteers on no medications were enrolled as controls （group C）. Results Baseline levels of hs-CRP and TNF-α in group A and group B were significantly higher than those in group C. Seven days after administration, the levels of hs-CRP in both group A and group B decreased significantly [Group A： （6.15 ± 1.39） mg/L vs （9.18 ± 1.62） rag/L, P 〈0.01; Group B：（4.99 ± 1.62） mg/L vs （10.29 ± 1.47） rag/L, P〈0.01]. Similarly, levels of TNF-α in both groups decreased at 7 days compared to baseline [Group A： （90.99 ± 28.91） pg/ml vs （117.20 ± 37.13） pg/ml, P 〈0.01; Group B： （74.32± 21.83） pg/ml vs （115.27 ± 32.11） pg/ml, P 〈0.01]. Thirty days after administration, the levels of hs-CRP in both group A and group B decreased further to （3.49 ± 1.53） rag/L, and （2.40 ± 1.17） mg/L respectively （P 〈0.01 for both comparisons）. Levels of TNF-α in groups A and B also decreased significantly between 7 and 30 days, to 63.28 ± 29.01 pg/ml （group A） and （43.95 ± 17.10） pg/ml （group B; P 〈0.01 for both comparisons）. Significantly lower levels of hs-CRP and TNF-α were observed in group B compared to Group A at thirty days after initiating drug treatment （P 〈0.05）. Conclusions Aspirin plus clopidogrel treatment reduced levels of serum hs-CRP and TNF-α in patients with NSTEACS significantly more than aspirin alone. Because both aspirin and clopidogrel produce important anti-inflammatory effects, these results suggest the possibility that long-term treatment with aspirin plus clopidogrel may produce greater clinical benefits compared to treatment with aspirin alone.

Black esophagus syndrome associated with diabetic ketoacidosis

Acute esophageal necrosis,also known as "black esophagus syndrome",is a rare acute esophageal disease that is often associated with vomiting and upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.At present,little is known regarding the pathogenesis of this disease.We present the case of a 50-year-old white male patient with diabetic ketoacidosis suffering from acute esophageal necrosis with nausea and vomiting but without any clinical signs of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Dynamic changes in blood cytokine levels as clinical indicators in severe acute respiratory syndrome

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes observed in serum levels of interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1 ) in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients.Methods Sixty-one cases of SARS with positive antibodies to SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were classified into the following categories: initial stage (3-7 days), peak stage (8-14 days), and remission and recovery stage (15 -27 days). Forty-four healthy individuals were used as controls. Serum levels of ILs, TNF-a and TGF-p, were measured in all subjects. Serum antibodies to SARS-CoV were detected only in SARS cases.Results The mean concentration of serum IL - 6 in SARS patients did not differ from that in the control group in initial and peak stages, but became significantly higher in remission and recovery stage compared with the control group, initial and peak stages ( P<0. 01). The mean concentration of serum IL-8 in SARS patients did not differ from that of the control group in initial stage, but was significantly higher than control group in peak stage and remission and recovery stage ( P < 0. 05). And it was more significantly higher in remission and recovery stage than in peak stage ( P<0. 01). The mean concentrations of IL-16 and TNF-αin SARS patients were higher than those of the control group for every length of the clinical courses investigated, and were especially high in remission and recovery stage (P<0. 01). SARS patients experienced higher concentration of serum IL-13 compared with the controls in initial stage ( P < 0. 01), but returned to normal levels in peak stage and in remission and recovery stage. The mean concentration of serum IL-18 in SARS patients was significantly lower than that of the control group during all clinical courses ( P < 0. 05). The mean concentration of serum TGF-β1, in SARS patients was higher than that of the control group during all clinical courses. Although TGF-bbbbb1 in serum decreased in remission and recovery stage in SARS patients, the average was still higher than that of the control group (P<0. 01). Conclusions Most proinflammatory cytokines and TGF-β1, were elevated during the early phase of SARS, which may be associated with lung infiltration and proliferation. Concurrently, the mean concentration of serum IL-13 decreased gradually, and the mean concentration of serum IL-18 level in SARS patients was lower than that of the control group during all the courses of SARS, suggesting that the immune state of the patients with SARS was obviously abnormal. Observing the dynamic changes in blood cytokine levels can provide a scientific basis to assess pathogenesis and efficacy of clinical treatment of SARS.

Early and marked up-regulation of TNF-α in acute respiratory distress syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass

Despite the technique of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)improved the development of modern cardiac surgery,many factors during CPB have been reported to induce acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).The present study was to investigate which pro-inflammatory factors involved in the early phase of ARDS.Ten patients underwent valve replacement surgery with or without ARDS were enrolled for analysis of pulmonary function and inflammatory factors release including white blood cell(WBC),neutrophils,CD11b,CD18,interleukin(IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α).The results demonstrated that the ratio of arterial oxygen tension/fraction of inspire oxygen(PaO_(2)/FiO_(2))was greatly reduced in ARDS patients,but only the release of TNF-α was significantly increased,which was reversely correlated to the values of PaO_(2)/FiO_(2).Also,the count of neutrophils adhesive to pulmonary endothelial cells was significantly increased in ARDS patients.Therefore,we concluded that TNF-α was quickly up-regulated and involved in the pathogenesis of CPB-induced ARDS via guiding primed neutrophils to pulmonary interstitium.

Severe acute pancreatitis: Clinical course and management

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) develops in about 25% of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Severity of AP is linked to the presence of systemic organ dysfunctions and/or necrotizing pancreatitis pathomorphologically. Risk factors determining independently the outcome of SAP are early multi-organ failure, infection of necrosis and extended necrosis (> 50%). Up to one third of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis develop in the late course infection of necroses. Morbidity of SAP is biphasic, in the first week strongly related to early and persistence of organ or multi-organ dysfunction. Clinical sepsis caused by infected necrosis leading to multi-organ failure syndrome (MOFS) occurs in the later course after the first week. To predict sepsis, MOFS or deaths in the first 48-72 h, the highest predictive accuracy has been objectified for procalcitonin and IL-8; the Sepsis- Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)-score predicts the outcome in the first 48 h, and provides a daily assessment of treatment response with a high positive predictive value. Contrast-enhanced CT provides the highest diagnostic accuracy for necrotizing pancreatitis when performed after the first week of disease. Patients who suffer early organ dysfunctions or at risk of developing a severe disease require early intensive care treatment. Early vigorous intravenous fluid replacement is of foremost importance. The goal is to decrease the hematocrit or restore normal cardiocirculatory functions. Antibiotic prophylaxis has not been shown as an effective preventive treatment. Early enteral feeding is based on a high level of evidence, resulting in a reduction of local and systemic infection. Patients suffering infected necrosis causing clinical sepsis, pancreatic abscess or surgical acute abdomen are candidates for early intervention. Hospital mortality of SAP after interventional or surgical debridement has decreased in high volume centers to below 20%.

血清铁蛋白、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平与高炎症表型急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者病情严重程度及早期预后的相关性

目的 分析血清铁蛋白(SF)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达水平与高炎症表型急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者病情严重程度及早期预后的相关性。方法 回顾性选取2020年1月至2022年12月在北京市昌平区医院就诊的高炎症表型ARDS患者124例为研究对象。根据临床诊断结果分为轻度组(n=29)、中度组(n=51)、重度组(n=44)。根据入院治疗1个月后患者情况将其分为存活组(n=83)、死亡组(n=41)。检测并比较各组SF、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平变化,并分析高炎症表型ARDS中SF、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平与病情严重程度、早期预后的相关性。结果 轻度组SF、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平分别为(127.41±13.57)μg/L、(65.24±10.04) pg/mL、(43.17±8.26) ng/mL,均低于中度组[(241.55±17.03)μg/L、(127.05±12.19) pg/mL、(71.82±9.05) ng/mL]和重度组[(378.34±20.04)μg/L、(186.73±15.25) pg/mL、(104.50±11.46) ng/mL],中度组SF、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平均低于重度组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。存活组SF、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平分别为(156.25±9.06)μg/L、(71.52±11.36) pg/mL、(51.60±7.92) ng/mL,均低于死亡组[(419.72±23.64)μg/L、(216.82±13.51) pg/mL、(161.25±12.36) ng/mL],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,SF、IL-6、TNF-α水平表达与高炎症表型ARDS患者病情严重程度、早期预后均呈正相关(r=0.424、0.516、0.460,r=0.503、0.602、0.437;P<0.05)。结论 高炎症表型ARDS患者均伴有严重炎症反应,且SF、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平与病情严重程度、早期预后均呈正相关,需密切监测指标变化,可为病情严重程度、早期预后评估提供一定依据。

新型冠状病毒感染相关视网膜病变的小型病例研究

目的:观察新冠肺炎(COVID-19)相关视网膜病变患眼的多模式影像特征,探讨相关发病危险因素,并分析治疗和预后结果。方法:选取2022-12-13/2023-01-13在天津医科大学总医院确诊的COVID-19相关视网膜病变患者7例7眼。纳入患者均行眼底彩照、红外眼底照相(IR)、频域光相干断层扫描(SD-OCT)、眼底自发荧光(FAF)等眼科检查和血清学检查。结果:纳入患者中,视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)2例2眼表现与既往CRVO不同,患者均为青年,视网膜出血呈中心白点状的类圆形、梭形出血斑,其中1例1眼半侧视网膜静脉阻塞(HRVO)患者血管性血友病因子抗原(vWF:Ag)水平升高(161.8%),另1例1眼CRVO患者狼疮抗凝物试验(+);多发性一过性白点综合征(MEWDS)2例2眼,FAF示后极部散在圆点样高自发荧光,给予激素治疗后预后良好;急性黄斑神经视网膜病变(AMN)3例3眼,IR示黄斑旁边界清楚的低反射病灶,SD-OCT示外核层(ONL)、外界膜(ELM)高信号,EZ/IZ信号断裂,预后良好。结论:COVID-19可能引发炎症风暴,累及视网膜各层组织及血管,导致视网膜多种病变的发生,激素治疗可能有效,多预后良好,其中CRVO眼底出血可见Roth斑,狼疮抗凝物和vWF:Ag增高可能是COVID-19后易发CRVO的危险因素。

急性视网膜坏死综合征更昔洛韦全身用药时机的临床观察

目的观察急性视网膜坏死综合征(ARNs)不同时机全身使用抗病毒药物更昔洛韦治疗后的视力效果和视网膜脱离发生率,比较更昔洛韦全身用药不同时机对ARNs患者远期视力及视网膜脱离并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析山西省眼科医院2018年6月至2023年6月入院诊断ARNs 22例(23只眼)的资料进行分析,根据开始全身使用更昔洛韦的不同时间点,将患者分为A组(早期治疗组,12只眼,发病2周内开始使用更昔洛韦)和B组(未早期治疗组,11只眼,发病2周后开始使用更昔洛韦)。随访时间1~130周。结果随访末期视力(BCVA)A组高于B组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.069,P=0.037),随访末期视网膜脱离发生率A组为25%(3/12),低于B组64%(7/11),差异有统计学意义(P=0.036)。结论ARNs患者早期(2周内)全身使用抗病毒药物更昔洛韦较未早期使用(2周后),远期视力明显改善,视网膜脱离风险减小。

急性视网膜坏死综合征的早期诊断及治疗进展

急性视网膜坏死综合征(acute retinal necrosis syndrome,ARNS)是一种主要由疱疹病毒感染引起的以重度全葡萄膜炎、视网膜坏死灶、视网膜动脉为主的视网膜血管炎、玻璃体炎、脉络膜炎和后期视网膜裂孔及脱离为主要临床表现的一组眼病综合征。现阶段ARNS的误诊率仍然较高,早期临床表现缺乏特异性,导致ARNS患者治疗棘手,致盲率高。ARNS一经确诊,应立即行足量的抗病毒药物联合糖皮质激素对症治疗,预防性行视网膜激光光凝术,必要时行玻璃体切割术,尽可能留住患者生活视力。本文结合相关文献,对ARNS的早期诊断及相关治疗进展进行综述。

急性A型主动脉夹层合并肠系膜低灌注致肠缺血坏死的治疗策略

急性A型主动脉夹层是一种严重的心血管疾病,起病快,病死率高,传统上通常在患者入院后紧急进行开放性主动脉修复术,以防止主动脉破裂而导致死亡。然而,若合并灌注不良综合征引起肠系膜上动脉低灌注会进一步导致肠坏死,严重影响手术预后甚至引起不良后果,在治疗上带来极大困难。本文结合近年来国内外研究文献,从急性A型主动脉夹层造成器官灌注不良的机制、治疗现状、手术方式的选择进行综述。文献复习结果表明,目前针对急性A型主动脉夹层合并肠系膜上动脉灌注不良的手术方式选择可采用中心型主动脉修复术;对肠系膜上动脉先进行开窗和/或支架置入,再对主动脉进行延迟开放修复;优先进行肠系膜上动脉血运重建,再行主动脉中心型修复术;中心型主动脉修复的同时,对肠系膜上动脉的远端真腔进行直接血流灌注,并且都可以取得良好的治疗效果。但在外科主动脉修复术后,仍可能出现肠缺血坏死,此时需要积极进行剖腹探查并做出相应坏死肠切除处理,才能挽救患者的生命。

急性冠脉综合征患者血清补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白5水平与冠状动脉病变程度及心肌纤维化蛋白指标的相关性研究

背景急性冠脉综合征(ACS)是威胁人类健康的常见心血管疾病,严重的冠状动脉病变及心肌纤维化影响患者预后。应用无创血清学指标评估冠状动脉病变程度和心肌纤维化有助于ACS患者早期危险分层及治疗管理。目的探讨ACS患者血清补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白5(CTRP5)水平与冠状动脉病变程度、心肌纤维化相关蛋白指标的关系,为临床判断冠状动脉病变程度和心肌纤维化提供指导。方法选取2021年2月—2022年2月在衡水市人民医院心血管内科住院阻塞性狭窄的ACS患者184例,另选取同期行冠状动脉造影未见明显阻塞性狭窄的100例ACS患者作为对照。收集患者一般资料,行多普勒超声心动图检查,测定血清CTRP5、Ⅰ型前胶原(PCⅠ)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)。将阻塞性狭窄的ACS患者按照临床诊断标准分为不稳定型心绞痛(UA)组(n=67)、ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)组(n=57)和非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)组(n=61);根据冠状动脉造影病变支数分为单支病变组(n=42)、双支病变组(n=69)和三支病变组(n=73)。根据SYNTAXⅡ评分标准分为低危组(n=77)、中危组(n=73)和高危组(n=34)。根据PCⅠ中位数分为低PCⅠ水平组(n=95)和高PCⅠ水平组(n=89),依据PCⅢ中位数分为低PCⅢ水平组(n=93)、高PCⅢ水平组(n=91)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探究冠状动脉病变程度的影响因素。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清CTRP5对冠状动脉病变程度的诊断价值。结果ACS患者白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值、空腹血糖(FBG)、超敏肌钙蛋白I、血清CTRP5、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、PCⅠ、PCⅢ水平高于对照患者(P<0.05)。NSTEMI组、STEMI组患者血清CTRP5、hs-CRP高于UA组(P<0.05)。三支病变组患者血清CTRP5、PCⅠ、PCⅢ、hs-CRP水平高于单支病变组、双支病变组(P<0.05)。高危组患者血清CTRP5、PCⅠ、PCⅢ、hs-CRP水平高于低危组、中危组(P<0.05)。高PCⅠ水平组血清CTRP、hs-CRP水平高于低PCⅠ水平组(P<0.05)。高PCⅢ水平组血清CTRP、hs-CRP水平高于低PCⅢ水平组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,FBG、hs-CRP和CTRP5升高是冠状动脉多支病变的危险因素(P<0.05)。血清CTRP5、hs-CRP、FBG预测冠状动脉多支病变的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.736(95%CI=0.678~0.794)、0.687(95%CI=0.625~0.748)、0.649(95%CI=0.585~0.713)。结论血清CTRP5水平对ACS患者冠状动脉病变程度具有较好的预测价值,且CTRP5水平升高与心肌纤维化的发生可能存在关联。

丹芪精颗粒对急进高原人员的防护作用研究

背景 急进高原作训如果缺少阶梯习服或低氧预适应训练,会增加急性高原病(acute mountain sickness,AMS)的发生风险。AMS是因急性缺氧而引起的潜在致命性疾病,可直接导致作训减员。因此,积极进行药物研发,预防AMS发生具有十分重要的意义。目的 观察口服丹芪精颗粒对快速进入高原地区人员急性高原反应的防护作用。方法 以2022年6月某部参加高原训练分队的男性官兵为研究对象,采用前瞻性、随机、对照临床试验设计,共纳入80例18~35岁官兵,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组40例。治疗组口服丹芪精颗粒(主要由黄芪、丹参、黄精等药物组成),对照组口服红景天胶囊(主要成分为红景天),于进驻高原前7 d开始口服,共给予14 d。比较两组在进驻高原后第1天(T1)、第3天(T2)、第7天(T3)时一般情况、中医证候分级量化表和AMS量表评分、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、IL-8水平及药物安全性指标。结果 两组受试者的收缩压、舒张压、心率、血氧饱和度在各个时间点比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组进驻高原后第7天中医证候积分与第1天比较均显著下降(P<0.05),组间比较治疗组低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.088)。与进驻第1天比较,在进驻第3天、第7天时两组TNF-α、IL-6水平均降低(P<0.01),且治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05)。IL-8水平及AMS发生率组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肝、肾等指标两组均未见异常。结论 丹芪精颗粒可减少中医证候分级量化表评分,改善急进高原人员临床症状;可能通过降低血清TNF-α、IL-6水平,对急性高原暴露人员发生AMS起到防护作用。