Study on the Impact of Collective Commercial Construction Land Entering the Market on Rural Residents’Income:Taking Deqing County,Zhejiang Province as an Example

The entry of collective construction land for business purposes is an important measure for deepening the reform of the rural land system,promoting the flow of urban and rural factors,and realizing rural revitalization.Since the production of the first batch of pilot projects in 2015,33 county-level cities have participated in the pilot policy by 2023.Deqing County,Zhejiang Province,as the first area to participate in the pilot project,aims to achieve more fruitful results.This paper first examines how promoting farmers’income through the market entry of agricultural land can be achieved,then uses the synthetic control method to quantitatively study the impact of collective operational construction land on farmers’income using panel data from 2011 to 2019,and finally proposes relevant suggestions from the perspective of system reform.

Spatial emission reduction effects of China’s carbon emissions trading:quasi-natural experiments and policy spillovers

Insufficient assessment of emission reduction effects still exists in the carbon emission rights trading system,a major environmental regulation measure in China.Based on the data from the carbon trading pilot covering the years from 2007 to 2017,this study combined the synthetic control method with dynamic spatial Durbin model to comprehensively evaluate the spatial emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.The results showed that:①The carbon trading policies promoted carbon emission reductions in the pilot regions,among which Tianjin and Hubei responded significantly,and also helped to suppress carbon emissions in the neighboring areas.②Long-term emission reduction effect from carbon emissions trading became gradually significant,while the indirect emission reduction effect was relatively weaker.③In term of reducing carbon emissions,the economic development channel played a key role,but it had a threat to the promotion of carbon emissions in the surrounding areas.Energy consumption was the main obstacle to the growth of carbon emissions.④In the long run,technological progress tended to become the key to the effective implementation of potential emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.Based on the above findings,we suggest that the construction of a national carbon trading market should be promoted,the balanced development and orderly advancement of regional carbon trading markets should be paid attention to,the coordinated development of green economy as well as knowledge and technology exchange and cooperation among regions should be strengthened to form a low carbon development model among regions.

Effects of green energy development on population growth and employment:Evidence from shale gas exploitation in Chongqing,China

With the maturity of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies,countries rich in shale gas have begun to promote the development of the shale gas industry.The impact of the booming shale gas industry on the regional economy has also become a main focus.Shale gas’exploration and extraction may have positive spillover effects on other sectors,resulting in population growth and job creation.However,negative spillover effects can occur through rising local goods prices and its adverse effects on the local quality of life,which in turn could harm population growth and employment.By using the synthetic control method,we investigates the shale gas fields in Chongqing to reveal the relationship between population growth,employment and shale gas development in Fuling,Nanchuan and Wulong districts.Our results indicate that due to the development of the shale gas industry,the number of urban non-private sector employees in three districts and counties has decreased.From 2017 to 2018,this decline had gradually weakened and the population growth had been negatively affected.

Does Environmental Regulation Increase Employment? Based on the SCM and RCM Methods

Whether environmental regulation can increase employment is still controversial in academic circles around the world.An important reason lies in the validity of an empirical method.Using China’s inter-provincial panel data from 2003 to 2015 and the synthetic control method(SCM),this paper focuses on a test that was carried out on the basis of a quasi-natural experiment of the 2007 Emission Trading Pilot(ETP)policy.The test results show that the ETP policy has increased the average employment level by 3.25 percentage points and passed a robustness test.The robustness test using the regression control method(RCM)shows that the average employment level has risen by 3.21 percentage points.This means that the ETP policy has significantly increased employment.The paper also puts forward three policy recommendations:optimizing the trading system for emissions rights,encouraging companies to carry out cleaner production and innovation,and incorporating environmental performance assessments.

The effect of hosting international mega-events on urban haze pollution in China:Based on a quasi-natural experiment

With the rapid economic and social development of China,more and more Chinese cities are hosting important international events.However,the long-term effects of hosting international events on urban haze pollution are rarely discussed in existing literature.Based on the quasi-natural experiment of China hosting the G20 Hangzhou Summit in 2016,this paper applies the synthetic control method (SCM) for the first time to evaluate the impact of the G20 Hangzhou Summit on urban haze pollution in China.Compared with the traditional method,SCM measures the long-term impact of hosting the G20 Summit on haze pollution more scientifically.The results show that hosting the G20 Summit did improve the haze pollution in Hangzhou.The effectiveness and robustness of the above conclusions are objectively confirmed by multi-dimensional tests such as placebo test,permutation test,iterative test and difference-in-differences model.Further mechanism analysis shows that foreign direct investment and technological innovation are important channels for the G20 Summit to curb haze pollution in Hangzhou.At the same time,this paper employs a series of methods to systematically evaluate the impact of the G20 Hangzhou Summit on haze pollution in both time and space dimensions.This paper provides a credible basis and empirical support for the impact of international mega-events on air pollution in China.

Superconducting energy storage technology-based synthetic inertia system control to enhance frequency dynamic performance in microgrids with high renewable penetration

With high penetration of renewable energy sources(RESs)in modern power systems,system frequency becomes more prone to fluctuation as RESs do not naturally have inertial properties.A conventional energy storage system(ESS)based on a battery has been used to tackle the shortage in system inertia but has low and short-term power support during the disturbance.To address the issues,this paper proposes a new synthetic inertia control(SIC)design with a superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES)system to mimic the necessary inertia power and damping properties in a short time and thereby regulate the microgrid(µG)frequency during disturbances.In addition,system frequency deviation is reduced by employing the proportional-integral(PI)controller with the proposed SIC system.The efficacy of the proposed SIC system is validated by comparison with the conventional ESS and SMES systems without using the PI controller,under various load/renewable perturbations,nonlinearities,and uncertainties.The simulation results highlight that the proposed system with SMES can efficiently manage several disturbances and high system uncertainty compared to the conventional ESS and SMES systems,without using the PI controller.

Parametric analyses for synthetic jet control on separation and stall over rotor airfoil

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effects of synthetic jet control on separation and stall over rotor airfoils. The preconditioned and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations coupled with a k x shear stream transport turbulence model are employed to accomplish the flowfield simulation of rotor airfoils under jet control. Additionally,a velocity boundary condition modeled by a sinusoidal function is developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jets. The validity of the present CFD procedure is evaluated by the simulated results of an isolated synthetic jet and the jet control case for airfoil NACA0015. Then, parametric analyses are conducted specifically for an OA213 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet parameters（forcing frequency, jet location and momentum coefficient, jet direction, and distribution of jet arrays） on the control effect of the aerodynamic characteristics of a rotor airfoil. Preliminary results indicate that the efficiency of jet control can be improved with specific frequencies（the best lift-drag ratio at F＋= 2.0） and jet angles（40 or 75） when the jets are located near the separation point of the rotor airfoil. Furthermore, as a result of a suitable combination of jet arrays, the lift coefficient of the airfoil can be improved by nearly 100%, and the corresponding drag coefficient decreased by26.5% in comparison with the single point control case.

The Impact of the Pilot Free Trade Zone on Regional Financial Development

This paper focuses on the Shanghai pilot free trade zone(FTZ).It investigates the effect of the FTZ policy on regional financial development.The synthetic control method employs quarterly data from 2005 to 2019 at the provincial level to investigate counterfactual states before and after the pilot FTZ was set up.First,our results reveal that the Shanghai pilotFTZ had a positive influence on the following four variables proxied for regional financial development:(i)the scale of regional financial development;(i)the efficiency of indirect financial development;(ii)the efficiency of direct financial development;(iv)the structure of financial development.Second,our results found that the policy effects that began to emerge from 2014 onwards exhibited a steadily increasing trend.As a result,the four proxy variables have increased by(i)197 percent,(i)202 percent,(ii)9.4 percent,and(iv)15.2 percent,respectively.That is,the scale of regional financial development and the efficiency of indirect financial development have increased more than theother proxy variables.

Development of Pilot Free Trade Zones and Regional Economic Growth in China:Comparison on the Conducting Paths and Dynamic Mechanisms

This study discusses the effect and the dynamic mechanism of free trade zone(FTZ)development promoting regional economic growth in China from the perspective of institutional innovation,and finds as follows.(1)The identification process based on difference-in-differences(DID)testing and Bayesian information criterion(BIC)indicates that the institutional innovation of FTZs not only drives regional economic growth,but acts as one of the core factors among the many drivers.(2)The rapid development of investment and trade,as the primal core function of FTZs,is an important dynamic factor for FTZs to promote regional economic growth.It means in the macro-context of lasting and repeated China-U.S.trade frictions,FTZ development should refer to the practice of China(Shanghai)Pilot Free Trade Zone and China(Zhejiang)Pilot Free Trade Zone in aligning to high-standard investment and trade criteria,return to the origin of free trade,and actively seek policy support in improving trade openness and investment facilitation.(3)With the synthetic control method used,the study finds a wide gap in the“experimental effect”of setting up FTZs in different areas.The effect is better in coastal FTZs than in inland ones,and FTZs established later usually have less noticeable effect.On this account,FTZs in China should be positioned differently based on their characteristics of location and endowment;featured development modes should be explored to reduce homogeneous competition;development of coastal and inland FTZs should be balanced and coordinated.

Impact of the Construction of Ecological Civilization Demonstration Areas on Carbon Emission Intensity

The development path from attaching importance to environmental protection to the theory of ecological conservation,then to piloting ecological civilization demonstration areas,marks that China’s ecological conservation has gradually moved from theoretical construction to practical exploration,based on the new idea that“lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.”It is still an ordeal for China’s ecological conservation in the context of global warming how to reduce carbon emission intensity while maintaining sustained economic growth.Under the dual constraints of peaking carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060(“dual carbon”goals),this paper employs the five national ecological civilization pilot demonstration areas(ECDAs)established in 2014 as quasi-natural experiments based on the panel data of 30 Chinese provincial regions from 2003 to 2019.Based on the analysis of the policy implementation background and the theoretical mechanism of its impact on carbon emission intensity,the synthetic control method and difference in differences method are adopted to test the impact of the construction of ECDAs on carbon emission intensity and examine the spatial spillover effect of the pilot policies.The study shows that the construction of ECDAs has significantly reduced carbon emission intensity as a whole,especially in Fujian,Guizhou,and Yunnan Provinces.Moreover,the conclusions successfully pass the robustness test.The mechanism analysis results demonstrate that the construction of ECDAs can lower carbon emission intensity through the positive incentives from boosting technological progress and developing green finance,and the reversal pressure mechanism of optimizing the energy structure and improving the market segmentation.The analysis results of the spatial spillover effect indicate that the construction of ECDAs plays a significant role in reducing carbon emission intensity in the region and its adjacent areas.Therefore,China should introduce ECDAs and the experience gained to more regions.Meanwhile,China should spare no effort to seek multi-dimensional paths to reduce carbon emissions in view of regional differences in green development,and strengthen cross-regional communications and cooperation to realize the goals of carbon emission reduction.