A"One Engine with Six Gears"System Engineering Methodology for the Economic Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in China

Unconventional oil and gas resources have become the most important and realistic field for increasing China’s domestic oil and gas reserves and production.At present,the production scale does not match the massive amount of resources and the rapid growth of proven geological reserves.The challenges of technology,cost,management,and methodology restrict large-scale and economic development.Based on successful practices,a"one engine with six gears"system engineering methodology is put forward,which includes life-cycle management,overall synergy,interdisciplinary cross-service integration,marketoriented operation,socialized support,digitalized management,and low-carbon and green development.The methodology has been proved to be effective in multiple unconventional oil and gas national demonstration areas,including the Jimusar continental shale oil demonstration area.Disruptive views are introduced-namely,that unconventional oil and gas do not necessarily yield a low return,nor do they necessarily have a low recovery factor.A determination to achieve economic benefit must be a pervasive underlying goal for managers and experts.Return and recovery factors,as primary focuses,must be adhered to during China’s development of unconventional oil and gas.The required methodology transformation includes a revolution in management systems to significantly decrease cost and increase production,resulting in technological innovation.

A Model of Application System for Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering in Vessels Based on IDEF0

Applying man-machine-environment system engineering(MMESE)in vessels is a method to improve the effectiveness of the interaction between equipment, environment, and humans for the purpose of advancing operating efficiency, performance, safety, and habitability of a vessel and its subsystems. In the following research, the life cycle of vessels was divided into 9 phases, and 15 research subjects were also identified from among these phases. The 15 subjects were systemized, and then the man-machine-environment engineering system application model for vessels was developed using the ICAM definition method 0 (IDEF0), which is a systematical modeling method. This system model bridges the gap between the data and information flow of every two associated subjects with the major basic research methods and approaches included, which brings the formerly relatively independent subjects together as a whole. The application of this systematic model should facilitate the application of man-machine-environment system engineering in vessels, especially at the conceptual and embodiment design phases. The managers and designers can deal with detailed tasks quickly and efficiently while reducing repetitive work.

Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchical Heterostructured Aerophobic MoS_(x)/Ni_(3)S_(2)Nanowires by One-pot Synthesis:System Engineering and Synergistic Effect in Electrocatalysis of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Non-noble metal electrocatalysis has witnessed rapid and profound performance improvements owing to the emergence of advanced nanosynthetic techniques.Integration of these nanotechniques can lead to synergistic performance enhancement,but such system-engineering strategies are difficult to achieve because of the lack of effective synthesis method.We hereby demonstrate an integrated approach that combines most of the existing nanotechniques in a facile one-pot synthesis.Material characterization reveals that the product shows key features intended by techniques including morphological,structural,doping,heterointerface,and surface wetting engineering.The as-obtained nitrogen-doped hierarchical heterostructured MoS_(x)/Ni_(3)S_(2)nanowires show an overpotential that is only50 mV higher than commercial Pt/C for hydrogen evolution reaction over current densities from 10 to 150 mA cm^(-2).Correlations between the adopted nanotechniques and the electrochemical reaction rates are established by evaluating the impacts of individual techniques on the activation energy,pre-exponential factor,and transfer coefficient.This indepth analysis provides a full account of the synergistic effects and the overall improvement in electrocatalytic performance of hydrogen evolution reaction.This work manifests a generic strategy for multipurpose material design in non-noble metal electrocatalysis.

Elementary Analysis on the Technological Features of an Engineering Equipment Facile Diagnosis System

From the point of systemic engineering, the general properties of an engineering equipment fault diagnosis system and the studying object of diagnosis engineering -were discussed. With the developing course of fault diagnosis technology, the relationship between facile diagnosis system and diagnosis engineering were also discussed. The basic structure and feature of a facile diagnosis system -were discussed, and the isomorphic of a facile diagnosis system and precise diagnosis system -was presented. The facile diagnosis requires the perfection of method , pertinence and apriority of knowledge, adaptability of the object being diagnosed and the approach to the aim of the diagnosis result, as -well as th? outstanding of main functions.

Conceptual Design Process for LEO Satellite Constellations Based on System Engineering Disciplines

Satellite design process is an interdisciplinary subject in which the need for collaboration among various science and engineering disciplines is evident.Meanwhile,finding an optimal process for conceptual design of a satellite,which can optimize time and cost,is still an important issue.In this paper,based on system engineering approach,an optimal design process is proposed for LEO satellite constellations.In the proposed method,design process,design sequences,and data flow are established.In this regard,the conceptual design process is divided into two levels of mission(or constellation)and system(or satellite)as well as 15 main activities based on the mission profile,previous experiences of the authors,and existing literature.Then,the relationships between these activities have been determined by considering the importance of relationships according to their priority.Finally,these relations are optimized based on design structure matrix(DSM).By utilizing this approach,system design process of a telecommunication satellite constellation in LEO is formulated in conceptual design phase.Performance and capability of the proposed approach in optimal design process of the satellite constellation are investigated by comparing the outcome with existing results in the literature.

Integrated Standardization and Systems Engineering Management

Integrated standardization is one of the fundamenta l forms of modern standardization. It is the combination of system science and the content of standardization. The development of system science has provided theo retic foundation and precondition for integrated standardization. The relevant r esearch on integrated standardization and system engineering illustrate that int egrated standardization is a advanced method which presented with the developmen t of modern science and technology . Integrated standardization treat the re levant factors of standardization as a system, and wholly standarlize the factor s in order to reach the best level of technology and quality. Integrated standardization is a large system engineering. In modern industr y the contact among different departments is being constantly enlarged and t he complexity of product is being constantly increased. This situation demands s trict correspond and united request in all the following aspects: raw mate rial, organs, fittings, technical measures of production, preparation for produc tion, ways of organizing the production. The traditional measure which establish the respective standard separately must be replaced by multi-spetialty standa rdization in large spectrum. The current situation and the development of syste m science has provided theoretic foundation and precondition for this kind of st andardization. Product or project can be managed with system engineering of proj ect, while the correspond standardization can be managed with system engineering of standardization. Integrated standardization virtually is system engineering of standardization, w hich use the theory to deal with the problem about standardization . This thesis included 3 chapters: 1. the brief summary of integrated standardization and sys tem engineering management in the development of type in foreign countries; 2. t he current situation and existing problems in the development of products; 3. ho w to organize and actualize integrated standardization and system engineering ma nagement in the development of products.

Prolog to the Section on Radar System Engineering

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Systematical Development of NVH Engineering for Vehicle Electrical Powertrain Based on an Optimized V-Model

For systematical NVH development of vehicle (especially for mass-production passenger vehicles) electric powertrain, an optimized V-Model is designed and has been implemented in the entire component-vehicle development, which integrates three individual branches: simulation, validation and optimization. Compared to the V-models in the traditional sense, this optimized V-model is not only driven by requirement and task accomplishment but also maximum optimization of NVH system performance. In this case, developing procedures are capable to be efficiently iterated and the NVH engineering can be expanded into 3D with this V-model.

浅谈系统工程System Engineering(简称SE)

我们处理任何问题,都必须对那个问题的有关因素联系起来考虑,而这种联系考虑的范围,就叫做系统。系统工程是处理系统的工程技术,是在已有的管理科学的基础上,发展成为当代最新的组织管理技术。朴素的系统概念和处理系统的方法,既是古已有之,又常见于日常工作生活之中;近代的系统工程。

A STAMP-Game model for accident analysis in oil and gas industry

Accidents in engineered systems are usually generated by complex socio-technical factors.It is beneficial to investigate the increasing complexity and coupling of these factors from the perspective of system safety.Based on system and control theories,System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes(STAMP)is a widely recognized approach for accident analysis.In this paper,we propose a STAMP-Game model to analyze accidents in oil and gas storage and transportation systems.Stakeholders in accident analysis by STAMP can be regarded as players of a game.Game theory can,thus,be adopted in accident analysis to depict the competition and cooperation between stakeholders.Subsequently,we established a game model to study the strategies of both supervisory and supervised entities.The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed game model allows for identifying the effectiveness deficiency of the supervisory entity,and the safety and protection altitudes of the supervised entity.The STAMP-Game model can generate quantitative parameters for supporting the behavior and strategy selections of the supervisory and supervised entities.The quantitative data obtained can be used to guide the safety improvement,to reduce the costs of safety regulation violation and accident risk.

地理大数据揭示中国主要城市建成环境物质存量的空间格局

The patterns of material accumulation in buildings and infrastructure accompanied by rapid urbanization offer an important,yet hitherto largely missing stock perspective for facilitating urban system engineering and informing urban resources,waste,and climate strategies.However,our existing knowledge on the patterns of built environment stocks across and particularly within cities is limited,largely owing to the lack of sufficient high spatial resolution data.This study leveraged multi-source big geodata,machine learning,and bottom-up stock accounting to characterize the built environment stocks of 50 cities in China at 500 m fine-grained levels.The per capita built environment stock of many cities(261 tonnes per capita on average)is close to that in western cities,despite considerable disparities across cities owing to their varying socioeconomic,geomorphology,and urban form characteristics.This is mainly owing to the construction boom and the building and infrastructure-driven economy of China in the past decades.China’s urban expansion tends to be more“vertical”(with high-rise buildings)than“horizontal”(with expanded road networks).It trades skylines for space,and reflects a concentration-dispersion-concentration pathway for spatialized built environment stocks development within cities in China.These results shed light on future urbanization in developing cities,inform spatial planning,and support circular and low-carbon transitions in cities.

基于MBSE的核反应堆型号研制平台

核能微型小型反应堆是近年来核能领域的一个研发热点,市场前景广阔。目前这些核能反应堆型号处于研发早期和中期,存在需求难以分解完整,以及需求、指标、设计方案、仿真验证、实物试验验证频繁迭代的问题。通过梳理核能反应堆型号研发关键活动,并应用创新的数字化平台和工具,搭建核能反应堆型号MBSE平台,进行型号研发项目、任务、需求、指标、功能、架构等核反应堆全生命周期管理与数据追溯,可以解决型号研发早期和中期存在的问题,提高核能反应堆型号的研发质量和研发效率,提升中国在高科技复杂系统领域的型号创新研发能力。

Hierarchical resource allocation for integrated modular avionics systems

Recently the integrated modular avionics （IMA） architecture which introduces the concept of resource partitioning becomes popular as an alternative to the traditional federated architecture. A novel hierarchical approach is proposed to solve the resource allocation problem for IMA systems in distributed environments. Firstly, the worst case response time of tasks with arbitrary deadlines is analyzed for the two-level scheduler. Then, the hierarchical resource allocation approach is presented in two levels. At the platform level, a task assignment algorithm based on genetic simulated annealing （GSA） is proposed to assign a set of pre-defined tasks to different processing nodes in the form of task groups, so that resources can be allocated as partitions and mapped to task groups. While yielding to all the resource con- straints, the algorithm tries to find an optimal task assignment with minimized communication costs and balanced work load. At the node level, partition parameters are optimized, so that the computational resource can be allocated further. An example is shown to illustrate the hierarchal resource allocation approach and manifest the validity. Simulation results comparing the performance of the proposed GSA with that of traditional genetic algorithms are presented in the context of task assignment in IMA systems.

UML-based combat effectiveness simulation system modeling within MDE

To reduce complexity, the combat effectiveness simulation system(CESS) is often decomposed into static structure,physical behavior, and cognitive behavior, and model abstraction is layered onto domain invariant knowledge(DIK) and application variant knowledge(AVK) levels. This study concentrates on the specification of CESS’s physical behaviors at the DIK level of abstraction, and proposes a model driven framework for efficiently developing simulation models within model-driven engineering(MDE). Technically, this framework integrates the four-layer metamodeling architecture and a set of model transformation techniques with the objective of reducing model heterogeneity and enhancing model continuity. As a proof of concept, a torpedo example is illustrated to explain how physical models are developed following the proposed framework. Finally, a combat scenario is constructed to demonstrate the availability, and a further verification is shown by a reasonable agreement between simulation results and field observations.

A systematic approach for synthesizing a low-temperature distillation system

In this paper, by combining a stochastic optimization method with a refrigeration shaft work targeting method,an approach for the synthesis of a heat integrated complex distillation system in a low-temperature process is presented. The synthesis problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP) problem,which is solved by simulated annealing algorithm under a random procedure to explore the optimal operating parameters and the distillation sequence structure. The shaft work targeting method is used to evaluate the minimum energy cost of the corresponding separation system during the optimization without any need for a detailed design for the heat exchanger network(HEN) and the refrigeration system(RS). The method presented in the paper can dramatically reduce the scale and complexity of the problem. A case study of ethylene cold-end separation is used to illustrate the application of the approach. Compared with the original industrial scheme, the result is encouraging.

A regional environmental management information system for Chinese EPA—the system analysis and design

REMIS is one of key research projects sponsored by the central government. It is recommended to regional EPAs as a main tool of the environmental management. REMIS simulates the functions of the regional EPAs and aimed to improve their management level. The national environmental management information system will base on REMIS.Functional analysis is the kernel of the REMIS system analysis. Data and data flow analysis are used to support the functional analysis.Investigations on the functions of the local EPAs of eight provinces and 12 cities have been taken. The functions were carefully sorted. Modular design method was used in system analysis and system design.The system analysis included functional analysis, data analysis and data flow analysis. The system design is based on the system analysis. HIPO diagram of each modular, data base structure, menu design, selection of hardware and software environment were the main items of the system design.

The System Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Rock Slopes

The principal of preferred plane analysis is a new research view and model of rock slope engineering geology. It advocates that the rock slope stability, boundary conditions and failure model are controlled by preferred planes. Therefore, the problem of slope stability evaluation can be converted into the search for preferred planes and determination of preferred separating bodies. The organic combination of the deterministic model and the indeterministic model can be realized by applying the systems engineering principle and the research model and method of reliability analysis in the quantitative evaluation and prediction of rock slope stability. Finally, the paper presents the case studies of slopes of the Yangtze Gorge Project and the Ma'anshan openpit mine.

Nonlinear Characteristics of Systems and Its Application in Urban Planning DSS

This paper is devoted to analyzing nonlinear characteristics of complex systems. Since traditional linear system methods need to be improved, a nonlinear computational mathematics methods should be introduced to system engineering researches. Due to the lack of complete nonlinear theory, we suggest human intelligence be combined with calculating capacity of computer.Thereafter, a tentative ideal on an urban planning DSS with man-computer integration is proposed.

Simultaneous optimization of heat-integrated crude oil distillation systems

Crude oil distillation is important in refining industry. Operating variables of distillation process have a critical effect on product output value and energy consumption. However, the objectives of minimum energy consumption and maximum product output value do not coordinate with each other and do not lead to the maximum economic benefit of a refinery. In this paper, a systematic optimization approach is proposed for the maximum annual economic benefit of an existing crude oil distillation system, considering product output value and energy consumption simultaneously. A shortcut model in Aspen Plus is used to describe the crude oil distillation and the pinch analysis is adopted to identify the target of energy recovery. The optimization is a nonlinear programming problem and solved by stochastic algorithm of particle warm optimization.

Most Suitable Power System Stabilizer Selection for the Improvement of Dynamic Stability

A method of enhancing power system stability for a single machine to infinite bus power system is presented. The technique used compromises the effectiveness of Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller （PID）. In order to satisfy the damping characteristics for the proposed power system over a wide range of operating interval, rotational speed, torque angle and terminal voltage signals of the synchronous machine are utilized as control signals of the system. It is well known that these variables have significant effects on damping the generators shaft mechanical oscillations, it＇ll be so easy to validate the most suitable controller as seen from the simulation results.