Electrolytic Sampling from Pure Copper and Common Brasses Ⅰ: Calculation of the Mass Dissolved from the Samples according to Faraday's Law

In a procedure for electrolytic dissolving pure copper and common brasses, the approximate electrochemical mole mass(k) of the sample was determined in accordance with the brand of the sample, a stitable electrolyte was selected to make the current efficiency equal to 100%, and then the dissolved mass of samples was calculated according to Faraday's law(m=klt).Three representative samples were sampled by the electrolytic dissolution method and the calculated dissolved amounts were equal to the values by weighing the anode.The cxperimental results of zinc and copper in the anode liquor are in agreement with certified values.

Certainty,Justice and the Law of Agency in the Chinese Civil Code:A View from England

The new Chinese rules on agency do not impose broad“fiduciary”duties on agents—instead,there are a number of specific provisions designed to protect the principal against particular abuses to which it is peculiarly vulnerable in the principal/agent relationship.Chinese law,thus,deliberately refuses to follow the lead of English law,which imposes very strict and wide-ranging fiduciary duties on agents.This paper argues that this is probably wise.English law has to be seen against a matrix of a system of commercial law which was forged on the anvil of international trade and commodity supply contracts,leading to a set of rules that prefer certainty of outcomes(and the avoidance of litigation)overachieving particular justice in individual cases(such as might have been achieved by subjecting English law to an overarching“good faith”principle).English commercial law is adversarial,not cooperative.This explains why,in a relationship that is characterized by cooperation,such as the principal/agent relationship,the general rules of English commercial law are replaced by wide,justice-oriented rules.A system that is already based on cooperation,for which Chinese law is almost paradigmatic,is likely much more adept at applying the general rules to the agency relationship than English law would be.

General Provisions of the Civil Law and Commercial Legislation: Consensus, Problems and Options——Taking Commercial Agency as an Example

In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct and indirect commercial norms in General Provisions of the Civil Law provide evidence that civil law has been turned into commercial law. However, a general overview shows that the absence of related norms, including agency in duty, reveals that General Provisions of the Civil Law is lacking commercial law's characteristics. In addition to the Civil Code, using General Rules of Commercial Law is a relatively reasonable choice for commercial legislative arrangements, such as norms in relation to agency in duty. Taking commercial agency as an example, legislators should adopt problem-oriented and limited systematic patterns of "residue law" instead of unified patterns of codification.

The Accounting Profession： A Descriptive Study of the Common and Code Law Countries

The accounting profession does not have a long history. It is mainly evolved in the last 150 years in the modem sense. Many factors influence the development of accounting and there are many reasons why countries have developed different accounting systems. Among these factors, the relationship between the legal system and the accounting profession is considered worthy of examination. For this purpose, the accounting professions of selected countries are studied. This study clearly demonstrates that the accounting profession in a country has been significantly affected by the judicial system of that country. In addition, the accounting and auditing environment is divided into two separate professions in the code law countries, whereas in the common law countries the profession is mainly organized under one title. However, because of historical or cultural influences, exceptions do exist in countries like Japan, Bulgaria, and Greece.

Model of Pollution Management Control in Badung River： Enhancing Role of Traditional Law on Common Resource

Badung River in the Denpasar city of Bali Province, Indonesia, faces many challenging issues recently. As a common pool resource, the river has been under pressure from many activities including household activities which dump household wastes, and pollution externalities arising from dyeing and screen-printing of fabric industries. Conventional approach to control the pollution might not be effective since it will end up in zero sum game. This paper attempts to explore the role of traditional institituion in managing common pool resource such as controlling river pollution. This research is aimed to know the effectiveness of traditional law on managing pollution of printing and dyeing industries on this big river. Survey method was used for collecting primary data and then the data was analyzed by ordinal regression to determine the effect of internal and external factors which influence the intensity of pollution. The result indicates that even though traditional might help to influence household and industry＇s decision making, it might not sufficient enough to reduce the pollution of the river. Other factors are influencing the waste management, such as level of waste management knowledge of the entrepreneur, the attitude of the entrepreneur toward public program especially on waste and pollution management, the financial support, and the education level of government supervision. Furthermore, Government of Denpasar City need to arrange policy that giving incentive to businessman who handling waste properly and also giving reward to traditional organization who implementing local wisdom and norm to control river pollution strictly.

Reflection and operationalization of the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities principle in the transparency framework under the international climate change regime

“Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”(CBDRRC) is the most significant guiding principle in the international climate change regime, created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and inherited by the Paris Agreement 24 years later. This paper examines the operationalization of the CBDRRC principle in one of the cornerstone rules of the regimedits transparency provisions, both in existing practice under the convention and possible evolvement in negotiations under the Paris Agreement, from the perspectives of both international rule-making and domestic implementation. The authors have found a continuous enhancement of the transparency framework since the 1990s, and gradual consolidation of a bifurcated system between developed and developing countries into a common one. The authors argue that the transparency framework, as part of the procedural rules, should be designed to facilitate transparent information sharing in accordance with substantive commitments under international climate change laws. Thus, it indirectly reflects historical responsibilities for climate change, while the framework should also be designed as feasible and reflective of the respective capabilities of nations. Finally, the evolution of the transparency framework will aim to enact common and enhanced provisions while differentiating between developed and developing countries in the near term, and greater transparency-related capacity-building for developing countries.

The Concept of Human Rights in the Constitution and Its Functional Significance

To practice the constitutional provision that “The state respects and protects human rights”, we should clarify its connotation. The understanding of human rights is a natural requirement and the key. In domestic academia, human rights are considered natural rights and interpreted as “moral rights that everyone should enjoy as a human being”, hoping to provide theoretical support for the development of the system centered on the basic rights of citizens in China.Although it reveals the universal moral connotation of human rights, it does not cover the normative connotation of human rights as common international standards. Therefore, it is impossible to fully clarify the functional significance of the provision. It is conducive to scientifically clarifying the relationship between human rights and basic civil rights,better improving the institutional protection of human rights in China,and promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind to interpret human rights as common international standards that everyone should enjoy for human dignity based on the development of the international legal order under the Charter of the United Nations since the end of the World War Ⅱ.

Does Environmental Laws and Policies Work?A Review Of Ghana’s Case

Enforcing environmental laws and policies has been one of the pressing agenda globally.Despite the mandate given to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by the Act 490,there are still numerous environmental issues unaddressed in Ghana.This paper is geared towards unravelling and identifying the current additions that have been made to existing literature on environmental laws and policies in Ghana.This paper made a wide-ranging general literature review to outline significant contributions concerning environmental laws and policies.Numerous environmental laws and policies were identified but have been fragmented and are not codified in a particular document.It is evident from the review of literature existing that there are still areas for advanced research on the topic of environmental laws and policies placing more emphasis on institution concerned with environmental issues at global level.The study recommended the need for capacity building for environmental personnel and data due to the numerous technological advancement to better assist the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws in Ghana.

On Edward Coke＇ s Constitutional Thought and the Value of the Traditional Chinese Legal Thoughts

Coke was undoubtedly a milestone in the history of the legal thoughts in Britain and even in the whole western world.Coke stressed the restriction of royalty and the suprem e status of the common law.In the British Parliament’s struggle against the monarchy in the 17th century,he put forward the creative constitutional ideas about independence of judges and judicial review,advocating the protection of due process and the civil rights,which provided valuable ideological inspiration especially for the development of judicial review and the due process in the U.S.C onstitution.Just as the saying goes,"the old farmland would grow out new grain",looking back on traditional legal thoughts is im portant to the construction of a legal country for the present China.

法治现代化的“共同特征”和“中国特色”

“中国式法治现代化”这一概念提出的理论和实践依据在于:中国式法治现代化是中国式现代化的内在组成部分;法治现代化是现代化的核心要素和重要标志;中国式法治现代化是对中国式法治现代化实践的理论表达和学理表征。世界各国法治现代化的“共同特征”包括宪法至上、尊重和保障人权、监督和制约公权、维护公平正义、构建社会秩序、促进人类和平、立足本国国情、法治文明互鉴。中国式法治现代化的特色在于坚持中国共产党领导、以人民为中心、全面依法治国、大国法治、赓续中华法治文明、面向全球化。共同特征和中国特色的完美结合构成了法治现代化的中国范式。

碳数据质量合规与企业寻租监管——演化博弈视角下第三方核查监管制度的完善研究

保证碳数据质量合规是碳数据二元功能发挥的前提。但现行碳数据质量合规第三方核查监管制度(下称监管制度)对企业碳数据造假寻租行为的监管乏力。构建由监管部门、企业与核查机构共同参与的演化博弈系统,利用数理经济学分析方法进行模型推导和数值仿真,探究关键因素变动对博弈系统演化稳定状态跃迁的影响与启示,可在厘清博弈主体行为逻辑的基础上探究匡补现行监管制度缺损的方案。研究发现:(1)监管部门的行为选择受到多种因素的影响而具有复杂性,且监管部门客观监管能力的提高需和其他关键参数协同作用才能显著提升演化速度;(2)“寻租联盟”内部成员之间的行为选择相互影响且具有一致性;(3)利用法律的利导性功能可弥补“数据利他主义”不能提振企业“报告合规碳数据”意愿的不足,但需满足一定的量化约束条件以保证博弈系统稳定性;(4)企业与核查机构的行为选择具有明显的成本遵循特征,寻租成本、碳数据造价成本、违规核查成本等是影响博弈系统演化稳定状态跃迁的关键因素。锚定碳数据质量合规目标,可从提升合规动力、提高监管能力和增大造假压力三个方面着手完善现行监管制度。

共同机构投资者会影响公司股份回购吗?

股份回购是公司重要的财务活动,备受资本市场中各利益相关者关注。随着我国共同机构投资者不断增加,其对公司行为的影响越来越大,然而鲜有文献关注共同机构投资者对股份回购的影响。本文以2005-2021年我国A股上市公司为研究样本,利用双向固定效应模型通过实证检验发现,共同机构投资者会抑制公司的股份回购行为,在进行一系列内生性、稳健性检验后,结论依然成立。机制研究表明,共同机构投资者是通过提高市场预期、降低机会主义以及基于公司长期价值而对股份回购产生抑制作用。异质性分析发现,这种影响在管理层持股低和现金资源较差的公司作用更大,并且金融类共同机构投资者的作用更大。本文不仅丰富了共同机构投资者和股份回购的相关研究,也为完善公司治理提供了新的启示。

重整的衡平法根源及其启示

破产法立基于成文法传统,而重整法诞生于衡平法实践,并通过成文化成为现代破产法的核心组成部分,引领着世界范围内破产法进化的潮流。较之于成文法,衡平法更强调和鼓励法官在成文规范之外,基于自身的良知和对公平正义的把握做出裁判,体现出较强的灵活性和生命力。重整法的产生以及成文化过程,核心驱动力都是衡平司法的理念。因此,重整司法权行使天然具有衡平法的基因,缺乏衡平法理念的重整司法注定左支右绌。重整司法权构造,既需要成文法尽可能周延完备,更需要在重整司法权行使过程中弘扬衡平法的理念,更为灵活地应对重整实践中的具体问题。从制衡角度,需要在重整程序中强化当事人意思自治约束和上诉约束。

中国环境自动监控行政执法中的法律问题研究

中国环境行政执法中自动监控方式是广泛应用的新模式,也是环境行政监管与执法的未来趋势,但目前无论是国家法律、行政法规、部门规章还是地方规范都片段化且不统一。在2021年修订的《行政处罚法》背景下,亟须围绕该法第41条“电子技术监控”条款生成统一系统的环境非现场行政执法规范。环境自动化监控从主体、程序、证据、处罚四方面给行政处罚带来新的变革:首先,主体上,新的主体第三方服务机构的产生,带来新的第三方执法义务等共治问题。其次,程序上,行政执法流程相比人工时代需要再造,以保障行政相关方的权利。第三,证据上,“数据失真”与自动监控时代执法证据的证明力问题,使得人工“双审”成为要件。第四,罚责上,需做到甄别三种自动监控数据属于违法,并在海量的自动监控数据中降低执法强度。在新的环境自动监测时代,主体、程序、证据、处罚都要考虑行政相对方——企业的权利与利益再平衡。此外,上述结论往往也适用于我国自动化行政执法的许多共性问题。

派驻监督的组织逻辑:法律地位、职责与界限——建构中国特色纪检监察学学科体系的思考

派驻是中国以自我监督为本质的国家组织的重要形式,实现了组织主体统一人格与具体监督功能的分离,是自我革命战略思想的重要体现。围绕宪法、监察法、国家机关组织法及相关规范,运用宪法学国家层面的组织理论系统分析派驻机构的法律地位与构造、派驻监督的监察职责、派驻监督的角色与行为界限这三个理论问题,以尝试中国特色纪检监察学学科体系的建构。分析认为,派驻机构是一种具有部分法律能力的国家机关,与派出它的纪检监察机关之间形成代表关系。作为派驻监督的组织,派驻机构在运行中要基于民主集中制原则和社会主义法治原则,合理厘定四项法律职责,并建立起派驻监督动态分类的活动秩序。

全球治理中气候环境资源面临的“公地悲剧”——基于国际法视角的对策分析

在全球治理深入开展的背景下,全球公域问题正逐渐引起国际社会的广泛关注。全球气候环境资源作为全球公域的一部分,也正面临着严重的“公地悲剧”。全球气候环境资源开发方面的相关法律制度缺失和国际社会主体责任与实践的不规范,导致气候变暖、碳排放量超标等一系列严重危及人类自身生存安全的环境问题频发。全球公域问题作为全球治理的一部分,也需要国际社会共同参与其中。在当前以国际法为规则秩序的国际框架下,可以从国际法制度规范层面、责任划分层面、主体实践层面进一步丰富完善国际法体系,为各国有效参与全球气候环境治理,提供多边协作平台和行为规范准则,同时也要正视国际法在解决全球气候环境资源所面临的“公地悲剧”问题中的成效有限性。

论涉罪企业合规的刑行衔接

涉罪企业合规刑事司法与行政执法的有效衔接,是企业合规预防违法犯罪功能得以完整实现的必然要求。企业合规刑行衔接关涉刑事合规整改监督评估衔接、合规不起诉后的接续监管衔接以及其他相关企业合规建设衔接三个方面。为保障刑事合规企业合规预防功能、激励功能的充分实现,检察机关需要与行政机关加强理念沟通、操作配合,优化刑行衔接机制,推动涉罪企业及关联企业、行业企业的合规建设。

《乡村振兴促进法》是实现全体人民共同富裕的根本法

《乡村振兴促进法》是全面推进和实施乡村振兴,实现全体人民共同富裕目标的行动规范,共同富裕的本质特征是全体人民共享美好生活。中国式现代化是实现共同富裕的目标指引,农业强国建设是实现共同富裕的稳固根基,推进共同富裕成为诠释执政党治国理政奋斗历程的最佳注解。劳动创造幸福是实现共同富裕的内生动力,绿色生活是实现共同富裕的发展模式,医养结合是实现共同富裕的民生保障,在共同富裕中推进人的全面发展是最佳的人权表达。提升公共安全治理水平是实现共同富裕目标的重要遵循,扩大社会公众参与范围是实现共同富裕目标的基本路径,完善政府绩效评估方式是实现共同富裕目标的有效监督。

行政法派出机关与派出机构理论的检视与反思

行政法派出机关与派出机构的现有理论以设立机关为标准将二者进行区分,主要是出于在行政主体理论框架下判断适格行政主体的需要。但长期以来,大量县设街道办事处的合法性瑕疵,围绕开发区和城市新区管理机构法律地位及其行政主体资格的争论,有关派出机构基层行政组织的认识局限以及行政机关和人民法院对于法律、法规、规章间接授权的不同态度,无形中对现有理论形成了不小的冲击。重新检视这一理论,亟须在知识体系上进行必要的更新并指导今后相关规范的修订:一是适当扩大法定派出机关的范围;二是改变相对人救济需要前置判断派出机构是否授权的繁琐做法;三是从宽评价对派出机构的间接授权,扩大法定授权组织的认定范围。

反思“提取公因式”:论法典总则的建构方法

“提取公因式”方法单方面强调总则内容对既有部门法实践的依赖,忽视了我国语境下总则内容的体系性、多元性和理想性特征,因而是有缺陷的。我国法典化实践所期待的法典总则本质上是关于既有部门法实践的解释性理论,意在建构部门法实践所隐含的独特实践形式及其内在价值目的。作为解释性理论的法典总则包含监管性内容和操作性内容两个部分,监管性内容旨在为法律官员的立法和司法适用提供指引和约束,操作性内容旨在与分则内容相互配合直接作为裁判依据评价公民行为。总则制定应当采取建构性解释的方法,首先为既有部门法实践赋予相匹配且道德最佳的内在价值目的,以之作为监管性内容的核心;然后根据该内在价值确定操作性内容的基本概念框架,并结合立法者试图贯彻的其他社会性价值和法治价值确定操作性内容的具体内涵。