Objective: We present descriptive epidemiology of Mycoplasma infection using the (Nursery) School Absenteeism Surveillance System ((N)SASSy) in addition to national official sentinel surveillance for infectious diseas...Objective: We present descriptive epidemiology of Mycoplasma infection using the (Nursery) School Absenteeism Surveillance System ((N)SASSy) in addition to national official sentinel surveillance for infectious diseases (NOSSID). It is expected to be helpful for early detection and response to outbreak of Mycoplasma infection and also to be useful for antimicrobial resistance measures. Method: The study period was 2010-2014 seasons. The study area was the whole of Ibaraki prefecture, Japan. NOSSID reports the number of patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia from 13 sentinel hospitals. We compare the number of patients and the incidence rate of NOSSID with the same information in (N)SASSy. Result: In NOSSID, the largest number of patients by age was 27 patients of one year old in 2012. (N)SASSy showed that the incidence rate in the elementary schools is high in 2011 and 2012. Especially, the second grade students were the highest. Discussion: Even though Mycoplasma infection is well known as a pediatric disease, we showed that second grade was the highest in incidence at first. Because (N)SASSy is timely and real-time information collection, evaluation and sharing countermeasures with (nursery) schools, public health centers, and physicians are useful for students and nursery school children, and communities. Conclusion: Because mycoplasma infection is common pediatric infectious diseases and because some patients rarely develop severe infections, we must prevent larger outbreaks. (N)SASSy can provide timely intervention at the initial phase of outbreak by monitoring situations in (nursery) schools and comparing data to baseline information.展开更多
An empirical survey among 219 school students in the framework of L2 Motivational Self System found that Ideal L2 Self,Ought-to L2 Self and L2 Learning Experience in the System make different contributions to L2 motiv...An empirical survey among 219 school students in the framework of L2 Motivational Self System found that Ideal L2 Self,Ought-to L2 Self and L2 Learning Experience in the System make different contributions to L2 motivation respectively and L2 Learning Experience is the largest contributor to L2 motivation for primary and middle school students.The pedagogical implications are also suggested.展开更多
Our study was conducted from August 2008 to March 2009 in the Houet province, western Burkina Faso. It consisted in the assessment of the constraints to the adoption by cotton growers of technologies promoted by the I...Our study was conducted from August 2008 to March 2009 in the Houet province, western Burkina Faso. It consisted in the assessment of the constraints to the adoption by cotton growers of technologies promoted by the IPM program through Farmers’ Field Schools in cotton-cereals-livestock systems. We did so by surveying a sample of 185 farmers trained in IPM and by describing farmers’ practices before and after the training in IPM. The results showed that the average dose of organic manure, NPK and urea used by famers after their training were respectively 3.8 tons/ha, 163 kg/ha and 65 kg /ha as compared with 2.4 tons/ha, 140 kg/ha and 51 kg/ha before the training. Regarding the use of pesticides, 94.6% of farmers used protection equipment during the sprayings after the training against 21.6% of them before the training. However, the average number of sprays did not vary significantly. It was 6 before the training and only 5 after. The botanical pesticides were used by 31% of farmers after the training as compared with 0% of users before the training in IPM. The training did not affect much crop yields. The constraints identified and classified according to their relative importance included the lack of agricultural equipment, and animals for ploughing, difficulties in inputs access, labor shortage, the lack of organic manure, and marketing problems. These technical, social and economic constraints have been analyzed and recommendations have been made to work them out.展开更多
文摘Objective: We present descriptive epidemiology of Mycoplasma infection using the (Nursery) School Absenteeism Surveillance System ((N)SASSy) in addition to national official sentinel surveillance for infectious diseases (NOSSID). It is expected to be helpful for early detection and response to outbreak of Mycoplasma infection and also to be useful for antimicrobial resistance measures. Method: The study period was 2010-2014 seasons. The study area was the whole of Ibaraki prefecture, Japan. NOSSID reports the number of patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia from 13 sentinel hospitals. We compare the number of patients and the incidence rate of NOSSID with the same information in (N)SASSy. Result: In NOSSID, the largest number of patients by age was 27 patients of one year old in 2012. (N)SASSy showed that the incidence rate in the elementary schools is high in 2011 and 2012. Especially, the second grade students were the highest. Discussion: Even though Mycoplasma infection is well known as a pediatric disease, we showed that second grade was the highest in incidence at first. Because (N)SASSy is timely and real-time information collection, evaluation and sharing countermeasures with (nursery) schools, public health centers, and physicians are useful for students and nursery school children, and communities. Conclusion: Because mycoplasma infection is common pediatric infectious diseases and because some patients rarely develop severe infections, we must prevent larger outbreaks. (N)SASSy can provide timely intervention at the initial phase of outbreak by monitoring situations in (nursery) schools and comparing data to baseline information.
文摘An empirical survey among 219 school students in the framework of L2 Motivational Self System found that Ideal L2 Self,Ought-to L2 Self and L2 Learning Experience in the System make different contributions to L2 motivation respectively and L2 Learning Experience is the largest contributor to L2 motivation for primary and middle school students.The pedagogical implications are also suggested.
文摘Our study was conducted from August 2008 to March 2009 in the Houet province, western Burkina Faso. It consisted in the assessment of the constraints to the adoption by cotton growers of technologies promoted by the IPM program through Farmers’ Field Schools in cotton-cereals-livestock systems. We did so by surveying a sample of 185 farmers trained in IPM and by describing farmers’ practices before and after the training in IPM. The results showed that the average dose of organic manure, NPK and urea used by famers after their training were respectively 3.8 tons/ha, 163 kg/ha and 65 kg /ha as compared with 2.4 tons/ha, 140 kg/ha and 51 kg/ha before the training. Regarding the use of pesticides, 94.6% of farmers used protection equipment during the sprayings after the training against 21.6% of them before the training. However, the average number of sprays did not vary significantly. It was 6 before the training and only 5 after. The botanical pesticides were used by 31% of farmers after the training as compared with 0% of users before the training in IPM. The training did not affect much crop yields. The constraints identified and classified according to their relative importance included the lack of agricultural equipment, and animals for ploughing, difficulties in inputs access, labor shortage, the lack of organic manure, and marketing problems. These technical, social and economic constraints have been analyzed and recommendations have been made to work them out.
