Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers,as the immune modification of an immune checkpoint(IC)confers immune evasion capabilities to tumor cells.Multiple ICs,such as programmed cell dea...Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers,as the immune modification of an immune checkpoint(IC)confers immune evasion capabilities to tumor cells.Multiple ICs,such as programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4(CTLA-4),can bind to their respective receptors and reduce tumor immunity in a variety of ways,including blocking immune cell activation signals.IC blockade(ICB)therapies targeting these checkpoint molecules have demonstrated significant clinical benefits.This is because antibody-based IC inhibitors and a variety of specific small molecule inhibitors can inhibit key oncogenic signaling pathways and induce durable tumor remission in patients with a variety of cancers.Deciphering the roles and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules will provide crucial theoretical guidance for clinical treatment.In this review,we summarize the current knowledge on the functional and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules at multiple levels,including epigenetic regulation,transcriptional regulation,and post-translational modifications.In addition,we provide a summary of the medications targeting various nodes in the regulatory pathway,and highlight the potential of newly identified IC molecules,focusing on their potential implications for cancer diagnostics and immunotherapy.展开更多
Background:Cluster of differentiation 8(CD8 T)cells play critical roles in eradicating human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 infection,but little is known about the effects of T cells expressing CD8 at low levels(CD8^(l...Background:Cluster of differentiation 8(CD8 T)cells play critical roles in eradicating human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 infection,but little is known about the effects of T cells expressing CD8 at low levels(CD8^(low))or high levels(CD8^(high))on HIV-1 replication inhibition after HIV-1 invasion into individual.Methods:Nineteen patients who had been acutely infected with HIV-1(AHI)and 20 patients with chronic infection(CHI)for≥2 years were enrolled in this study to investigate the dynamics of the quantity,activation,and immune responses of CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells and their counterpart CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells at different stages of HIV-1 infection.Results:Compared with healthy donors,CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells expanded in HIV-1-infected individuals at different stages of infection.As HIV-1 infection progressed,CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells gradually decreased.Simultaneously,CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells was significantly reduced in the first month of AHI and then increased gradually as HIV-1 infection progressed.The classical activation of CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells was highest in the first month of AHI and then reduced as HIV-1 infection progressed and entered the chronic stage.Meanwhile,activated CD38^(-)HLA-DR^(+)CD8^(low) T cells did not increase in the first month of AHI,and the number of these cells was inversely associated with viral load(r=-0.664,P=0.004)but positively associated with the CD4 T-cell count(r=0.586,P=0.014).Increased programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)abundance on CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells was observed from the 1st month of AHI but did not continue to be enhanced,while a significant T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif(ITIM)domains(TIGIT)abundance increase was observed in the 12th month of infection.Furthermore,increased PD-1 and TIGIT abundance on CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells was associated with a low CD4 T-cell count(PD-1:r=-0.456,P=0.043;TIGIT:r=-0.488,P=0.029)in CHI.Nonetheless,the nonincrease in PD-1 expression on classically activated CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells was inversely associated with HIV-1 viremia in the first month of AHI(r=-0.578,P=0.015).Notably,in the first month of AHI,few CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells,but comparable amounts of CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells,responded to Gag peptides.Then,weaker HIV-1-specific T-cell responses were induced in CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells than CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells at the 3rd and 12th months of AHI and in CHI.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells play an anti-HIV role in the first month of infection due to their abundance but induce a weak HIV-1-specific immune response.Subsequently,CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T-cell number decreased gradually as infection persisted,and their anti-HIV functions were inferior to those of CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells.展开更多
目的探讨活动性肺结核患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子(T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain molecule,TIM)-1及TIM-3、细胞因子的变化。方法纳入2017年12月至2018年12月在浙江省中西医结合医院就诊和治愈的肺...目的探讨活动性肺结核患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子(T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain molecule,TIM)-1及TIM-3、细胞因子的变化。方法纳入2017年12月至2018年12月在浙江省中西医结合医院就诊和治愈的肺结核患者各50例,分成结核病组和结核病治愈组;另选同期在浙江省中西医结合医院进行体格检查的50名健康者,作为健康对照组。采用流式细胞术检测纳入对象的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测外周血单个核细胞中TIM-1、TIM-3、γ干扰素和白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-4的mRNA水平。统计学方法采用t检验。结果结核病组CD4+T淋巴细胞/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值为1.21±0.50,分别低于结核病治愈组的1.88±0.62和健康对照组的1.92±0.82,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.148、2.207,均P<0.05)。结核病组TIM-1、TIM-3、IL-4的mRNA水平分别为2.16±0.37、1.59±0.36、1.52±0.69,分别高于结核病治愈组的1.60±1.23、1.01±0.52、0.91±0.36和健康对照组的1.40±0.27、0.92±0.34、0.79±0.42,差异均有统计学意义(结核病组比结核病治愈组t=14.120、11.440、17.730,结核病组比健康对照组t=12.090、12.050、17.030;均P<0.05);结核病组γ干扰素的mRNA水平为0.43±0.11,低于结核病治愈组的1.74±0.72和健康对照组的1.82±1.17,差异均有统计学意义(t=13.880、11.430,均P<0.05)。结论活动性肺结核患者的免疫功能紊乱可能与其体内CD4+T淋巴细胞/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值低下、TIM-1和TIM-3表达水平升高,以及辅助性T淋巴细胞(helper T lymphocyte,Th)1/Th2细胞因子比例失调有关。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2700903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81672791 and 81872300)+2 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.LR18C060002)the Huadong Medicine Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LHDMY22H160006)the ZJU-QILU Joint Research Institute and Qilu Group.
文摘Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers,as the immune modification of an immune checkpoint(IC)confers immune evasion capabilities to tumor cells.Multiple ICs,such as programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4(CTLA-4),can bind to their respective receptors and reduce tumor immunity in a variety of ways,including blocking immune cell activation signals.IC blockade(ICB)therapies targeting these checkpoint molecules have demonstrated significant clinical benefits.This is because antibody-based IC inhibitors and a variety of specific small molecule inhibitors can inhibit key oncogenic signaling pathways and induce durable tumor remission in patients with a variety of cancers.Deciphering the roles and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules will provide crucial theoretical guidance for clinical treatment.In this review,we summarize the current knowledge on the functional and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules at multiple levels,including epigenetic regulation,transcriptional regulation,and post-translational modifications.In addition,we provide a summary of the medications targeting various nodes in the regulatory pathway,and highlight the potential of newly identified IC molecules,focusing on their potential implications for cancer diagnostics and immunotherapy.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,81974303)the High-Level Public Health Specialized Talents Project of Beijing Municipal Health Commission(2022-2-018)+7 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(CPL-1233)the“Climbing the peak(Dengfeng)”Talent Training Program of Beijing Hospitals Authority(DFL20191701 and DFL20181701)the Beijing Health Technologies Promotion Program(BHTPP2020)Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research(BZ0089 and BZ0373)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7191004)Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project(Z211100002521024)the Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University(PYZ21126)and the Scientific Research Project of Beijing Youan Hospital(CCMU-2020-BJYAYY-2020YC-01 and CCMU-2021-YNKTXF2021001).
文摘Background:Cluster of differentiation 8(CD8 T)cells play critical roles in eradicating human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 infection,but little is known about the effects of T cells expressing CD8 at low levels(CD8^(low))or high levels(CD8^(high))on HIV-1 replication inhibition after HIV-1 invasion into individual.Methods:Nineteen patients who had been acutely infected with HIV-1(AHI)and 20 patients with chronic infection(CHI)for≥2 years were enrolled in this study to investigate the dynamics of the quantity,activation,and immune responses of CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells and their counterpart CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells at different stages of HIV-1 infection.Results:Compared with healthy donors,CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells expanded in HIV-1-infected individuals at different stages of infection.As HIV-1 infection progressed,CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells gradually decreased.Simultaneously,CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells was significantly reduced in the first month of AHI and then increased gradually as HIV-1 infection progressed.The classical activation of CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells was highest in the first month of AHI and then reduced as HIV-1 infection progressed and entered the chronic stage.Meanwhile,activated CD38^(-)HLA-DR^(+)CD8^(low) T cells did not increase in the first month of AHI,and the number of these cells was inversely associated with viral load(r=-0.664,P=0.004)but positively associated with the CD4 T-cell count(r=0.586,P=0.014).Increased programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)abundance on CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells was observed from the 1st month of AHI but did not continue to be enhanced,while a significant T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif(ITIM)domains(TIGIT)abundance increase was observed in the 12th month of infection.Furthermore,increased PD-1 and TIGIT abundance on CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells was associated with a low CD4 T-cell count(PD-1:r=-0.456,P=0.043;TIGIT:r=-0.488,P=0.029)in CHI.Nonetheless,the nonincrease in PD-1 expression on classically activated CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells was inversely associated with HIV-1 viremia in the first month of AHI(r=-0.578,P=0.015).Notably,in the first month of AHI,few CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells,but comparable amounts of CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells,responded to Gag peptides.Then,weaker HIV-1-specific T-cell responses were induced in CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells than CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells at the 3rd and 12th months of AHI and in CHI.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T cells play an anti-HIV role in the first month of infection due to their abundance but induce a weak HIV-1-specific immune response.Subsequently,CD3^(+)CD8^(low) T-cell number decreased gradually as infection persisted,and their anti-HIV functions were inferior to those of CD3^(+)CD8^(high) T cells.
文摘目的探讨活动性肺结核患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子(T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain molecule,TIM)-1及TIM-3、细胞因子的变化。方法纳入2017年12月至2018年12月在浙江省中西医结合医院就诊和治愈的肺结核患者各50例,分成结核病组和结核病治愈组;另选同期在浙江省中西医结合医院进行体格检查的50名健康者,作为健康对照组。采用流式细胞术检测纳入对象的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测外周血单个核细胞中TIM-1、TIM-3、γ干扰素和白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-4的mRNA水平。统计学方法采用t检验。结果结核病组CD4+T淋巴细胞/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值为1.21±0.50,分别低于结核病治愈组的1.88±0.62和健康对照组的1.92±0.82,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.148、2.207,均P<0.05)。结核病组TIM-1、TIM-3、IL-4的mRNA水平分别为2.16±0.37、1.59±0.36、1.52±0.69,分别高于结核病治愈组的1.60±1.23、1.01±0.52、0.91±0.36和健康对照组的1.40±0.27、0.92±0.34、0.79±0.42,差异均有统计学意义(结核病组比结核病治愈组t=14.120、11.440、17.730,结核病组比健康对照组t=12.090、12.050、17.030;均P<0.05);结核病组γ干扰素的mRNA水平为0.43±0.11,低于结核病治愈组的1.74±0.72和健康对照组的1.82±1.17,差异均有统计学意义(t=13.880、11.430,均P<0.05)。结论活动性肺结核患者的免疫功能紊乱可能与其体内CD4+T淋巴细胞/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值低下、TIM-1和TIM-3表达水平升高,以及辅助性T淋巴细胞(helper T lymphocyte,Th)1/Th2细胞因子比例失调有关。
