Coseismic deformation and fault slip distribution of the 2023 M_(W)7.8 and M_(W)7.6 earthquakes in Türkiye

On February 6,2023,a devastating earthquake with a moment magnitude of M_(W)7.8 struck the town of Pazarcik in south-central Türkiye,followed by another powerful earthquake with a moment magnitude of M_(W)7.6 that struck the nearby city of Elbistan 9 h later.To study the characteristics of surface deformation caused by this event and the influence of fault rupture,this study calculated the static coseismic deformation of 56 stations and dynamic displacement waveforms of 15 stations using data from the Turkish national fixed global navigation satellite system(GNSS)network.A maximum static coseismic displacement of 0.38 m for the M_(W)7.8 Kahramanmaras earthquake was observed at station ANTE,36 km from the epicenter,and a maximum dynamic coseismic displacement of 4.4 m for the M_(W)7.6 Elbistan earthquake was observed at station EKZ1,5 km from the epicenter.The rupture-slip distributions of the two earthquakes were inverted using GNSS coseismic deformation as a constraint.The results showed that the Kahramanmaras earthquake rupture segment was distinct and exposed on the ground,resulting in significant rupture slip along the Amanos and Pazarcik fault segments of the East Anatolian Fault.The maximum slip in the Pazarcik fault segment was 10.7 m,and rupture occurred at depths of 0–15 km.In the Cardak fault region,the Elbistan earthquake caused significant ruptures at depths of 0–12 km,with the largest amount of slip reaching 11.6 m.The Coulomb stress change caused by the Kahramanmaras earthquake rupture along the Cardak fault segment was approximately 2 bars,and the area of increased Coulomb stress corresponded to the subsequent rupture region of the M_(W)7.6 earthquake.Thus,it is likely that the M_(W)7.8 earthquake triggered or promoted the M_(W)7.6 earthquake.Based on the cumulative stress impact of the M_(W)7.8 and M_(W)7.6 events,the southwestern segment of the East Anatolian Fault,specifically the Amanos fault segment,experienced a Coulomb rupture stress change exceeding 2 bars,warranting further attention to assess its future seismic hazard risk.

Variations of shear-wave splitting parameters in the source region of the 2023 Türkiye doublet earthquakes

In this study,the shear-wave splitting parameters of local seismic events from the source regions of the 2023 Türkiye MW7.7 and MW7.6 doublet earthquakes(event 1 and event 2,respectively)were measured from June 1,2022,to April 25,2023,and their spatiotemporal characteristics were analyzed.The results revealed clear spatial and temporal differences.Spatially,the dominant fast-wave polarization direction at each station shows a strong correlation with the direction of the maximum horizontal principal compressive stress,as characterized by focal mechanism solutions of seismic events(MW≥3.5)near the station.The dominant fast-wave polarization direction and the regional stress field also showed a strong correlation with the intermovement of the Arabian Plate,African Plate,and Anatolian Block.Along the Nurdagi-Pazarcik fault zone,the seismic fault of event 1,stations closer to the middle of the fault where the mainshock occurred exhibited notably greater delay times than stations located towards the ends of the fault and far from the mainshock.In addition,the stations located to the east of the Nurdagi-Pazarcik fault and to the north of the Sürgüfault also exhibited large delay times.The spatial distribution of shear-wave splitting parameters obtained from each station indicates that the upper-crust anisotropy in the source area is mainly controlled by the regional stress field,which is closely related to the state of the block motion.During the seismogenic process of the MW7.7 earthquake,more stress accumulated in the middle of the Nurdagi-Pazarcik fault than at either end of the fault.Under the influence of the MW7.7 and MW7.6 events,the stress that accumulated during the seismogenic process of the earthquake doublet may have migrated towards some areas outside the aftershock intensive area after the earthquakes,and the crustal stress and its adjustment range near the outer stations increased significantly.With the exception of two stations with few effective events,all stations showed a consistent change in shear-wave splitting parameters over time.In particular,each station showed a decreasing trend in delay times after the doublet earthquakes,reflecting the obvious intensification of crustal stress adjustment in the seismogenic zone after the doublet earthquakes.With the occurrence of the earthquake doublet and a large number of aftershocks,the stress accumulated during the seismogenic process of the doublet earthquakes is gradually released,and then the adjustment range of crustal stress is also gradually reduced.

Strong ground motion characteristics observed in the February 6,2023 M_(W)7.7 Türkiye earthquake

Türkiye is located in a seismically active region,where the Anatolian,African,and Arabian tectonic plates converge.High seismic hazards cause the region to be struck repeatedly by major earthquakes.On February 06,2023,a devastating M_(W)7.7 earthquake struck Türkiye at 01:17 am local time(01:17 UTC).In this regard,near and far-field ground motion data within the distance of 120 km are compiled and later characterized to identify the key ground motion intensity measures.Additionally,the vertical components of ground motions were examined to capture the complete three-dimensional nature of the seismic event.Moreover,the effect of Pulse-Like(PL)and Non-Pulse-Like(NPL)ground motion on a representative RC frame structure built as per the Türkiye code was investigated.The results indicate that PL behavior was observed in both horizontal and vertical components of ground motions and PL behavior were noted both near the epicenter and at higher distances from the epicenter.Moreover,the ratio of the peak vertical acceleration to peak horizontal acceleration at certain stations was found to be close to 1.Finally,the non-linear time history analysis of the representative reinforced concrete frame structure for ground motions recorded at stations located equidistant from the epicenter,indicated that PL ground motions led to more significant damage compared to NPL ground motions.

Analysis of faulting destruction and water supply pipeline damage from the first mainshock of the February 6,2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet

In 2023,two consecutive earthquakes exceeding a magnitude of 7 occurred in Türkiye,causing severe casualties and economic losses.The damage to critical urban infrastructure and building structures,including highways,railroads,and water supply pipelines,was particularly severe in areas where these structures intersected the seismogenic fault.Critical infrastructure projects that traverse active faults are susceptible to the influence of fault movement,pulse velocity,and ground motions.In this study,we used a unique approach to analyze the acceleration records obtained from the seismic station array(9 strong ground motion stations)located along the East Anatolian Fault(the seismogenic fault of the MW7.8 mainshock of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet).The acceleration records were filtered and integrated to obtain the velocity and displacement time histories.We used the results of an on-site investigation,jointly conducted by China Earthquake Administration and Türkiye’s AFAD,to analyze the distribution of PGA,PGV,and PGD recorded by the strong motion array of the East Anatolian Fault.We found that the maximum horizontal PGA in this earthquake was 3.0 g,and the maximum co-seismic surface displacement caused by the East Anatolian Fault rupture was 6.50 m.As the fault rupture propagated southwest,the velocity pulse caused by the directional effect of the rupture increased gradually,with the maximum PGA reaching 162.3 cm/s.We also discussed the seismic safety of critical infrastructure projects traversing active faults,using two case studies of water supply pipelines in Türkiye that were damaged by earthquakes.We used a three-dimensional finite element model of the PE(polyethylene)water pipeline at the Islahiye State Hospital and fault displacement observations obtained through on-site investigation to analyze pipeline failure mechanisms.We further investigated the effect of the fault-crossing angle on seismic safety of a pipeline,based on our analysis and the failure performance of the large-diameter Thames Water pipeline during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake.The seismic method of buried pipelines crossing the fault was summarized.

The earth's rotation-dominated seismicity preceding the 2023 M_(W) 7.8 Gaziantep, Türkiye, earthquake

For earthquakes (M≥4.0) occurring along and around the East Anatolian fault zone and the Dead Sea fault zone within ten years immediately before the MW7.8 Gaziantep earthquake,Türkiye,of February 6,2023,we explored the correlation between seismicity and the earth's rotation.We statistically evaluated the correlation using the Schuster's test.The results are quantitatively assessed by a p-value.We found a clear downward trend in the p-values from early 2020 to late 2022 in the studied region.We also obtained a spatial distribution of the p-values showing a low p-value area near the northeastern end of the aftershock zone.Although the stress induced by the rotation of the earth is very weak,it could control the earthquake occurrence when the focal medium is loaded to the critical state to release a large earthquake.The decrease in the b-value in the Gutenberg-Richter (G-R) relation is considered in the form of the tectonic stress increase in the crust.We investigated the b-value as a function of time in the study region.We found that the b-value had decreased for about eleven years before the p-value started to decrease,with a relative reduction of 57%.Therefore,the result of the lower p-values obtained in the present study infers that the earthquakes were dominated by the earth's rotation prior to the MW7.8 Türkiye earthquake due to a critical state of the focal region.

Rapid source inversions of the 2023 SE Türkiye earthquakes with teleseismic and strong-motion data

We conducted rapid inversions of rupture process for the 2023 earthquake doublet occurred in SE Türkiye,the first with a magnitude of M_(W)7.8 and the second with a magnitude of M_(W)7.6,using teleseismic and strong-motion data.The teleseismic rupture models of the both events were obtained approximately 88 and 55 minutes after their occurrences,respectively.The rupture models indicated that the first event was an asymmetric bilateral event with ruptures mainly propagating to the northeast,while the second one was a unilateral event with ruptures propagating to the west.This information could be useful in locating the meizoseismal areas.Compared with teleseismic models,the strong-motion models showed relatively higher resolution.A noticeable difference was found for the M_(W)7.6 earthquake,for which the strong-motion models shows a bilateral event,rather than a unilateral event,but the dominant rupture direction is still westward.Nevertheless,all strong-motion models are consistent with the teleseismic models in terms of magnitudes,durations,and dominant rupture directions.This suggests that both teleseismic and strong-motion data can be used for fast determination of major source characteristics.In contrast,the strong-motion data would be preferable in future emergency responses since they are recorded earlier and have a better resolution ability on the source ruptures.

The cumulative plastic deformation demand for buckling restrained braces imposed by the strong motions in the 2023 Türkiye earthquake sequence

The Türkiye earthquake sequence on February 6, 2023, was featured by the closely located earthquake doublet of M_(W)7.8 and M_(W)7.5. The consequent strong ground motions are supposed to be able to impose high demands on the ultra-low-cycle fatigue performance of metallic dampers in buildings, including the widely used buckling restrained braces. This study evaluates the cumulative plastic deformation(CPD) demands on bucklingrestrained braces(BRBs) in multi-story buildings imposed by the strong ground motions in the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet. Thirty-two records of the highest peak ground accelerations were selected from the strong motion database. Among them, eight captured the ground motions during both events, and the rest only captured the shaking of either of the events. The CPD demands on the BRBs in reinforced concrete frames with various fundamental periods, brace-to-frame stiffness ratios, and BRB ductility ratio are calculated by nonlinear time history analyses and are summarized in the form of enveloped spectra of CPD ratios at constant ductility. The results show that the CPD demands on BRBs increase with smaller brace-toframe stiffness ratios and larger BRB ductility ratios. The enveloped CPD demands are several hundreds of times the nominal yield deformation of the BRB, which are much higher than the CPD demands for the calibration tests of BRBs stipulated by AISC 341 in the US.

Preliminary report of coseismic surface rupture(part)of Türkiye's M_(W)7.8 earthquake by remote sensing interpretation

Both M_(W) 7.8 and M_(W) 7.5 earthquakes occurred in southeastern Türkiye on February 6,2023,resulting in numerous buildings collapsing and serious casualties.Understanding the distribution of coseismic surface ruptures and secondary disasters surrounding the epicentral area is important for post-earthquake emergency and disaster assessments.High-resolution Maxar and GF-2 satellite data were used after the events to extract the location of the rupture surrounding the first epicentral area.The results show that the length of the interpreted surface rupture zone(part of)is approximately 75 km,with a coseismic sinistral dislocation of 2-3 m near the epicenter;however,this reduced to zero at the tip of the southwest section of the East Anatolia Fault Zone.Moreover,dense soil liquefaction pits were triggered along the rupture trace.These events are in the western region of the Eurasian Seismic Belt and result from the subduction and collision of the Arabian and African Plates toward the Eurasian Plate.The western region of the Chinese mainland and its adjacent areas are in the eastern section of the Eurasian Seismic Belt,where seismic activity is controlled by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian Plates.Both China and Türkiye have independent tectonic histories.

Geophysical Reactions to Remote 2022 Tonga Eruption and to Türkiye Earthquakes in Georgia (Caucasus): Hydrogeology, Geomagnetics and Seismicity

The paper is devoted to analysis of hydrogeological, geomagnetic and seismic response to the two great remote geophysical events, 2022 Tonga volcano eruption and 2020-2023 Türkiye earthquakes in Georgia (Caucasus). The geophysical observation system in Georgia, namely, water level stations in the network of deep wells, atmospheric pressure and the geomagnetic sensors of the Dusheti Geophysical Observatory (DGO) as well as seismic data in Garni Observatory (Armenia) respond to the Tonga event by anomalies in the time series. These data show that there are two types of respond: infrasound disturbances in atmospheric pressure and seismic waves in the Earth generated by the eruption. After Tonga eruption January 15 at 04:21 UTC three groups of N-shaped waveforms were registered in the water level corresponding to the global propagation characteristics of the N-shaped waveform of infrasound signals on the barograms generated by eruption at the distance ~15,700 km: they were identified as the Lamb wave, a surface wave package running in the atmosphere with a velocity around ~314 m/s. The paper also presents the WL reactions to three strong EQs that occur in Türkiye 2020-2023, namely Elazığ, Van and Türkiye-Syria EQs. WL in Georgian well network reacts to these events by anomalies of different intensity, which points to the high sensitivity of hydrosphere to remote (several hundred km) strong EQs. The intensity and character of WL reactions depend strongly on the local hydrogeological properties of rocks, surrounding the well.

High-resolution seismicity imaging and early aftershock migration of the 2023 Kahramanmara?(SE Türkiye)M_W7.9&7.8 earthquake doublet

We build a high-resolution early aftershock catalog for the 2023 SE Türkiye seismic sequence with PALM,a seamless workflow that sequentially performs phase picking,association,location,and matched filter for continuous data.The catalog contains 29,519 well-located events in the two mainshocks rupture region during 2023-02-01–2023-02-28,which significantly improves the detection completeness and relocation precision compared to the public routine catalog.Employing the new PALM catalog,we analyze the structure of the seismogenic fault system.We find that the Eastern Anatolian Fault(EAF)that generated the first M_(W)7.9 mainshock is overall near-vertical,whereas complexities are revealed in a small-scale,such as subparallel subfaults,unmapped branches,and stepovers.The seismicity on EAF is shallow(<15 km)and concentrated in depth distribution,indicating a clear lock-creep transition.In contrast,the SürgüFault(SF)that is responsible for the second M_(W)7.8 mainshock is shovel-shaped for the nucleation segment and has overall low dip angles(~40°–80°).Aftershocks on the SF distribute in a broad range of depth,extending down to~35 km.We also analyze the temporal behavior of seismicity,discovering no immediate foreshocks within~5 days preceding the first mainshock,and no seismic activity on the SF before the second mainshock.

Representative value of cross-fault in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet block and case analysis of the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

The equation for determining cross-fault representative value is calculated based on hanging wall and foot wall reference level surfaces. The cross-fault data reliability are analyzed base on the stability of reference datum and observation points, thereby facili- tating plotting of the representative value curves after removing interference. The spatial and temporal characteristics of fault deformation abnormalities before the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake, as well as the fault-movement characteristics reflected by representa- tive value, are summarized. The results show that many site trends had changed 1-3 years before the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake in the Qilian Fault, reflecting certain background abnormalities. The short-term abnormalities centrally had appeared in the 6 months to 1 year period before the earthquake near and in the neighborhood of the source region, demonstrating a significantly increased number of short-term abnormalities. Many sites near and in the neighborhood of the source region had strengthened inverse activities or had changed from positive to inverse activities in the most recent 2-3 years, which reflect stress-field enhancements or adjustment features.

苍山5.2级地震前的R(t)图异常特征及其时间变化

研究了１９９５ 年苍山５２ 级地震前地震时空分布参数Ｒ （ｔ） 图的异常变化， 由Ｒ （ｔ）图清楚的反映出苍山５２ 级地震前地震活动的三个阶段性发展特征。即早期地震活动增强，形成大的孕震空区； 中期在上述背景上地震活动再次向外围扩散并收缩， 地震活动逐渐减弱， 孕震空区缩小； 晚期地震活动出现短平静（１８ 个月无ＭＬ≥２５ 级地震） ； 临震前１８ 天孕震空区内出现３ 个特征前震，

印度洋T波与地震震源参数的相关性

从2004-12-26苏门答腊(Mw=9.3)大地震发生后,在该区域诱发的137个地震的波形记录中提取出了清晰的T波,并分析研究了T波波形特征与地震震源参数的相关性.通过分析计算得到如下结论:(Ⅰ)对于同一震级的地震,走滑型地震在海水声纳层中激发的T波能量大于正逆断层型地震;(Ⅱ)随着深度的增加,激发的T波与P波能量的比值(T/P)在逐渐减小;(Ⅲ)T与P,S波峰值到时差与地震震中距呈现较好的线性关系;(Ⅳ)在纬度1.0至2.5的区域,存在一个地震波向声波转换效率高的区域.

火灾下考虑震损的方垫板加强T型节点抗火性能

利用已有试验验证方垫板加强T型节点数值分析模型,引入损伤变量,考虑参数直径比、径厚比、壁厚比、垫板长度与支管直径比及垫板厚度与主管厚度比,对震后火灾作用下方垫板加强T型节点抗火性能进行分析研究.结果表明:损伤变量对方垫板加强T型节点的临界温度影响较大,临界温度随着损伤变量的增大呈线性减小趋势;直径比、径厚比、壁厚比及垫板厚度与主管厚度比对方垫板加强T型节点的临界温度影响较小;垫板长度与支管直径比对方垫板加强T型节点的临界温度影响较大,且随着该比值的增大方垫板加强T型节点的临界温度减小;径厚比和壁厚比的增大会使方垫板加强T型节点临界温度发生小幅度的上升.

Exploring Key Capacities:Insights from Assessing the Resilience of the Public Health System Before and After the Kahramanmara?Earthquakes

The goal of this mixed-methods study was to identify and compare the key capacity considerations regarding public health system resilience before and after the 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquakes.Public health system resilience was assessed through online and face-to-face workshops using the United Nations Public Health System Resilience Scorecard.The pre-earthquake evaluation was conducted in Istanbul and Trabzon in 2021;the post-earthquake evaluation took place in Hatay and Kahramanmara?in 2023,with a total of 41 participants each.The online workshops lasted approximately four days,while the face-to-face workshops lasted one day.The study found a significant decrease in the scores for most scorecard resilience indicators in the post-earthquake assessment.Qualitative analysis showed that this decline was largely due to infrastructure collapse.Additionally,defining the roles of health disciplines in disaster management and having data transmission procedures between public health system stakeholders in disasters were among the main capacity considerations in both the pre-and post-earthquake assessments.The post-earthquake evaluation revealed several capacity gaps that had not been addressed in pre-earthquake assessments in areas such as disaster preparedness of vulnerable populations and logistics.The findings highlight the critical importance of strengthening building stock and infrastructure to establish a disaster-resilient public health system.

大跨度T构连续梁地震反应谱分析

采用地震反应谱分析法,对某新建铁路大跨度T构连续梁进行了抗震分析,分别计算了在地震激励下纵桥方向和横桥方向的结构响应,为大跨度T构连续梁抗震设计提供了依据。

t检验方法在评价水库地震中的应用

引入t检验方法对中国1975年以后的30例水库地震震例进行了定量评价。评价中首先分别统计水库蓄水前、后水库区水域线20 km范围内的地震年频度作为统计检验的2个样本,然后通过F检验和t检验方法对2个样本的标准差和均值是否存在显著差异进行检验,根据标准差和均值检验结果判定水库蓄水是否诱发了地震活动。结果显示:①如果水库蓄水前后库区地震年频度标准差和平均值均发生了显著变化,则水库蓄水诱发了地震。②如果水库蓄水前后库区地震年频度标准差无明显变化,但地震年频度平均值变化显著,则水库蓄水可能诱发了地震。③如果水库蓄水前后库区地震年频度标准差和平均值均无明显变化,则水库蓄水没有诱发地震。

西南地震区高墩装配式T梁桥支座设计研究

针对西南地震区高墩装配式T梁桥的支座选取,建立空间动力分析有限元模型,采用非线性时程波分析方法,对比研究板式橡胶支座方案、盆式支座方案和双曲面摩擦摆式减隔震支座方案随墩高变化时结构的响应规律。结果表明:板式橡胶支座方案适用性较强;墩高较矮时不建议采用盆式支座方案;地震烈度较高时,双曲面摩擦摆式减隔震支座方案可行。

地震作用下高墩连续T形梁桥梁端碰撞分析

针对高墩连续梁桥伸缩缝位置处的碰撞现象,建立考虑单边碰撞空间有限元简化分析模型,采用非线性时程分析方法研究了高墩连续梁桥伸缩缝处碰撞发生的规律。总结了梁端碰撞发生时各个桥墩、台位置处梁墩相对位移及墩底内力的变化规律,以及影响梁端碰撞的因素。研究成果对同类型桥梁抗震设计时具有一定的参考价值。

A METHOD FOR EPICENTER LOCATNG BY USING T WAVES

Two OBS arrays were deployed in the southern Okinawa Trough.Some of the OBS records revealedmany earthquakes with intensive T waves but ambiguous body waves.A new method using T waves for epicenter locating was developed that was found to be as precise as the body wave method for locatingepicenters when T waves are clearly recorded.