Identification and characterization of FpRco1 in regulating vegetative growth and pathogenicity based on T-DNA insertion in Fusarium pseudograminearum

Fusarium pseudograminearum is a devastating pathogen that causes Fusarium crown rot(FCR)in wheat and poses a significant threat to wheat production in terms of grain yield and quality.However,the mechanism by which F.pseudograminearum infects wheat remains unclear.In this study,we aimed to elucidate these mechanisms by constructing a T-DNA insertion mutant library for the highly virulent strain WZ-8A of F.pseudograminearum.By screening this mutant library,we identified nine independent mutants that displayed impaired pathogenesis in barley leaves.Among these mutants,one possessed a disruption in the gene FpRCO1 that is an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RCO1,encoding essential component of the Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex in F.pseudograminearum.To further investigate the role of FpRCO1 in F.pseudograminearum,we employed a split-marker approach to knock out FpRCO1 in F.pseudograminearum WZ-8A.FpRCO1 deletion mutants exhibit reduced vegetative growth,conidium production,and virulence in wheat coleoptiles and barley leaves,whereas the complementary strain restores these phenotypes.Moreover,under stress conditions,the FpRCO1 deletion mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to NaCl,sorbitol,and SDS,but possessed reduced sensitivity to H_(2)O_(2)compared to these characteristics in the wild-type strain.RNA-seq analysis revealed that deletion of FpRCO1 affected gene expression(particularly the downregulation of TRI gene expression),thus resulting in significantly reduced deoxynivalenol(DON)production.In summary,our findings highlight the pivotal role of FpRCO1 in regulating vegetative growth and development,asexual reproduction,DON production,and pathogenicity of F.pseudograminearum.This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying F.pseudograminearum infection in wheat and may pave the way for the development of novel strategies to combat this devastating disease.

An efficient method for constructing a random insertional mutant library for forward genetics in Nannochloropsis oceanica

Insertional mutation,phenotypic evaluation,and mutated gene cloning are widely used to clone genes from scratch.Exogenous genes can be integrated into the genome during non-homologous end joining(NHEJ)of the double-strand breaks of DNA,causing insertional mutation.The random insertional mutant library constructed using this method has become a method of forward genetics for gene cloning.However,the establishment of a random insertional mutant library requires a high transformation efficiency of exogenous genes.Many microalgal species show a low transformation efficiency,making constructing random insertional mutant libraries difficult.In this study,we established a highly efficient transformation method for constructing a random insertional mutant library of Nannochloropsis oceanica,and tentatively tried to isolate its genes to prove the feasibility of the method.A gene that may control the growth rate and cell size was identified.This method will facilitate the genetic studies of N.oceanica,which should also be a reference for other microalgal species.

Genetic Analysis of a Small Grain Mutant Induced by T-DNA Insertion in Rice

[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the genetic characteristics of a grain shape mutant and its possible role in genetic improvement of grain yield in rice. [Method] On the basis of the collection of T-DNA tag lines, the progeny of homozygous plants carrying T-DNA insertion were screened for mutants with mutated phenotypes. The genetic analysis of the mutant and test for the linkage between the mutated phenotype and the T-DNA insertion were carried out to determine its genetic characteristics. [Result] In the present study, a grain shape mutant induced by T-DNA insertion in rice was identified, which showed small grain. Genetic analysis of the mutant showed that the two types of phenotype, normal and small grain in the segregating populations derived from the T-DNA heterozygotes, fit the ratio of 3∶1. Test for Basta resistance showed that all the mutants were resistant while the normal plants segregated for resistant and susceptible by the ratio of 2∶1. The results indicated that the mutant phenotype cosegregated with Bar gene. The small grain mutant caused by T-DNA insertion was confirmed by PCR amplification aiming at T-DNA. [Conclusion] The grain shape mutant is useful for isolation of the tagged gene and genetic improvement in rice.

Isolation of T-DNA flanking plant DNA from T-DNAinsertional embryo-lethal mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana by plasmid rescue technique

Three T-DNA insertional embryonic lethal mutants from NASC (The Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Center)were first checked with their segregation ratio of abortive and normal seeds and the copy number of T-DNA insertion. The N4081 mutant has a segregation ratio of 1:3.04in average and one T-DNA insertion site according to our assay It was therefore chosen for further analysis. To isolate the joint fragment of T-DNA and plan DNA, the plasmid rescue technique waJs used. pEL-7, one of plasmids from left border of T-DNA, which contained pBR322 was selected from ampicillin plate. The T-DNA fragment of pEL-7 was checked by restriction enzyme analysis and Southern Blot. Restriction analysis confirmed the presence of known sites of EcoRI, PstI and PvuII on it.For confirming the presence of flanking plant DNA in this plasmid, pEL-7 DNA was labeled and hybridized with wild type and mutant plant DNA. The Southern Blot indicated the hybridization band in both of them. Furthermore, the junction of T-DNA/plant DNA was subcloned into bluescript SK+ and sequenced by Applied Biosystem 373A Sequencer. The results showed the 822 bp fragment contained a 274 bp sequence, which is 99.6%homolog (273bp/274 bp) to Ti plasmid pTi 15955 DNA.Ten bp of left 25 bp border repeat were also found in the juction of T-DNA and Plant DNA.Taken together, pEL-7 should contain a joint fragment of T-DNA and flanking plant DNA. This plasmid DNA could be used for the isolation of plant gene, which will be helpful to elucidate the relationship between gene function and plant embryo development.

Epigenetic Suppression of T-DNA Insertion Mutants in Arabidopsis

T-DNA insertion mutants have been widely used to define gene functions in Arabidopsis and in other plants. Here, we report an unexpected phenomenon of epigenetic suppression of T-DNA insertion mutants in Arabidopsis. When the two T-DNA insertion mutants, yucl-1 and ag-TD, were crossed together, the defects in all of the ag-TD plants in the F2 popumation were partially suppressed regardless of the presence of yucl-1. Conversion of ag-TD to the suppressed ag- TD （named as ag-TD＊） did not follow the laws of Mendelian genetics. The ag-TD＊ could be stably transmitted for many generations without reverting to ag-TD, and ag-TD^＊ had the capacity to convert ag-TD to ag-TD^＊. We show that epige-netic suppression of T-DNA mutants is not a rare event, but certain structural features in the T-DNA mutants are needed in order for the suppression to take place. The suppressed T-DNA mutants we observed were all intronic T-DNA mutants and the T-DNA fragments in both the trigger T-DNA as well as in the suppressed T-DNA shared stretches of identical sequences. We demonstrate that the suppression of intronic T-DNA mutants is mediated by trans-interactions between two T-DNA insertions. This work shows that caution is needed when intronic T-DNA mutants are used.

Construction of Mutant Populations by T-DNA Insertion for Functional Genomic Study in Cotton

The use of transfer DNA(T-DNA)as amutagen has been developed for tagging genes inmany crops,and results showed that T-DNAinsertion is a random event,and that theinserted genes are stable through multiplegenerations.Through sequencing PCR-amplifiedfragments adjacent to the inserted elements,wecan construct the T-DNA flanking database,which would be useful for cloning the genestagged by T-DNA.

Studies on rice seed quality through analysis of a large- scale T-DNA insertion population

A rice （Oryza sativa） T-DNA insertion population, which included more than 63 000 independent transgenic lines and 8 840 identified flanking sequence tags （FSTs） that were mapped onto the rice genome, was developed to systemi- cally study the rice seed quality control. Genome-wide analysis of the FST distribution showed that T-DNA insertions were positively correlated with expressed genes, but negatively with transposable elements and small RNAs. In addition, the recovered T-DNAs were preferentially located at the untranslated region of the expressed genes. More than 11 000 putative homozygous lines were obtained through multi-generations of planting and resistance screening, and measurement of seed quality of around half of them, including the contents of starch, amylose, protein and fat, with a nondestructive near-infrared spectroscopy method, identified 551 mutants with unique or multiple altered param- eters of seed quality. Analysis of the corresponding FSTs showed that genes participating in diverse functions, including metabolic processes and transcriptional regulation, were involved, indicating that seed quality is regulated by a complex network.

T-DNA transfer and integration as a tool for insertional mutagenesis in the taxol-producing fungus

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated DNA transiormation method was applied to transform Noclulisporium sylviforme fusant HDF-68, a taxol-produeing fungus. We constructed a binary vector pBI121-43 canting a hygromycin-resistant gene cassette between the right and left borders of T-DNA, Optimal co-cultivation of N.sylviforrne with A. tumefaciens containing pBI121-43 led to 110- 130 hygromycin-resistant transformants per＂ million eonidia. Putative transformants were found to be mitotically stable. The molecular analysis of transformants demonstrated the random integration of single copy of the T-DNA into the host genome. This transformation system serves as a basic tool for insertional mutagenesis in N. sylviforme fusant HDF-68, and the development of such svstem lays a solid foundation for constructing high-yied gene engineering strain and clarifying taxol biosynthesis pathway in this fungus.

Regulation of AtbZIP1 Gene Expression by T-DNA Insertion in Arabidopsis thaliana

bZIP transcription factor family is one of the largest groups of the plant transcription factor families and plays an important role in plant growth and adaption to the abiotic stresses. In this study, two AtbZIP1 mutant Arabidopsis （bzipl） were used with T-DNA inserted into two different sites, designated as SALK-556773 and SALK-660942, in order to identify different effects on AtbZIP1 gene expression by different T-DNA insertion sites. PCR and RT-PCR results revealed that T-DNA insertion in CDS region could effectively inhibit AtbZIP1 gene expression, while T-DNA insertion in 3＇-UTR couldn＇t. The phenotype analysis further confirmed the differences and showed that T-DNA insertion in CDS region decreased plants＇ drought resistance, while in 3＇-UTR couldn＇t. The phenotype assays also suggested that AtbZIP1 held pivotal roles in plant response to drought stress.

Identification of T-DNA Inserted Mutant Gene Transcription by Using Real-time PCR in Arabidopsis

AtERF4 （ethylene response factor） is a negative regulator in jasmonic acid mediated signal transduction pathway and ethylene mediated signal transduction pathway of Arabidopsis. It could respond to abscisic acid （ABA） and ethylene stimulus ATSYR1 gene encodes a syntaxin localizing at the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis, which can be induced by abiotic stress. To identify mutation lines for gene functional analysis, real-time PCR was employed to detect the expression level of AtERF4 and ATSYR1 in homozygous T-DNA insertion mutant line, respectively. Real-time PCR is a powerful tool which can be used to detect steady-state mRNA levels specifically, sensitively and reproducibly. Comparing to other forms of quantitative RT-PCR, the amount of amplified products can be detected by real-time PCR instantly and thus is a preferable alternative. In this study, RNA with T-DNA inserting into exon could be detected in AtERF4 knock-out mutation line. The results indicated that AtERF4 had been trucked in transcription level. On the other hand, T-DNA inserting into the promoter of gene ATSYR1 had no effect on reducing the expression level ofATSYR1 gene. Further molecular and phenotype studies now are ongoing to clarify the potential consequences of AtERF4 and ATSYR1 deficiency in Arabidopsis

T-DNA(Ds)插入产生的水稻卷叶突变的遗传分析

在筛选和鉴定水稻T-DNA(D s)插入纯合体的过程中,观察到1个叶片卷曲的突变体.对该突变体进行遗传分析表明,分离群体出现叶片卷曲和叶片正常2种植株类型,其分离比率为3∶1,符合1对基因的显性遗传.Basta抗性检测及PCR分子检测证实,该突变体是由单一T-DNA(D s)插入所引起的,突变性状与T-DNA(D s)共分离.该突变材料可用于插入座位的基因克隆.

Study on the Integration of T-DNA into Lilium longiflorum

[ Objective] The aim of this study is to obtain transgenic Lilium longiflorum Thumb. [ Method] A two-step method of explant and the T-DNA integration technique were employed to transform Lilium longiflorum via Agrobacterium mediated method. [ Result] The best infection effect appeared under the OD600 value of Agrobacterium within 0.6 -0.8, the addition of 250 mg/L AS could increase the transformation efficiency. The optimal concentration of G418 for screening is 50 mg/L. Some putative transgenic plants of Lilium longiflorum with resistance to G418 showed positive in PCR, preliminarily proving that T-DNA gene had integrated into the genome of lily. [ Conclusion] The study may lay a foundation for breeding excellent lily varieties through TDNA integration technique.

T-DNA插入产生的水稻白化苗突变的遗传分析

在筛选和鉴定水稻T-DNA(含Basta抗性基因Bar)插入纯合体的过程中,观察到1个白化苗的突变体.对该突变体进行遗传分析表明,分离群体出现绿苗和白化苗2种类型,其分离比率为3∶1,符合1对基因的显性遗传.Basta抗性检测、PCR分子检测及Southern杂交证实,该突变体是由单一T-DNA插入所引起的,白化苗性状与T-DNA共分离.该突变材料可用于插入座位的基因克隆.

T-DNA插入产生的水稻多分蘖突变的遗传分析

在筛选和鉴定水稻T-DNA(含Basta抗性基因Bar)插入纯合体的过程中,观察到一个多分蘖的突变体。其分离群体中多分蘖和正常分蘖两种植株类型的分离比率为3∶1,符合1对基因的显性遗传。Basta抗性检测、PCR分子检测及Southern杂交证实,该突变体是由单一T-DNA插入引起的,多分蘖性状与T-DNA共分离。该突变材料可用于插入座位的基因克隆。

TAIL-PCR法快速分离红曲霉色素突变株T-DNA插入位点侧翼序列

采用热不对称交错PCR(thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR,TAIL-PCR)法分离红曲霉色素突变株T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列,扩增到了长度介于500bp～1300bp之间的7个DNA片段,对这些DNA片段测序,并采用生物信息学方法对测序结果进行了分析,表明其中有1个片段与烟曲霉Af293发育调控子flbA的相似性较高。TAIL-PCR法成功应用于分离红曲霉突变株T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列,为大规模获取插入位点侧翼序列建立了可行的方法,也为进一步研究红曲霉功能基因奠定了基础。

T-DNA插入产生的水稻迟抽穗突变体的遗传分析

在筛选和鉴定水稻T-DNA插入纯合体的过程中,观察到一个迟抽穗的突变体。对该突变体进行遗传分析的结果表明,分离群体后代中出现正常抽穗、迟抽穗和特迟抽穗3种类型,分离比率为1∶2∶1,符合一对基因的不完全显性遗传;对突变体及其后代分离群体做Basta抗性检测及PCR分子检测,证实该突变体是由T-DNA插入所引起的,突变性状与T-DNA共分离。该材料可用于插入座位的基因克隆。

稻曲病菌突变体B-726生物学性状分析及其T-DNA插入位点侧翼序列的克隆

【目的】分析稻曲病菌T-DNA插入突变体库中致病力减弱突变菌株B-726的生物学性状,分析其T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列,克隆因外源基因插入被破坏正常表达的基因,为明确该基因在稻曲病菌致病过程中的作用奠定基础,并为稻曲病防治新途径的制定提供理论依据。【方法】通过测定突变菌株B-726生长速率、产孢能力及致病力检测,分析其生物学性状;Southern杂交分析B-726外源基因插入的拷贝数;利用HiTail-PCR获得T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列;运用RACE-PCR技术,克隆与插入位点毗邻的基因全长;用半定量RT-PCR分析该基因表达情况。【结果】突变菌株B-726与野生菌株P1相比致病力极显著下降,产孢能力、生长速率显著下降。Southern杂交结果显示T-DNA在菌株B-726中以单拷贝形式插入。经过序列分析发现,T-DNA插入在1个命名为Uvt-726上游344 bp处,半定量PCR结果表明,Uvt-726在B-726表达量较P1显著下降。【结论】克隆了1个可能与稻曲病菌致病力相关的基因,推断该基因在稻曲病菌致病过程中起着重要的作用。

一个水稻T-DNA插入类病斑突变体的初步研究

从T-DNA插入突变体中筛选到一个类病斑突变体AZT91,主要表现为生长缓慢、植株矮小、叶片出现条状褐斑,最后死亡。对突变体及其后代分离群体进行潮霉素抗性检测,证明该突变体是由T-DNA插入突变引起的,突变性状与T-DNA共分离。PCR和TAIL-PCR分析进一步证明了上述的观点。利用TAIL-PCR扩增了左边界侧翼序列,通过分析,初步推测该突变体可能是由于T-DNA插入后激活了单加氧酶基因的过量表达,破坏正常代谢途径,导致突变体死亡。该材料可用于水稻代谢调控机理的研究。

稻瘟病菌T-DNA插入突变体库构建及致病相关突变体筛选

利用农杆菌T-DNA介导的遗传转化体系转化稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)Y34菌株,平均每转化1.0×106个稻瘟病菌分生孢子可得到约300个抗潮霉素菌株。用该转化体系转化和筛选,获得抗潮霉素菌株6855个。PCR检测结果表明,所有表现抗潮霉素菌株均含抗潮霉素基因,说明抗潮霉素特性是T-DNA携带潮霉素基因插入Y34基因组的表型效应,即抗潮霉素菌株是T-DNA插入突变体。对56个突变体DNASouthern检测结果表明,有27个突变体是单拷贝插入,突变体T-DNA插入拷贝数平均为1.43。随机取1600个突变体进行致病力测定,结果发现23个突变体完全丧失致病能力。

水稻T-DNA插入群体的建立及突变体筛选

为了给水稻功能基因组学研究提供材料,利用农杆菌(Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)介导转化法转化水稻品种日本晴(Oryza sative L. ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare),共建立了1 833株独立的水稻T-DNA插入群体。T0通过PCR、GUS染色和Southern blot分析证明了再生植株为转基因植株。随机选取种植T1种子20粒,进行突变体筛选。通过对各个时期表型的观察和接种试验,共发现突变体208个,突变率为11.3%,表型涉及株高、叶片、穗型、生育期、颖花、颖壳着色、抗病性等。这些突变体不仅创造了具有优良农艺性状的水稻育种材料,为水稻育种提供新的基因资源,而且为水稻功能基因组研究打下坚实的基础。