Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar pure copper/1350 aluminum alloy butt joints by friction stir welding

The dissimilar friction stir welding of pure copper/1350 aluminum alloy sheet with a thickness of 3 mm was investigated. Most of the rotating pin was inserted into the aluminum alloy side through a pin-off technique, and sound welds were obtained at a rotation speed of 1000 r/min and a welding speed of 80 mm/min. Complicated microstructure was formed in the nugget, in which vortex-like pattern and lamella structure could be found. No intermetallic compounds were found in the nugget. The hardness distribution indicates that the hardness at the copper side of the nugget is higher than that at the aluminum alloy side, and the hardness at the bottom of the nugget is generally higher than that in other regions. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the dissimilar welds are 152 MPa and 6.3%, respectively. The fracture surface observation shows that the dissimilar joints fail with a ductile-brittle mixed fracture mode durin~ tensile test.

Wettability, microstructure and properties of 6061 aluminum alloy/304 stainless steel butt joint achieved by laser-metal inert-gas hybrid welding-brazing

Laser-metal inert-gas(MIG)hybrid welding-brazing was applied to the butt joint of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and 304 stainless steel.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint were studied.An excellent joint-section shape was achieved from good wettability on both sides of the stainless steel.Scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry indicated an intermetallic compound(IMC)layer at the 6061-T6/304 interface.The IMC thickness was controlled to be^2μm,which was attributed to the advantage of the laser-MIG hybrid method.Fe3Al dominated in the IMC layer at the interface between the stainless steel and the back reinforcement.The IMC layer in the remaining regions consisted mainly of Fe4Al13.A thinner IMC layer and better wettability on both sides of the stainless steel were obtained,because of the optimized energy distribution from a combination of a laser beam with a MIG arc.The average tensile strength of the joint with reinforcement using laser-MIG hybrid process was improved to be 174 MPa(60%of the 6061-T6 tensile strength),which was significantly higher than that of the joint by traditional MIG process.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE FIELD ON FLASH BUTT WELDING FOR HIGH MANGANESE STEELS

An axial symmetry finite element model coupled with electricity-thermal effect was developed to study the temperature field distribution in process of the flash butt welding （FBW） of frog highmanganese steel. The influence of temperature dependent material properties and the contact resistance were taken into account in FEM ＇simulation. Meanwhile, the lost materials due to .splutter was resolved by using birth and death element. The result of analyzing data shows that the moddel in the FBW flashing is reasonable and feasible, and can exactly simulate the temperature field distribution. The modeling provides reference for analysis of welding technologies on the temperature field of high-manganese steel in FBW.

Study on microstructures and properties of preheated flash butt welded SW400 steel joints

Under the spirit of sustainable development, ‘lightweight’ has been gradually included into the vehicle design criterion by many manufacturers and used in automobile production. Following this trend, domestic wheel suppliers also begin to study the technology of lightweight wheel. One way to achieve this goal is improving strength grade of the steel and optimizing the structure design in the field of steel wheels. But there are a few problems in flash butt welding process in the application of high strength steel, leading to high rejection rates. SW400 steel is a special high strength wheel steel developed by Benxi Steel. Taking SW400 steel as the research material, this article studys the feasibility of improving the properties of rim flash butt welded joints by adding preheating process.

Fatigue life evaluation of girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints based on the extrapolation notch stress method

The fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt weld within the welded cast steel joint was studied based on the extrapolation notch stress method.Firstly,the mesh sensitivity of the finite element model of the welded cast steel joint was analyzed to determine the optimal mesh size.Based on the stress field analysis of the finite element model of the welded cast steel joint at the weld toe and weld root,the sharp model of the extrapolation notch stress method was applied to derive the effective notch stress of the rounded model belonging to the effective notch stress method,in which the key problem is to calculate the extrapolation point C,and the extrapolation point C has an exponential function relationship with the geometric parameters of the welded cast steel joint.By setting different values of geometric parameters,the corresponding value of parameter C is calculated,and then the functional relationship between the extrapolation point C and the geometric parameters can be obtained by the multiple linear regression analysis.Meanwhile,the fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints based on the effective notch stress was performed according to the guideline recommended by the IIW(International Institute of Welding).The results indicate that the extrapolation notch stress method can effectively simplify the process of calculating the effective notch stress and accurately evaluate the fatigue life of the girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints.

Experimental investigation on tensile strength of butt welded joint post high temperatures

In order to investigate the laws of variation on tensile strength of butt welded joint post high temperatures, the wide plate tension tests for butt welded joint were conducted after cooling down from different high temperatures. The tests indicate that specimens appear ductile fracture at the steel plate during the tension tests after cooling down. The maximum temperatures undergone and the cooling pattern are major factors influencing tensile strength of butt welded joint post high temperatures. The tensile strength mostly reduces by 8% within 900℃. Based on the experimental results, the paper proposes the calculation formulas of tensile strength of butt welded joint post high temperatures. The conclusions of the paper supply references for evaluation damage and reinforcement of steel structure post fire.

Fatigue properties of friction stir welded butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy

The fatigue properties of friction stir welded （FSW） butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy were investigated. The comparative fatigue tests were carried out using EHF-EM2OOK2-070-IA fatigue testing machine for both FSW butt joint and base metal specimens. The fatigue fractures were observed and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope of JSM-6063LA type. The experimental results show that the fatigue performance of the FSW butt joint of MB8 magnesium alloy is sharply decreased. The conditional fatigue limit （2 x 106） of base metal and welded butt joint is about 77.44 MPa and 49. 91 MPa, respectively. The conditional fatigue limit （2 x 106 ） of the welded butt joint is 64.45% of that of base metal. The main reasons are that the welding can lead to stress concentration in the flash area, tensile welding residual stress in the welded joint（ The residual stress value was 30. 5 MPa）, as well as the grain size is not uniform in the heat-affected zone. The cleavage steps or quasi-cleavage patterns present on the fatigue fracture surface, the fracture type of the FSW butt joint belongs to a brittle fracture.

Development of Full Automatic Flash Butt Welding with Digital Control

The hardware and software design of two digital control systems based on 80C196KB MCU for flash butt welder is introduced in this paper.The welding power supply is made of six-phase half-wave rectifier.The welding outer characteristic of welding machine is realized by digital PI algorithm with the voltage close-loop feedback.The flashing curve is finished by elec- tric-hydraulic servo valve.The process control system transfers datum with power supply system by a serial communication inter- face.The parameters of the control systems are collected by photoelectrical seclusion to avoid the disturbing of the electromagnetism in welding process.

The process of electroslag pressure butt welding

Many processes are used to join reinforcing bar (steel bar), but only a few of them, e.g. overlapping welding, gas pressure welding, thread joining, cold pressure sleeve joining, are able to be used on building sites because the conditions of building sites are very particular. First, the work of joining reinforcing bar is mobile, that is to say, it must be moved from one place to another after having accomplished one joint. So it demands that the welding equipment (especially the welding head) must be convenient for moving. So it must be small and light. Second, the electricity capacity of the welding equipment can not be too large because the whole electricity capacity of a building site is limited. Third, the welding process ought to be simple because the situation og building sites is very poor and is on the open air. The more complex the process is, the more difficult the work will be. Fourth, the quality of the joint should be reliable and stable because it is impossible to check the quality of every joint, and there is no suitable way to do it even by now. For those reasons, the electroslag pressure butt welding has got great development recent years and is just suitable to be used on building sites to join vertical reinforcing bars. The article introduces its basic principle, processing, chief properties, and some test results.

Influence of arc pressure on the forming of molten pool in tungsten inert gas arc butt welding with micro gap for tantalum sheet

Arc pressure is the key influencing factor to forming of molten pool. Countering the characteristic of tungsten inert gas arc welding with micro gap for tantalum sheet, according to the fundament of arc physics, a distribution model of arc pressure and forming mechanism of molten pool with micro butt gap are proposed, and the influences of arc pressure on forming of molten pool are discussed. Experimental researches for the dynamic formation process of weld molten pool by using high-speed vidicon camera show that when butt gap is appropriate, that is from 0. 1 to 0. 15 mm, molten metals formed on two workpiece uplift and grow up first, then are fused and form uniform molten pool finally.

Applied computer aided system for hotplate butt welding of plastics

This paper illustrates the construction and application of the applied computeraided .system for hotplate butt welding of plastics with regard to inquiry, imitation and Optimization.

High Effective FE Simulation Methods for Deformation and Residual Stress by Butt Welding of Thin Steel Plates

In order to propose high effective simulation using finite element method (FEM) for predicting deformation and residual stress generated by one pass butt welding, a series of numerical analyses were carried out. By idealizing the movement of heat source (the instantaneous heat input method), the tendency of welding out-of-plane deformation and the residual stress distribution could be predicted. The computing time was around 9% of that by the precise model with considering the movement of heat source. On the other hand, applicability of two dimensional shell elements instead of generally used three dimensional solid elements was examined. The heat input model with considering the temperature distribution in the thickness direction was proposed for the simulation by using the shell elements. It was confirmed that the welding out-of-plane deformation and residual stress could be predicted with high accuracy by the model with shell elements and the distributed heat input methods. The computing time was around 8% of that by the precise model with solid elements.

Experimental Investigation of Laser Welding Process in Butt-Joint Configurations

This paper presents an experimental investigation of laser welding low carbon galvanized steel in butt-joint configurations. The experimental work is focused on the effects of various laser welding parameters on the welds quality. The investigations are based on a structured experimental design using the Taguchi method. Welding experiments are conducted using a 3 kW Nd:YAG laser source. The selected laser welding parameters (laser power, welding speed, laser fiber diameter, gap between sheets and sheet thickness) are combined and used to evaluate the variation of four weld quality attributes (bead width, penetration depth, underfill and hardness) and to identify the possible relationship between welding parameters and weld physical and geometrical attributes. The effects of these parameters are studied using ANOVA to find their contributions to the variation of different weld characteristics. Plots of the main effects and the interaction effects are also used to understand the influence of the welding parameters. The results reveal that all welding parameters are relevant to bead width (BDW) and depth of penetration (DOP) with a relative predominance of laser power and welding speed. The effect of laser fiber diameter on penetration depth is insignificant. Typical gap-dependent weld shapes show that a small gap results in a narrower and deeper weld. Due to the standard sheared edge, an underfill between 5% and 10% occurs for no-gap experiments. The resulting hardness values are relatively similar for all the experimental tests.

基于视觉传感的薄板对接焊缝检测方法研究

为了实现薄板自动对接焊过程中焊缝中心的准确检测,提出了基于主动视觉传感的薄板对接焊缝检测方法。通过对工业相机采集的图像进行颜色分割与亮度分割,消除环境光的干扰;利用轮廓检测与掩模操作消除图像噪声,应用灰度重心法提取激光条纹的中心线,并通过一阶差分方法实现焊缝左右边界及中心的检测。针对激光条纹存在的分断缺陷进行续断连接,以提高焊缝中心检测的准确性。实验结果表明,采用所提方法能够准确检测焊缝边界及中心位置,能够满足薄板对接焊缝的自动焊接需求。

X80M钢级螺旋缝焊管对头性能分析

分析X80M钢级φ1219 mm×18.4 mm和φ1422 mm×21.4 mm螺旋缝对头管的理化性能。结果表明:管体母材的韧性较好,距技术要求具有较大的安全裕度,但是靠近对头焊缝的管体屈服强度普遍低于技术要求;对头焊缝的拉伸试验和导向弯曲试验结果合格,但是对头焊缝的韧性较差。建议继续研究卷板头尾部性能不稳定区域,确定不稳定区域长度,并进行对头管焊接工艺技术研究,研究整理出一套不同壁厚钢管的最佳焊接工艺参数,实现对头管在管线中的应用。

钢桥面板U肋嵌补段对接焊缝疲劳开裂特性

钢桥面板U肋嵌补段对接焊缝在车轮荷载反复作用下容易产生疲劳裂纹;这是钢箱梁典型的疲劳细节之一,直接影响桥梁结构的安全运营和耐久性能。为探明正交异性钢桥面板顶板U肋对接焊缝的疲劳开裂特性,采用有限元模拟建立钢桥面板局部模型,研究了嵌补段U肋对接焊缝的疲劳受力特征;然后设计4个足尺单U肋试件,并结合疲劳试验开展实际结构的疲劳性能分析。在此基础上,通过结构应力法提出适用于预测U肋对接焊缝疲劳寿命的修正主S-N曲线,并基于扩展有限元法(XFEM)探究该细节的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。研究结果表明:轮载作用下U肋对接焊缝应力纵向影响范围为2个横隔板间距,横向影响范围为1.5个U肋间距。圆弧过渡区域所受疲劳应力幅最大,应力集中显著,是潜在的疲劳易损点。试验观测到的疲劳裂纹均起裂于圆弧过渡处,并向纵肋底缘和腹板继续扩展。基于名义应力法评估得到对接焊缝平均疲劳强度为68 MPa,接近于欧洲规范规定的71 MPa等级。与基于等效结构应力法提出的主S-N曲线相比,该研究提出的修正主S-N曲线对预测疲劳寿命较为安全保守。采用扩展有限元法可有效模拟U肋对接焊缝的扩展行为。疲劳试验和扩展有限元均表明疲劳裂纹扩展方向取决于初始缺陷的位置。当初始缺陷出现在底板时,疲劳裂纹易于沿底板方向扩展;反之当初始缺陷位于腹板时,疲劳裂纹则易于沿腹板方向扩展。

复杂流场下对焊燃油管路流固耦合特性分析

飞机燃油管路内部流体流动特性复杂,油液与管壁相互作用产生的流固耦合作用严重影响管路安全,深入研究流固耦合特性对减少管路振动和磨损具有重要意义。通过金相检测和微拉伸试验获得焊接接头区域具体尺寸和力学性能参数,建立带有90°弯管的对焊燃油管路流固耦合模型。采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型开展研究,综合分析在恒速流场下不同入口流速对流体域流动特性及固体域应力响应规律的影响和在脉动流场下不同区域等效应力的响应结果。结果表明:恒速流场下,出口弯管段最大等效应力受流速影响显著;脉动流场下,焊接接头处的最大等效应力出现在焊缝区且应力水平较为集中。可为改善飞机燃油管路的构型设计和系统性能提供重要参考。

钢桥面板对接焊缝表面多缺陷疲劳效应研究

为探明钢桥面板对接焊缝焊趾区域共面及异面表面多缺陷在裂纹扩展过程中的形态变化及相互作用机制,以钢桥面板U肋下翼缘对接焊缝简化后的基本焊接构造为研究对象,探明对接焊缝焊接区域的应力强度因子KI分布,并在验证ABAQUS与FRANC3D数值模拟方法可靠性的基础上,对焊趾区域植入的共面或异面多裂纹进行多裂纹扩展分析。研究结果表明:含余高对接焊缝在轴拉荷载作用下,焊趾线附近存在应力强度因子KI的峰值点;相邻共面裂纹在扩展至临界深度的过程中存在裂纹融合前、裂纹融合时及裂纹融合后3个典型的扩展阶段,不同阶段裂纹前沿形态及扩展速率da/dN变化可通过等效应力强度因子幅值ΔK_(eff)的分布来体现;共面裂纹融合前,单裂纹靠近另一裂纹长轴端点的裂纹相互作用比例因子随净间距s1与裂纹深度a比值呈幂次负相关性;对接焊缝异面裂纹中焊趾处裂纹对热影响区裂纹存在抑制作用,并随着裂纹尺寸差异的累计增加,焊趾处裂纹对热影响区的抑制作用呈线性扩大,最终使得热影响区裂纹ΔK_(eff)低于门槛值ΔKth而失去活性停止扩展,上述抑制作用随异面净间距s2的增加而减弱。

输变电铁塔用耐候钢闪光焊接

文中对闪光焊接在铁塔用耐候钢上的应用展开研究,闪光焊接是通过焊接面的短路进行加热,加载顶锻变形过程界面上动态再结晶形成焊缝。焊接件经退火后,焊缝与热影响区均得到与基体相近的珠光体+铁素体组织,焊接试样与基体力学性能趋于一致。耐候钢闪光焊接无需引入其他焊料从而保证了焊缝与基体化学成分相同,并可通过热处理消除焊缝与基体之间组织差异,获得焊缝与基体力学性能的一致性。这对于无涂装输变电铁塔应用,闪光焊接一方面保证了焊接构件机械性能稳定性,另一方面避免了焊缝与基体之间因组织成分差异所带来的较大电位差,在自然环境下导致电化学腐蚀,从而满足耐候钢焊接构件免涂装服役性能要求。

薄板小间隙对接焊焊缝特征点的识别

针对薄板小间隙对接焊焊缝特征点检测问题,应用了一种基于Labview的Shi-Tomasi角点检测算法,根据线激光照射到焊缝表面形成间断的激光条纹,采用图像预处理以及图像形态学变换的方法得到便于进行焊缝角点检测的焊缝图像,然后运用Shi-Tomasi角点检测法对焊缝图像进行角点检测,从而确定出焊缝特征点的位置。通过Labview进行了焊缝特征点识别程序的编写,并在厚度为2mm,焊缝间隙分别为0.3mm、0.4mm、0.5mm、0.6mm的铝合金薄板上进行了特征点识别检测,误差范围不超过0.15mm。结果表明,Shi-Tomasi角点检测算法相较于传统角点检测算法可以更加快速准确的提取到焊缝特征点的位置。