Hot spinning of cylindrical workpieces of TA15 titanium alloy

In order to form large-diameter thin-wall cylindrical workpieces of TA15 titanium alloy,tube hot spinning experiments of the alloy were conducted on a CNC hot spinning machine.The causes of some forming defects occuring in hot spinning,such as crack,pileup,bulge and corrugation,were analyzed and the corresponding measures were put forward to avoid spinning defects,based on which a proper process scheme of hot spinning of TA15 alloy was obtained and the large-diameter and thin-walled cylindrical workpieces were formed with good quality.The results show that spinning temperature has distinct influence on forming quality of spun workpieces.The range of spinning temperature determines the spinnability of titanium alloy and the ununiformity of temperature distribution near the deformation zone leads to the formation of bulge.The reasonable heating method is that the deforming region is heated to the optimum temperature range of 600-700 ℃,the deformed region is heated continuously and a certain length of undeformed region is preheated.With the thickness-to-diameter ratio(t/D) of spun workpiece reducing to certain value(t/D<1%),surface bulge and corrugation is rather easier to come into being,which could be controlled through restraining diameter growth and employing smaller reduction rate and lower temperature in the optimum spinning temperature range.

Influence of deformation parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy

The influence of deformation parameters including deformation temperature,degree and speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy was studied. The volume fraction,size and aspect ratio of primary α phase in deformed TA15 titanium alloy were quantitatively characterized. With increasing deformation temperature,the volume fraction and size of primary α phase decrease. The aspect ratio of primary α phase decreases with increasing deformation temperature. The tensile strength of TA15 alloy deformed at 0.1 mm/s is higher than that at 0.3 mm/s. After thermoforming at 960 ℃,0.1 mm/s,the tensile strength is the highest up to 1 035 MPa and the elongation is 13.5%. When the thermoforming temperature is 1 050 ℃,the strength and elongation are both relative low,because the microstructure is Widmanstaten structure.

激光选区熔化成形工艺对TA15钛合金内部缺陷与力学性能的影响

利用激光选区熔化(Selective laser melting,SLM)成形技术制备TA15钛合金,通过光学显微镜(Optical microscope,OM)、扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)和室温拉伸等研究了激光功率和扫描速度对SLM成形TA15钛合金内部缺陷与力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:在低激光功率(100~125 W)、高扫描速率(1200~1600 mm/s)区域,激光能量密度较低,合金内部缺陷主要为不规则形状的缺陷;在高激光功率(150~200 W)、低扫描速度(800~1000 mm/s)区域,激光能量密度过高,合金内部缺陷主要为规则球形缺陷。规则球形缺陷的存在会导致合金塑性显著降低、对强度影响较弱;而不规则未熔合缺陷的存在会显著降低合金强度和伸长率。TA15钛合金的最佳工艺参数:激光功率为200 W、激光扫描速度为1600 mm/s时,成形合金拉伸强度为(1291±4.2)MPa,断裂伸长率为(8.5±0.5)%。

热处理温度对TA15钛合金板材组织及性能的影响

本研究对冷加工态TA15钛合金板材进行了750℃、800℃、850℃和900℃四种温度的热处理,并深入探讨了处理后的显微组织、室温拉伸性能、弯曲性能、洛氏硬度和高温性能。结果显示,在750℃时,板材的横向为等轴组织,纵向含有少量拉长组织;而在800℃至900℃范围内,板材的横向和纵向均形成了均匀细小的等轴组织。随着热处理温度从750℃升至850℃,板材的拉伸强度逐渐降低,而伸长率、弯曲角度则有所增加,洛氏硬度逐渐下降。值得注意的是,800℃至850℃热处理的板材显示出优异的综合性能,特别是850℃热处理的板材已完全再结晶。因此,建议TA15钛合金冷轧板材在这个温度范围内进行热处理,以获得最佳的显微结构和力学性能。

退火温度对TA15钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

TA15钛合金产品通常都要进行退火处理。为揭示退火温度对其显微组织和力学性能的影响,对ϕ350 mm的TA15钛合金试棒分别进行了在760℃、800℃和840℃保温2 h空冷至室温的退火。随后采用扫描电镜和电子万能拉伸试验机检测了试棒的显微组织、室温和高温拉伸性能以及拉伸断口的形貌。结果表明:随着退火温度的升高,β相转变的组织增多,细小的α相充分球化且杂乱分布;随着退火温度的升高,合金的室温抗拉强度升高,室温屈服强度先升高后略微降低,断后伸长率降低,而高温抗拉强度和屈服强度均升高,塑性变化不大,拉伸断口的韧窝变大变浅,以韧性断裂为主。

TA15钛合金相变温度与锻造温度符合性确认

针对TA15钛合金相变温度与两相区(α+β)锻造加热温度符合性问题,对TA15钛合金棒料及锻件进行了多批次对比性的工艺验证,结果表明:TA15棒料相变点测定有效区间在992~996℃,根据相变点选取原则,将两相区(α+β)锻造加热温度(955±5)℃进行固化并进行试验,锻件形状、尺寸、力学性能、高低倍组织、超声检测等全部达到了规定的技术要求。

Anodic dissolution mechanism of TA15 titanium alloy during counter-rotating electrochemical machining

Counter-rotating electrochemical machining(CRECM)is a novel shaping method with advantages in processing revolving parts,especially engine casings.However,few researchers have studied the anodic behaviour of the counter-rotating state.This paper aims to analyse the anode dissolution behaviour of TA15 and obtain desired surface qualities in CRECM.The anodic characteristics were measured by polarization and cyclic voltammetry curves,and the passive-trans passive behaviour of TA15 was revealed.The electrode surface structures at different stages were analysed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and a quantitative dissolution model was established to illustrate the electrochemical dissolution and structural evolution of the revolving surfaces.A series of CRECM experiments were conducted,and three stages(pitting corrosion,pitting expansion,and smoothing)were detected according to the current signals.In the first stage,an oxide film with small pores was formed initially on the metal surface when exposed to air.This air-formed oxide film was broken down locally during the electrochemical reaction process,resulting in the occurrence of pitting.With the increase of electricity,the oxide layer became thinner,and the pitting areas expanded and began to connect with each other.In this stage,the surface quality was poor owing to the uneven material dissolution.When the amount of electricity approximately reached a constant,the oxide layer was completely removed,and a very thin salt film was generated at the metal-electrolyte interface.In this stage,the material was dissolved uniformly,and the surface was smooth without pitting corrosion.Based on the obtained results,anode workpieces with grid-like convex structures were fabricated using CRECM.Both the revolving surface and the sidewalls of the convex structures can be controlled from pitting to smoothness.

Burning products of TA15 titanium alloy by friction oxygen concentration method

The microstructural characteristics, elemental distribution law and microscopic formation mechanism of the burning products of TA15 titanium alloy were investigated by friction oxygen concentration method, associated with in situ observation, X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) analyses, providing the thoughts to improve fireproof property. The results show that, when the friction contact pressure(p) is 0.20 MPa and oxygen concentration of premixed air flow(c) is 60 vol%, TA15 titanium alloy produces violent sparks and presents dazzling white light during combustion. The generated products after burning are mainly TiOand small amount of AlOoxides. Four distinct zones form from the combustion surface to the alloy matrix, and they are in the sequence of combustion zone, fusion zone, heat-affected zone and transition zone. Further, combustion zone is composed of TiOand A1203 compounds, containing obvious cracks. In the fusion zone, discontinuous oxygenrich Al-based solid solution forms, and the elemental distribution has strong volatility. In the heat-affected zone,there are abundant of Ti-based solid solution and small amount of Al-and Mo-based solid solution. Transition zone is made of lamellar structure. Two technical approaches are given to prevent oxygen diffusion inside the reaction zone and reaction-affected zone. On the one hand,the content of Al is designed as the upper limit of alloy composition; on the other hand, fireproof coatings are deposited on the surface of the alloy.

Quantitative analysis of microstructure evolution induced by temperature rise during(α＋β) deformation of TA15 titanium alloy

Temperature rise is a significant factor influencing microstructure during（α＋β） deformation of TA15 titanium alloy.An experiment was designed to explore microstructure evolution induced by temperature rise due to deformation heat.The experiment was carried out in（α＋β） phase field at typical temperature rise rates.The microstructures of the alloy under different temperature rise rates were observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.It is found that the dissolution rate of primary equiaxed a phase increases with the increase in both temperature and temperature rise rate.In the same temperature range,the higher the temperature rise rate is,the larger the final content and grain size of primary equiaxed a phase are due to less dissolution time.To quantitatively depict the evolution behavior of primary equiaxed a phase under any temperature rise rates,the dissolution kinetics of primary equiaxed a phase were well described by a diffusion model.The model predictions,including content and grain size of primary equiaxed a phase,are in good agreement with experimental observations.The work provides an important basis for the prediction and control of microstructure during hot working of titanium alloy.

激光冲击强化对TA15钛合金小孔结构残余应力和疲劳性能的影响

采用激光能量30 J、圆形光斑φ4 mm,冲击2次工艺对TA15钛合金小孔结构进行激光冲击强化,研究激光冲击强化对小孔结构残余应力和疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:激光冲击强化后TA15钛合金表面显微硬度最高达402 HV,相对于母材提高了约9%且冲击硬化层深度为0.8 mm;激光冲击强化后在材料表面引入高达-908 MPa的残余压应力,相比于喷丸强化提高了54%;激光冲击强化残余压应力层深度可达1 mm,明显大于喷丸强化残余压应力层深度0.28 mm,较高的残余压应力可以抑制疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,而较深的残余压应力层有利于降低裂纹扩展速率,延长裂纹扩展寿命。激光冲击强化可有效提高TA15钛合金小孔结构在385 MPa应力水平下的疲劳寿命,相比于未强化试样的疲劳寿命增益在86%~337%,明显优于喷丸强化后疲劳寿命增益。这是由于残余压应力可降低裂纹扩展的门槛值和裂纹尖端的有效应力强度因子,使疲劳裂纹源从孔内壁转移至试样的上/下表面,同时减小疲劳条带间距。

TA15钛合金高温摩擦磨损性能研究

目的 为探究TA15钛合金高温耐磨性能的潜力,研究了TA15钛合金在室温~800℃下的摩擦磨损性能。方法 利用Rtec摩擦磨损试验机(Rtec,San Jose,USA)进行TA15钛合金的摩擦磨损性能测试,通过激光共聚焦显微镜、JSM-7800F扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段,分析了TA15钛合金在不同温度下的磨痕形貌、成分变化以及磨损机理。结果 在不同试验温度下,微观组织没有出现明显变化,主要为等轴α相和β相;不同温度下的摩擦因数波动不大,从室温的0.279下降到600℃的0.224,而在800℃时,表面严重氧化导致摩擦因数增大到0.309;在室温~400℃时,试样表面磨痕不断变窄变浅,犁沟和磨屑不断减少,而到400℃以上时磨痕逐渐变宽,比磨损率也大幅增大,且在600℃时的磨损量最大;在600℃时,以氧化磨损为主,并伴随着磨粒磨损和黏着磨损,且表面磨痕形貌和宽度比较均匀;在800℃时磨损表面以黏着磨损和氧化磨损为主,并伴随着高温焊接的发生。结论 TA15合金表面的O元素含量随温度的升高而逐渐升高,并且氧化反应主要发生在β相内。随着试验温度的升高,TA15钛合金磨损表面的氧化磨损现象也更加明显。

电弧增材制造TA15钛合金的组织与性能研究

采用CMT电弧增材制造技术制备TA15钛合金堆积体,并对其显微组织和拉伸性能进行研究。结果表明:CMT电弧增材制造TA15钛合金堆积体成形良好,沿高度方向的宏观组织为外延生长的粗大β柱状晶,显微组织主要由网篮组织、片层组织组成。CMT电弧增材制造TA15钛合金堆积体在水平打印方向与增材高度方向的抗拉强度和屈服强度相差小,但增材高度方向的断后伸长率则优于水平打印方向。

TA15钛合金中板组织与力学性能研究

采用一次换向+四火次轧制、二次换向+四火次轧制和一次换向+三火次大变形轧制3种工艺制备了厚度10.0mm的TA15钛合金中板,研究了轧制工艺对板材显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:3种TA15钛合金中板显微组织均为α+β两相区加工组织,但采用二次换向+四火次轧制的样品B显微组织中初生α相尺寸最为细小、等轴化程度最高;3种TA15钛合金板材室温和高温力学性能均符合GJB 2505A—2008标准要求,但采用一次换向+三火次大变形轧制的样品C室温和500℃高温抗拉强度横纵向差异最小,500℃高温持久性能最佳。

刀具磨损后TA15钛合金加工表面残余应力测量

采用PVD涂层(AlTiN)硬质合金刀具对TA15钛合金(Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V)进行切削实验,在观测刀具的磨损形貌的同时采用激光小孔残余应力测试仪开展刀具磨损后加工表面残余应力研究。研究结果表明,TA15钛合金切削过程中刀具的主要磨损形式为后刀面磨损;刀具磨损显著影响已加工表面残余应力分布,刀具磨损量VB与加工引入的轴向残余应力最大值和平均值呈正相关;刀具处于稳定磨损阶段时,磨损速率较低,径向残余应力最大值和平均值较小,径向残余应力波动最小。实验现象及结论充实了该领域的切削机理研究。

TA15钛合金局部减重中空双层结构超塑成形/扩散连接工艺

在应变速率为0.001 s^(-1)、0.005 s^(-1)、0.01 s^(-1),温度为880℃、900℃、920℃、940℃的条件下对TA15钛合金进行了高温拉伸试验,材料在920℃以上、0.005 s^(-1)以下的延伸率可超过500%,具有优异的超塑性能。计算了TA15钛合金的本构方程及在应变速率为0.005 s^(-1)时,不同温度下的应变敏感性指数m值和材料常数K值。通过超塑成形/扩散连接(SPF/DB)工艺,采用有限元模拟对双层结构件的壁厚分布进行分析,并获得了气压加载压力–时间曲线。在温度为920℃时,采用预镂空面板制得了局部减重的中空双层结构件,最小壁厚为0.31 mm,采用超声波C扫描对零件的扩散面积进行分析,结果表明,焊合率高于95%。

化学铣切参数对TA15钛合金XRD的影响

为研究化学铣切参数对TA15钛合金组织结构的影响,分别研究了搅拌速度、溶液配比、摆放位置、化铣时间、添加剂含量和化铣温度等对TA15钛合金组织结构的影响,并以XRD来表征。结果表明:增加搅拌速率、溶液配比、化铣时间和化铣温度都会使得化铣之后α相的含量减少,β相的含量增加;摆放位置和添加剂对TA15钛合金表层组织结构的影响较小。

TA15钛合金超薄中空四层结构超塑成形/扩散连接一体化成形及精度控制

本文采用TA15钛合金热轧薄板作为原材料,探究超薄中空四层结构的超塑成形/扩散连接工艺。首先通过高温拉伸试验对TA15钛合金的超塑变形行为进行研究,获得了超塑成形过程的应力–应变曲线。然后通过有限元软件对薄壁横向局部贯通四层纵筋结构的超塑成形过程进行模拟,对成形过程中壁厚减薄、应力分布等行为进行研究,为后续超塑成形/扩散连接试验提供有效指导。最终成功制备了芯板直立筋良好、三角区宽度仅0.9 mm的超薄中空四层结构,其中面板最大减薄率为18.6%,芯板最大减薄率为55.1%,芯板与面板之间扩散连接区域的焊合率为92.1%~98.5%。TA15钛合金板材的原始显微组织晶粒细小破碎且呈等轴状,平均晶粒尺寸小于5μm,经长时间的超塑变形与热暴露后晶粒显著长大。

TA15金属粉末注射成形技术的研究

金属粉末注射成形是一种成熟的近净成形技术,在批量生产中该技术具有高效低成本的生产特点。本文以金属粉末注射成形所得的TA15高温钛合金样品为研究对象,研究了可以用于稳定生产的TA15钛合金粉末注射成形工艺。研究表明,本文所用工艺制得样品的致密度为98.6%,样品的组织形貌具有典型的魏氏体特征,元素分布均匀,室温下抗拉强度为1077 MPa,屈服强度为1020 MPa,延伸率为7.5%,具有良好的韧性,可以满足生产航天航空承力结构件的静力学技术指标。

TA15合金富氧α层扩散分析及厚度预测

在钛合金产品高温成形过程中,表面会吸附大气氛围中的氧、氮、氢,形成包括富氧α层、氧化层以及防护涂料在内的污染层。污染层会降低材料的抗拉强度、断后伸长率等力学性能,缩短产品的使用寿命。本文利用菲克第二定律对TA15合金在860~950℃下的富氧α层厚度进行研究,并利用恒定温度下求解方法,解得氧元素在TA15合金内扩散的激活能Q为211897.4J/mol,并求得其扩散曲线。最后,提出利用面积求解TA15合金在工艺状态下富氧α层厚度的方法,为后续研究提供思路。

TA15钛合金高温与室温拉伸性能的研究

对TA15钛合金棒材进行拉伸性能试验,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜以及室温拉伸和高温拉伸试验,研究了该合金在室温和高温拉伸后的金相组织和拉伸性能。结果表明:TA15钛合金棒材原始组织为等轴组织,退火后合金的初生α相尺寸减小,βT组织消失,并有细小次生α相均匀分布。随着退火温度的升高,组织变为双态组织,室温下合金强度先下降再升高,塑性呈现出相反趋势,在960℃时强度最高,抗拉强度为1071 MPa,屈服强度为881MPa,在930℃时塑性最佳,断后伸长率为17.5%,断面收缩率为46%。高温拉伸在870℃时强度最高,抗拉强度为258MPa,屈服强度为189 MPa,在960℃时,塑性最高,断后伸长率为280%。不同退火温度下的室温断口形貌大致相同,均为等轴韧窝,高温拉伸断口中同样包含大量的等轴状韧窝,单其韧窝尺寸更大更深,室温与高温拉伸的断口形貌均为韧性断裂特征。