Female choice impacts resident male takeover in golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)

In primate species with social systems consisting of one-male breeding units （OMUs）, resident male takeover represents a major challenge to individual reproductive success and mating strategies. The golden snub-nosed monkey （Rhinopithecus roxellana） is characterized by large multilevel societies （MLS） comprised of several OMUs and all-male units （AMUs）; however, the factors and mechanisms associated with resident male takeover, which offer important insight into primate reproduction and social strategies, are still poorly understood. Based on 5-year monitoring data from a free-ranging herd of golden monkeys from the Qinling Mountains in China, we categorized three phases of an OMU, that is, a rising phase, developing phase, and declining phase. The rising and declining phases were unstable periods in which male takeover in an OMU might occur. Factors causing takeover, such as leader male rank, fighting ability, reproduction rate, and affiliation （proximity, allogrooming）, were analyzed for males and females and for different OMUs. Results indicated that the new resident male＇s fighting ability was lower than that of the former resident male in 23 cases. After replacement, the rank order of the new resident male significantly declined. Females involved in a takeover increased their distance from the resident male and decreased mating frequency during the three months prior to takeover. Females with infants under one-year-old had a marked effect on the specific time of takeover occurrence. These results suggested that female choice was the main factor deciding whether a takeover attempt was successful. Furthermore, rather than male conflict, females more often initiated and affected takeover and outcome, implying that the social status and competitive ability of the males played lesser roles during takeover.

Male attacks on infants and infant death during male takeovers in wild white-headed langurs(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)

Infanticide was first observed in langurs nearly 50 years ago,and this rare phenomenon has been inferred to have either an evolutionarily adaptive function or to be a pathological and non-functional behavior.In this study,we report 5 male takeover events in one-male groups of white-headed langurs in the Nongguan Karst Hills,Guangxi,China from 1998 to 2006.We recorded 13 attacks on 9 infants by extra-group males or new resident males.During the male takeovers,all of the infants younger than 6 months(with an average age of 3.6 months[N=11])in the groups disappeared.The infant death rate during the 4.2 months after takeover by a new male was significantly higher than the infant death rate calculated for most of the year.Older infants that were still nursing(with an average age of 14.1 months[N=7])were often attacked and seriously wounded by the extra-group males or new resident males,but all of them survived.The interbirth intervals of females whose infants were assumed to be killed by males were significantly reduced relative to those of females in groups with stable male tenure(mean=10 months vs 25 months).Our data suggest that males kill unrelated and unweaned infants during the takeover period to decrease the time until the infants’mothers resume fertility.Thus,infanticide would support sexual selection theory in white-headed langurs.The data also show that infanticidal behavior was directed toward the infants,especially those who were still nursing.Female dispersal may function as a counter-strategy to avoid infanticide.

Sinosteel Strides Toward Takeover

Sinosteel has come to the last step to acquire Australian iron ore miner

Mining Behemoth in Takeover Tussle

Rumors of a takeover of Rio Tinto,the world’s largest resource mining company,have Chinese iron ore customers and steel producers on edge Rio Tinto challenged BHP Billiton on December 11 with a possible deadline to make a formal takeover offer in what could be the second largest takeover ever. On November 8 BHP made public an informal proposal worth around＄140 bil- lion,offering three of its shares for every one Rio share,but Rio rejected this propos- al.Over a month later,Rio applied to the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers in the UK to set a deadline for the potential bidder to formalize its intention in a"put up,or shut up"rule.

UBS Takeover a Serious Makeover

Zurich firm gains only a minority share but management role in Beijing Securities, leading to an industry first in China Zurich-based UBS is poised to swallow up-then manage-a longstanding Chinese securities company, making it the first foreign investment firm to do this. On September 1, Beijing Securities applied to the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), the industry's supervisory body, to close its 27 operating branches and one service center. That indicated UBS

The UK Non-Frustration Rule:Should it be Replaced with a US-inspired Approach?

Recently,Arm Holdings,the most successful semiconductor and software design company in the UK,has agreed to be sold to SoftBank,a Japanese company.This takeover case,along with the case that Cadbury was acquired by Kraft in 2010,has led to questions about the openness to foreign mergers and acquisitions.[1]The non-frustration rule plays an important role in the openness of the UK’s market for corporate control.[2]Therefore,it is time to rethink about the non-frustration rule.One of the most heated questions is whether the rule should be replaced with the US-inspired approach.This article argues that the US-inspired approach will not function as well in the UK as it does in the US.After all,the UK and the US differ a lot in corporate structures and company regulations which make the background of the non-frustration rule different in two countries.

The Present Dialogue between Nature and Society or the Mutuality of Nature Preservation and Society Protection

The globalization has a particular relation to the climate change, and conversely, the climate change also has a particular relation to the globalization. They live and exist together and often they are mentioned together. It is however clear that the globalization can exist problemless without the climate change, while this can also be declared from the climate change. Nature and society have always been in a secret dialogue with each other, forming visible and invisible oppositions, taking over the role of the other and embodying universal values for the other side. Actually, we have an important change in the secret dialog. It is not about the fact, that this change is historical in the history of the nature. Until now, we protected the nature against the society, now we must also protect the society against the nature. The decisive change is the transformation of the idea of the nature protection in a practice of the mutual and double protection of the nature and the society.

Market Rule or Equal Opportunity Rule:An Empirical Analysis Based on Acquisitions of Chinese Listed Companies

This paper examines the data of A-share listed companies in China from 2002 to 2017,drawing on the theory of equal opportunity and market rules in M&A transactions.This paper investigates the correlation between changes in tender offer policy and M&A tendencies and performance.The findings suggest that following the policy shift and the adoption of market rules,companies that secure an exemption from the mandatory tender offer obligation not only exhibit stronger M&A tendencies but also improved long-term M&A performance.This indicates that market rules are more suitable for China and contribute to enhancing the efficiency of the M&A market.The paper also presents evidence of a moderating effect,demonstrating that exemptions from the mandatory tender offer obligation positively influence the relationship between policy change and M&A performance.Lastly,this paper finds that state-owned and large-scale firms tend to exhibit a higher degree of M&A tendencies.

Automated Vehicle Handover Interface Design:Focus Groups with Learner,Intermediate and Advanced Drivers

Conditionally and highly automated vehicles will require drivers to take control as a result of a non-emergency,such as a geographical,terrain,capability or design boundary.It is anticipated that these events will provide the driver with a sufficient amount of time to prepare themselves for the transition of control.This study explores conditionally and highly automated vehicle transitions of control by asking how drivers of differing skill levels(learner,intermediate and advanced)approach the task of designing an interface responsible for making transitions safer,more usable and more efficient.Three focus groups generated detailed designs for vehicle-to-driver transitions in an 1-h and a 10-min“out-of-the-loop”scenarios and transitions from driver to vehicle.Results show great variation in the approaches taken by each skill group(e.g.,the reliance on visual interfaces for awareness assist and viewpoints on issues such as multimodal displays).Customization was a common theme throughout,with drivers desiring the option to adjust alert timings and modalities in which information is displayed.This paper presents these designs along with a detailed comparison of group designs and implements distributed situation awareness theory to discuss findings and draw conclusions.