The pathogenic mechanism of TAR DNA-binding protein 43(TDP-43)in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is usually characterized by focal death of both upper and/or lower motor neurons occurring in the motor cortex,basal ganglia,brainstem,and spinal cord,and commonly involves the muscles of the upper and/or lower extremities,and the muscles of the bulbar and/or respiratory regions.However,as the disease progresses,it affects the adjacent body regions,leading to generalized muscle weakness,occasionally along with memory,cognitive,behavioral,and language impairments;respiratory dysfunction occurs at the final stage of the disease.The disease has a complicated pathophysiology and currently,only riluzole,edaravone,and phenylbutyrate/taurursodiol are licensed to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in many industrialized countries.The TAR DNA-binding protein 43 inclusions are observed in 97%of those diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.This review provides a preliminary overview of the potential effects of TAR DNAbinding protein 43 in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,including the abnormalities in nucleoplasmic transport,RNA function,post-translational modification,liquid-liquid phase separation,stress granules,mitochondrial dysfunction,oxidative stress,axonal transport,protein quality control system,and non-cellular autonomous functions(e.g.,glial cell functions and prion-like propagation).

B-COPNA resin formation from ethylene tar light fractions:Process development and mechanical exploration by molecular simulation

An efficient utilization strategy of ethylene tar(ET),the main by-product of the ethylene cracking unit,is urgently required to meet demands for modern petrochemical industry.On the other hand,condensed polynuclear aromatic resin of moderate condensation degree(B-COPNA)is a widely used carbon material due to its superb processability,the production of which is,however,seriously limited by the high cost of raw materials.Under such context,an interesting strategy was proposed in this study for producing B-COPNA resin using crosslinked light fractions of ethylene tar(ETLF,boiling point<260℃)facilitated by molecular simulation.1,4-Benzenedimethanol(PXG)was first selected as the crosslinking agent according to the findings of molecular simulation.The effects of operating conditions,including reactions temperature,crosslinking agent,and catalyst content on the softening point and yield of B-COPNA resin products were then investigated to optimize the process.The reaction mechanism of resin production was studied by analyzing the molecular structure and transition state of ETLF and crosslinking agents.It was shown that PXG exhibited a superior capacity of withdrawing electrons and a higher electrophilic reactivity than other crosslinking agents.In addition to the highest yield and greatest heat properties,PXG-prepared resin contained the most condensed aromatics.The corresponding optimized conditions of resin preparation were 180℃,1:1.9(PXG:ETLF),and 3%(mass)of catalyst content with a resin yield of 78.57%.It was the electrophilic substitution reaction that occurred between the ETLF and crosslinking agent molecules that were responsible for the resin formation,according to the experimental characterization and molecular simulation.Hence,it was confirmed that the proposed strategy and demonstrated process can achieve a clean and high value-added utilization of ETLF via B-COPNA resin preparation,bringing huge economic value to the current petrochemical industry.

Comparison of Combustion Characteristics of Tars Produced with Tobacco Stem Biomass Gasification

In order to study the combustion characteristics of tar in biomass gasifier inner wall and gasification gas,“tobacco stem semi-tar inside furnace”,“tobacco stem tar inside furnace”and“tobacco stem tar out-of-furnace”were subjected to thermogravimetric experiments,and the combustion characteristics and kinetic characteristics were analyzed.The result shows that“tobacco stem semi-tar inside furnace”has the highest value and“tobacco stem tar out-of-furnace”is has the lowest value on ignition characteristics,combustion characteristics and combustible stability;“tobacco stem semi-tar inside furnace”has the lowest value and“tobacco stem tar outside furnace”has the highest value on burnout characteristics;“tobacco stem tar outside furnace”has the highest value and“tobacco stem tar inside furnace”has the lowest value on integrated combustion characteristics.

Optimization of Hydrocracking Process for Enhanced BTX Production from Coal Tar-Derived Hydrorefined Products

Hydroconversion of coal tar to produce aromatic hydrocarbons(BTX)represents a crucial strategy for the highvalue hierarchical utilization of coal.This study focused on the hydrocracking of hydrorefined products derived from coal tar to enhance the production of benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX).Various reaction conditions,including reaction temperature,hydrogen pressure,space velocity,and hydrogen-to-oil volume ratio,were systematically explored to optimize BTX yields while also considering the process’s economic feasibility.The results indicate that increasing the reaction temperature from 360℃ to 390℃ significantly favors the production of BTX,with yields increasing from 21.42%to 41.14%.Similarly,an increase in hydrogen pressure from 4 MPa to 6 MPa boosts BTX production,with yields rising from 36.31%to 41.14%.Reducing the space velocity from 2 h^(-1) to 0.5 h^(-1) also favors the BTX production process,with yields increasing from 37.96%to 45.13%.Furthermore,raising the hydrogen-to-oil volume ratio from 750 to 1500 improves BTX yields from 41.61%to 45.44%.Through economic analysis,the optimal conditions for BTX production were identified as a reaction temperature of 390℃,hydrogen pressure of 5-6 MPa,space velocity of 1 h^(-1),and hydrogen-to-oil volume ratio of 1000,achieving a BTX yield of 43.73%.This investigation highlights the importance of a holistic evaluation of hydrocracking conditions to optimize BTX production.Furthermore,the findings offer valuable insights for the design and operation of industrial hydrocracking processes aimed at efficiently converting coal tar-derived hydrorefined feedstock into BTX.

Pittsburgh Guitars成立45周年,延续关于爱的故事

“Rocking the 'Burgh”,Pittsburgh Guitars于2024年庆祝成立45周年纪念。MMR杂志决定与曾经的忠实客户、现在的商店所有者John Bechtold坐下来,细致地了解一下这家商店的历史过往。Pittsburgh Guitars由Carl Grefenstette创立于1979年,现已成为当地音乐家和全球巨星们的打卡地。著名的大牌客户包括The Cult、Cheap Trick、Social Distortion、The Who、Nirvana、The Replacements等乐队的成员,不胜枚举。

Preparation of pitch precursor with excellent spinnability for general-purpose carbon fibre using coal tar pitch as raw material

Tetrahydrofuran(THF) extract of coal tar pitch(CTP) was used instead of blending CTP with pretreated pyrolysis fuel oil to prepare an isotropic pitch precursor with excellent spinnability for general-purpose carbon fibre through bromination-dehydrobromination. The feasibility and effectiveness of synthesising an isotropic pitch precursor derived from THF-soluble(CTP-THFs) is demonstrated in this study.The results show that CTP-THFs contains more light components than CTP;CTP-THFs and CTP monomer proportions were 62.52% and 45.32%, respectively. However, based on comparisons of CTP-THFsBr0 and CTPBr0 characterisations, CTP-THFs exhibits better polycondensation than CTP. Bromination-dehydrobro mination promotes polycondensation of pitch precursors, leading to greater carbon aromaticity in CTP-THFsBr5, CTP-THFsBr10, and CTP-THFsBr15 than that in CTP-THFsBr0 and CTPBr0. CTP-THFsBr5 and CTP-THFsBr10 have excellent spinnability even with softening points as high as 230 ℃. The pericondensed carbon and carbon aromaticity of CTP-THFsBr5 and CTP-THFsBr10 are high owing to the higher degree of polycondensation;however, they still possess a more linear molecular structure. The as-prepared carbon fibre exhibits homogeneity and uniformity, and the mechanical performance is comparable with that of commercial general-purpose carbon fibre products.

5-Hydroxytryptamine:a potential therapeutic target in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Previous studies have indicated that the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) is closely linked to 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT).To investigate this further,we administered 5-HT receptor antagonists to SOD1*G93A transgenic(ALS mouse model) and wide-type mice.This involved intraperitoneal injections of either granisetron,piboserod,or ritanserin,which inhibit the 5-HT3,5-HT4,and 5-HT2 receptors,respectively.The transgenic mice were found to have fewer5-HT-positive cells in the spinal cord compared with wide-type mice.We found that the administration of granisetron reduced the body weight of the transgenic mice,while piboserod and ritanserin worsened the motor functioning,as assessed using a hanging wire test.However,none of the 5-HT receptor antagonists affected the disease progression.We analyzed the distribution and/or expression of TAR DNA binding protein 43(TDP-43) and superoxide dismutase 1 G93A(SOD1-G93A),which fo rm abnormal aggregates in ALS.We found that the expression of these proteins increased following the administration of all three 5-HT receptor antagonists.In addition,the disease-related mislocalization of TD P-43 to the cytoplasm increased markedly for all three drugs.In ce rtain anatomical regions,the 5-HT receptor antagonists also led to a marked increase in the number of astrocytes and microglia and a decrease in the number of neurons.These results indicate that 5-HT deficiency may play a role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by inducing the abnormal expression and/or distribution of TDP-43 and SOD1-G93A and by activating glial cells.5-HT co uld therefore be a potential therapeutic target for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

基于XOR的TAR-CAU数据更新方法

在基于纠删码的云存储系统中,数据更新的性能往往受到网络带宽的限制。鉴于此,提出了基于异或(XOR)的TAR-CAU数据更新算法,该算法基于以下设计原则:1)利用数据更新量普遍较小的特点,将多条带的数据更新打包处理,减少网络往返次数,加快数据传输效率;2)采用基于XOR的更新,提高编解码效率。仿真实验和本地集群实验结果表明,相比于CAU算法,在数据更新量较小时,TAR-CAU算法能够提高至少44%的数据更新吞吐量。

Effects of Ethylene Tar-Based Pitch Coatings on the Electrochemical Properties of Graphite Anode Materials

To improve the electrochemical performance of graphite anode materials,pitches with various softening points(150℃,180℃,200℃,and 250℃)were prepared from ethylene tar and used to coat graphite through a liquid coating process.The effects of the softening point of the pitch and the coating amount on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of graphite were studied by methods including thermogravimetric analysis,X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,surface area analysis,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and electrochemical testing.The graphite particles were coated uniformly by the pyrolytic carbon in the pitch.The coating changed the degree of graphitization,decreased the average specific surface area,and improved the electrochemical performance significantly.The best battery anode performance was obtained when the mass ratio of pitch to graphite was 10%,the heat treatment temperature was 1100℃,and the softening point of the pitch was 250℃.Under the optimum conditions,the irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle at 0.1 C was only 23 mAh/g,and the first Coulombic efficiency reached 94.2%.The capacity retention rate was 98.3%after 100 charge-discharge cycles at 0.1 C.

Ultra-deep Removal of Metal Ions from Coal Tar by Complexation:Experimental Studies and Density Functional Theory Simulations

As one of the important aspects of upgrading coal tar,the ultra-deep removal of metal ions via the complexation method was investigated by screening four complexing agents and performing density functional theory(DFT)simulations.Analysis of the compositions and contents of the metallic compounds in the coal tar revealed that the main components were iron and calcium naphthenates.Direct filtration reduced the mechanical impurity content from 0.24%to 0.0752%,indicating that most of the large particles could be easily removed.Among the four complexing agents,namely,acetic acid,oxalic acid,citric acid,and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,oxalic acid exhibited the best demetallization performance.The DFT simulations suggested that the high performance of oxalic acid originated from its 1:1 coordination mode,rigid dicarboxyl structure,and greater binding energy.

Feasibility Investigation of Bitumen Properties by Blending of Coal Tar Pitch

There are numerous methods and additives available to improve the durability and quality of road bitumen. A coal tar obtained by coal coking was distilled in a laboratory into fractions of initial boiling point IBP-180℃ (gasoline-like fuel), 180℃ - 360℃ (diesel-like fuel), and >360℃ (residue or coal tar pitch). The coal tar pitch was added into road bitumen by up to 1 - 5 wt% and investigated the alteration of physical and chemical properties. The physico-mechanical properties of coal tar pitch and bitumen blends, as well as the chemical group composition, were determined using standard techniques (MNS) and the SARA method, respectively. Results of 3% coal tar pitch addition into bitumen enhanced ductility by 12.4% and softening point by 1.6℃. We found that blending with bitumen coal tar pitch as a modifier could improve bitumen properties.

Separation and analysis of six fractions in low temperature coal tar by column chromatography

The low temperature coal tar(CT)is taken as the raw material,and the extraction and column chromatography are used for detailed and accurate characterization in this paper.The n-heptane soluble fraction(CT-HS)and insoluble fraction(CT-HI)were obtained by n-heptane Soxhlet extraction.The extraction rate of CT-HS reached 92.79%(mass),which indicated that there are few heavy compounds in it.Further,different solvents(methylbenzene,benzene,ethyl acetate,methylbenzene-ethanol)were used to elute CT-HS by chromatographic column to obtain five fractions(saturates,aromatics,heteroatoms,phenolics and resins,named CT-SA,CT-AR,CT-HE,CT-PH,CT-RE,respectively).The yields of CTSA,CT-AR,CT-HE,CT-PH,CT-RE are 42.12%,10.43%,2.19%,9.50%and 6.63%(mass),respectively.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of eluting components show that alkanes are the main components in CT,followed by polycyclic aromatics,and the corresponding fractions are CT-SA and CT-AR,respectively.The relative content of aliphatics in CT-SA is 76.93%,and the relative content of aromatics in CT-AR is 75.05%.This separation technology effectively separates and enriches different components in CT,and the activation energy required for the pyrolysis process of a single eluting fraction is lower than that of CT,which is expected to provide an important reference for the separation,analysis and conversion of complex oil products such as coal-oil co-processing products,coal tar and other complex heavy carbon oil products.

富油煤研究进展与趋势

富油煤是集煤、油、气属性于一身的煤基油气资源,针对国内“相对富煤、缺油、少气”的能源禀赋,开发富油煤对缓解我国紧张的油气资源供应局势、实现煤炭的绿色开发和低碳利用具有重要的意义。以富油煤为主要关键词,通过CNKI和Web of Science数据库检索自1985-2023年底已公开发表的学术论文和专利,统计分析富油煤的发展历程和主要研究内容,梳理了富油煤研究的热点方向与前沿领域,展望了未来发展趋势。研究发现:富油煤热解、赋存特征及沉积环境、孔隙和分子结构、焦油产率预测、微生物降解、资源潜力及开发利用是当前富油煤研究热点内容。富油煤含有热解可生成油气的富氢结构,如脂肪结构的侧链与桥键及缩合芳香核周缘的弱键结构;富油煤多形成于陆相沉积物供应稳定、气候温暖湿润、强还原条件下的沉积环境;孔隙结构影响富油煤的热解反应效率、焦油析出和油气运移,而分子结构(主要为脂肪族氢含量和富氢弱键)决定了富油煤的生油潜力;富油煤通过微生物的水解、发酵、产氢产乙酸和产甲烷4个阶段向油气转化。随着地质选区技术瓶颈突破及多学科交叉与融合,富油煤富油性评价指标与预测方法、富氢组分的来源与定量判识、原位开发围岩封闭性及其评价方法、微生物降解与热解联作技术将成为今后研究的热点方向。研究成果为厘清当前富油煤的研究方向和未来走势奠定了基础。

中低温煤焦油转化利用技术研究进展

随着煤焦油深加工技术的发展,中低温煤焦油的综合利用受到关注。介绍了国内外中低温煤焦油利用的研究现状,对中低温煤焦油的分离、加氢改质利用,制燃料油、特种油品和高值化学品,煤焦油掺混加氢以及煤沥青利用的研发进行了综述和分析。基于中低温煤焦油馏分的构成特性,提出了中低温煤焦油“分质分级转化利用”技术路线,充分利用其分子特征结构,研究高效催化剂使煤焦油定向转化为目标产品。这为煤焦油高效清洁利用提供了多元化、高值化和精细化的途径。

沥青基多孔炭材料制备及其双电层储能性能

多孔炭作为超级电容器电极的主要材料,具有导电性好、化学稳定性高、工作温度范围广等优点。以内蒙古煤沥青(CTP)为原料,分别以K_(2)CO_(3)和KOH为活化剂,通过化学活化法制备多孔炭材料,优化制备工艺并比较2种活化剂制备的多孔炭在结构和电化学性能方面的差异。结果表明,K_(2)CO_(3)活化和KOH活化最佳制备条件均为活化温度700℃、活化时间60 min、活化剂与CTP质量比为2∶1。2种活化剂制备的多孔炭在微观结构上有很大差异,KOH活化所得多孔炭(PH-T700)表面平整光滑并分布大量规则的圆孔,而K_(2)CO_(3)活化所得多孔炭(PC-T700)内部呈层叠交错的珊瑚状结构。与PH-T700相比,PC-T700具有更多中孔,离子扩散阻力更小。在1 A/g电流密度下,PC-T700和PH-T700的比电容量分别为252.90和261.02 F/g,PC-T700和PH-T700组装成纽扣型对称电容器,0.5 A/g时比电容量分别为226.01和225.51 F/g,且PC-T700表现出更优秀的倍率性能和循环稳定性。5000次充放电后,PC-T700和PH-T700的比电容量分别为初始值的103.77%和98.20%。输出功率达1038.46 W/kg时,PC-T700能量密度仍保持7.5 Wh/kg,实际使用价值高于PH-T700。

淖毛湖煤和脱碱木质素共热解挥发物组成分布规律

利用固定床反应器开展了淖毛湖煤和脱碱木质素的共热解实验,并研究了共热解产物的组成和产率变化规律。研究结果表明,共热解会降低半焦产率,促进热解气产率的提升,热解气产率最大提升了33.1%,共热解对于CH_4、CO的生成有明显的促进作用;在煤和木质素混合比例为1∶1时,煤和木质素的热解挥发分间交互作用表现最明显,热解焦油产率表现出正协同作用。在共热解过程中,愈创木酚向单酚、双酚转化,相较于理论计算值,单酚、双酚化合物的含量分别增加了2.9%和9.8%,而愈创木酚的含量降低了5.1%;其原因可能是羰基和羧基的断裂与挥发分间的交互作用增强,抑制了醚类、醛类、酸类化合物的生成,促进了酚类的生成、含氧气体的释放与热解焦油的稳定。木质素的引入,显著促进了煤热解焦油轻质化,焦油中轻质组分比例接近90%。

富油煤原位热解典型污染物时空分布特征

【目的和方法】富油煤原位热解产生的油、气在高温作用下会通过煤层顶板的裂隙带向覆岩层迁移富集,给地下环境造成潜在污染风险。为了了解富油煤地下热解过程中典型污染物的释放与分布特征,以陕北侏罗纪煤田神府矿区典型富油煤为研究对象,基于研究区地层结构与岩性资料,采用自主研发的富油煤原位热解相似模拟实验装置,研究富油煤热解产物的组成,及不同温度下煤焦油中酚油、萘油、洗油、蒽油和沥青等典型污染物的时空分布特征。【结果和结论】结果表明:不同热解温度下,典型污染物在覆岩中的分布随时间增加均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且各组分含量与富集层位差异较大。热解温度为450℃和650℃下,不同覆岩层中污染物含量大小排序为沥青>蒽油>萘油>洗油>酚油。在450℃时,由于温度较低对覆岩层影响相对较小,所以各组分主要富集在中粒砂岩层。随着温度不断升高,覆岩层产生裂隙,导致650℃时轻质组分富集在距煤层较远的泥岩层,重质组分由于密度大且黏性强,迁移能力较差,所以其主要富集区域为泥质粉砂岩层。温度是影响覆岩中典型污染物时空分布特征的主要因素,升高温度会增加污染物的迁移范围,并且酚油、萘油和洗油含量的占比随之逐渐增大,蒽油和沥青含量的占比随之逐渐减小。研究结果为富油煤原位热解地下污染管控提供理论依据。

催化剂对煤热解焦油品质的调控及其表面积炭行为的分析

以催化剂为核心和焦油提质为目的的低阶煤热解技术是保障国家能源安全和实现“双碳”目标的煤炭清洁高效转化技术。鉴于煤焦油品质调控和催化剂表面积炭行为的复杂性,阐述了金属、金属氧化物、天然矿物质、分子筛和炭基催化剂对煤和热解挥发物的催化作用及其对热解产物分布和组成的影响,并对比分析了各类催化剂的优缺点。探讨不同催化剂物理化学性质的区别及其与催化性能之间的关系,结合煤及热解挥发物中C—C、C—H、C=C、—OH、C=O、C—O和—COOH等化学键的断键行为,揭示了不同催化剂的作用机制。在此基础上,针对催化过程中存在的焦油产率低及提质效果差的问题,提出了利用金属尤其是过渡金属改性催化剂活化热解体系中的内部小分子氢供体和外部固体/气体氢供体对重质组分裂解碎片原位供氢的方法,实现焦油产率的提高及焦油品质的改善。同时,针对催化剂易积炭失活问题,分析了积炭的物理化学性质和组成以及积炭形成的原因。从催化剂设计及热解反应体系出发,分析了多种有效抑制积炭的途径,如多级孔与金属活性位点的组合效应、双金属改性调控Brønsted和Lewis酸性位点的比例、酸碱双功能催化剂的开发以及引入H_(2)O、CH_(4)、C_(2)H_(6)和CH_(3)OH等富氢小分子调控挥发物组成等,以期为低阶煤催化热解技术的发展提供理论基础。

富油煤焦油中多环芳烃加氢饱和反应研究进展

【意义】多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是煤焦油中最主要的成分之一,通过加氢饱和可制取具有高能量密度和高热稳定性的喷气燃料。通过分析PAHs加氢过程特点,指出PAHs自身的共振能和加氢中间产物的空间位阻,以及原料和中间产物在催化剂活性位上的竞争吸附是PAHs加氢饱和的关键难题。【进展】综述了近年来PAHs加氢饱和催化剂的研究进展,分析了影响催化剂性能的本质原因,指出提高催化剂活性金属组分的分散度、减小催化剂金属颗粒尺寸可以使催化剂具有更多的加氢活性位点,活性金属适宜的缺电子状态能促进PAHs分子在活性位点上的吸附活化,抑制竞争吸附带来的不利影响。具有丰富孔道和介孔(6~8 nm)结构的催化剂载体有利于PAHs和加氢中间产物的扩散,降低加氢中间产物的空间位阻对加氢反应的不利影响,同时可提供更多的反应表面,促进深度加氢反应进行。酸性适宜的载体可以与活性组分产生相互作用,促进活性组分形成适宜的缺电子状态。总结了PAHs加氢饱和过程的热力学和动力学特征,PAHs加氢反应为放热可逆反应,平衡常数和平衡转化率随反应温度降低而增大,随反应压力的升高而增大,PAHs的扩散性随反应温度的升高而增强,吸附常数随饱和环数的增加而减小。【展望】最后,从催化剂活性组分和载体的设计及调控、PAHs加氢饱和过程热力学和动力学研究等方面提出了研究建议。对煤焦油中PAHs加氢饱和过程及其催化剂的分析和讨论将为富油煤资源高效开发利用提供有益指导。

玉米秸秆焦油制备生物沥青的性能研究

随着大规模高等级公路建设和养护维修工程的不断推进,沥青材料的需求量逐渐攀升。随着化石资源的消耗,寻找一种能够替代石油沥青的材料已成为道路工程领域的迫切需求。本文以玉米秸秆焦油为原料,对其进行树脂化处理,制备生物沥青。基于BOX-Behnken响应面分析,以树脂得率为评价指标,确定了树脂合成的最佳工艺条件为:酚醛摩尔比为0.8,反应时间为125 min,秸秆焦油添加量为10%。结果表明:随着树脂化产物的增加,生物沥青的针入度也随之增大,且均高于70#石油沥青。B-PF生物沥青延度随掺量增加呈先升高后降低趋势;但H-PF生物沥青延度随掺量的增大而减小。提高生物沥青掺量可使软化点降低。H-PF生物沥青在10%掺量下延度及软化点低于70#石油沥青,而掺量达到20%时,所制备的生物沥青的软化点和延度皆低于70#石油沥青。