Assessing the energy release characteristics during the middle detonation reaction stage of aluminized explosives

Afterburning behind the detonation front of an aluminized explosive releases energy on the millisecond timescale,which prolong the release of detonation energy and the energy release at different stages also shows significant differences.However,at present,there are few effective methods for evaluating the energy release characteristics of the middle reaction stage of such explosives,which can have a duration of tens to hundreds of microseconds.The present work demonstrates an approach to assessing the midstage of an aluminized explosive detonation based on a water push test employing a high degree of confinement.In this method,the explosive is contained in a steel cylinder having one end closed that is installed at the bottom of a transparent water tank.Upon detonation,the gaseous products expand in one direction while forcing water ahead of them.The resulting underwater shock wave and the interface between the gas phase products and the water are tracked using an ultra-high-speed framing and streak camera.The shock wave velocity in water and the expansion work performed by the gaseous detonation products were calculated to assess the energy release characteristics of aluminized explosives such as CL-20 and RDX in the middle stage of the detonation reaction.During the middle stage of the detonation process of these aluminized explosives,the aluminum reaction reduced the attenuation of shock waves and increased the work performed by gas phase products.A higher aluminum content increased the energy output while the presence of oxidants slowed the energy release rate.This work demonstrates an effective means of evaluating the performance of aluminized explosives.

Research on the quasi-isentropic driving model of aluminized explosives in the detonation wave propagation direction

Taking CL-20(Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane)-based aluminized explosives with high gurney energy as the research object, this research experimentally investigates the work capability of different aluminized explosive formulations when driving metal flyer plates in the denotation wave propagation direction.The research results showed that the formulations with 43 μm aluminum(Al) powder particles(The particle sizes of Al powder were in the range of 2~43 μm) exhibited the optimal performance in driving flyer plates along the denotation wave propagation direction. Compared to the formulations with Al powder 13 μm, the formulations with Al powder 2 μm delivered better performance in accelerating metal flyer plates in the early stage, which, however, turned to be poor in the later stage. The CL-20-based explosives containing 25% Al far under-performed those containing 15% Al. Based on the proposed quasi-isentropic hypothesis, relevant isentropy theories, and the functional relationship between detonation parameters and entropy as well as Al reaction degree, the characteristic lines of aluminized explosives in accelerating flyer plates were theoretically studied, a quasi-isentropic theoretical model for the aluminized explosive driving the flyer plate was built and the calculation methods for the variations of flyer plate velocity, Al reaction degree, and detonation product parameters with time and axial positions were developed. The theoretical model built is verified by the experimental results of the CL-20-based aluminized explosive driving flyer plate. It was found that the model built could accurately calculate the variations of flyer plate velocity and Al reaction degree over time. In addition, how physical parameters including detonation product pressure and temperature varied with time and axial positions was identified. The action time of the positive pressure after the detonation of aluminized explosives was found prolonged and the downtrend of the temperature was slowed down and even reversed to a slight rise due to the aftereffect reaction between the Al powder and the detonation products.

Effects of Al/O on pressure properties of confined explosion from aluminized explosives

Pressure histories were tested in a 500-L chamber to identify the pressure load in confined explosion from aluminized explosives. Different aluminized explosives with Al/O, ranging from 0.25 to 1.23, were used. The recorded pressure curves could express the reflection of initial shock wave and the after burning combustion of aluminum. As there is no objective way to gain quasi-static pressure(P_(QS)),method of multipoint averaging was used in smoothing the original pressure curves to gain the P_(QS). The P_(QS),rising time of pressure(t_(QS)) which stands for the duration of the initial reflected shock wave, and attenuation coefficient(ω) which stands for the supportive effects of the combustion of aluminum to the P_(QS) are used to characterize the pressure load in the confined explosion from aluminized explosives. The research results showed that the Al/O significantly affected the three characteristic quantities. With the increase of Al/O, the P_(QS) increased at first and decreased later, gaining maximum at Al/O=0.99; the t_(QS)sustained growth and the ω decreased at first and increased later, gaining minimum at AI/O=0.99.

Experimental Investigation on Shock Wave Characteristics of Aluminized Explosives in Air Blast

To investigate the shock wave characteristics of RDX-based aluminized explosives,air blast tests were conducted for measuring the parameters of 10 kg aluminized explosives which contained 0-40% aluminum.The results showed that with the increasing of aluminum content,the overpressures and impulses increase at first and then decrease within 7 m or 5 m,which reached the maximum when aluminum content was 20% or 30%.Power exponential formulas are used to fit the shock wave parameters vs scaled distance,where an equal weight of TNT is used to calculate the scaled distance.The overpressures of HL0 and TNT in tested locations not only conform to the similar law,but also conform to the same attenuation law after gaining the scaled distances of equal TNT mass.The pre-exponential factors of overpressure and impulse,kp and kI,decrease along with the increasing of Al content and keep the same pace as the calculated PCJ）.The attenuation coefficients a_P and aIincrease at first and decrease later with the increasing of aluminum content,and they reached the maximal values with30% Al containing,which keeps the same pace as the calculated QV.

The Early Responses of Air-backed plate subjected to underwater explosion with aluminized explosives

This work aims to research the effects on the early responses of the air-backed plate subjected to the loading generated by the underwater explosion with aluminized explosives.The loading characteristics of underwater explosion for ideal explosive(TNT),aluminized explosives(RS211 and RBUL) are obtained experimentally.The tested aluminized explosives have different energy output compared with TNT.Based on the Taylor plate theory,the early responses of the air-backed steel plate affected by the measured loading is analyzed.The analytical results indicate that the pressure curve of the shock wave within 1 time decay constant is the main factor affecting the kick-off velocity of the plate when cavitation occurring.The velocity responses of the plate produced by the loading of RS211 and RBUL are obviously different with that of an equivalent TNT charge,which also indicates validity and suitability should be noticed in the case of substituting TNT for aluminized explosives.Moreover,the uncertainties in the responses of the plate produced by RS211 and RBUL are much larger than TNT.

A quasi-isentropic model of a cylinder driven by aluminized explosives based on characteristic line analysis

A quasi-isentropic study on the process of driving a cylinder with aluminized explosives was carried out to examine the influence of the aluminum(Al) reaction rate on cylinder expansion and the physical parameters of the detonation products. Based on the proposed quasi-isentropic hypothesis and relevant isentropic theories, the characteristic lines of aluminized explosives driving a cylinder were analyzed,and a quasi-isentropic model was established. This model includes the variation of the cylinder wall velocity and the physical parameters of the detonation products with the Al reaction degree. Using previously reported experimental results, the quasi-isentropic model was verified to be applicative and accurate. This model was used to calculate the physical parameters for cylinder experiments with aluminized cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al content. The results show that this quasi-isentropic model can be used not only to calculate the cylinder expansion rule or Al reaction degree, but also to calculate the physical parameters of the detonation products in the process of cylinder expansion. For explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al, 24.3 % and 18.5 % of the Al was found to have reacted at 33.9 μs and 34.0 μs, respectively. The difference in Al content results in different reaction intensity, occurrence time, and duration of two forms of reaction(diffusion and kinetic) between the Al powder and the detonation products;the post-detonation burning reaction between the Al powder and the detonation products prolongs the positive pressure action time, resulting in a continuous rise in temperature after detonation.

A New Method for Determining the Equation of State of Aluminized Explosive

The time-dependent Jones Wilkins-Lee equation products for aluminized explosives. To obtain the of state （JWL-EOS） is applied to describe detonation state time-dependent JWL-EOS parameters, cylinder tests and underwater explosion experiments are performed. According to the result of the wall radial velocity in cylinder tests and the shock wave pressures in underwater explosion experiments, the time-dependent JWL-EOS parameters are determined by iterating these variables in AUTODYN hydroeode simulations until the experimental values are reproduced. In addition, to verify the reliability of the derived JWL-EOS parameters, the aluminized explosive experiment is conducted in concrete. The shock wave pressures in the affected concrete bodies are measured by using manganin pressure sensors, and the rod velocity is obtained by using a high-speed camera. Simultaneously, the shock wave pressure and the rod velocity are calculated by using the derived time-dependent JWL equation of state. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Investigation on energy output structure of explosives near-ground explosion

In order to give the energy output structure of typical explosives near-ground explosion in real ground conditions,the free-field shockwave,ground reflection shockwave and Mach wave overpressure time history of composition B explosive,RDX explosive and aluminized explosive were measured by air pressure sensors and ground pressure sensors.The shape of the free-field shock wave,ground reflection shock wave,and Mach wave and explosion flame were captured by high-speed camera.The experimental results show that,at the same horizontal distance from the initiation point,the peak overpressure of explosive shock wave of composition B explosive,both in the air and on the ground,is less than that of RDX and aluminized explosives.At a distance of 3.0 m from the initiation point,the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is slightly less than that of RDX explosives.Owing to the exothermic effect of aluminum powder,the pressure drop of aluminized explosives is slower than that of RDX explosives.At 5.0 m from the initiation point,the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is larger than that of RDX explosives.At the same position from the initiation point,among the three kinds of explosives,the impulse of aluminized explosives is the maximum and the impulse of composition B explosives is the minimum.With the increase of the horizontal distance from the initiation point,the height of Mach triple-points(Mach steam)of the three explosives increases gradually.At the same horizontal distance from the initiation point,there is poorly difference in the height of Mach triple-points between aluminized explosive and RDX explosive,and the height of Mach triple-points of composition B explosive is much smaller than that of other two explosives.The maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by aluminized explosives are the largest,followed by composition B explosive,and the maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by RDX explosive are the smallest.

Estimating the metal acceleration ability of high explosives

The Gurney method is widely used in the conceptual design stage of explosive fragmentation warheads employed in various weapons systems.This method states that the peak fragment velocity(V_0) is a function of the Gurney velocity((2E_G)^(1/2)) and the charge-to-metal weight ratio(C/M).The current study is concerned with finding a practical approach for computing the Gurney velocity of pure and mixed high explosives which will eventually help warhead designers to select the best explosive to fulfill the needs of a particular mission.Using multiple regression analysis technique,a four-variable model was derived and used thereafter to estimate the Gurney velocity of aluminized and non-aluminized explosive formulations.The results show that the new model is particularly accurate in predicting the Gurney velocity of combined effects explosives,which are relatively a new class of high blast,high metal acceleration capability explosive compositions.

A DFT study on TNGU isomers and aluminized cis-TNGU composites

Cis-and trans-1,3,4,6-tetranitroglycouril(TNGU, Sorguyl) have been considered for density functional treatment at the levels of B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) and B3LYP/cc-PVDZ. Cis-TNGU has been found to be more stable than its trans isomer. Then, mono and dialuminized(cis-TNGU + Al and cis-TNGU+2Al) have been subjected to theoretical treatment at the level of B3LYP/6-31 + G(d). The spin states of the aluminized cis-TNGU composites have been considered as well. Although, cis-TNGU + Al(doublet) is found to be structurally stable, cis-TNGU+2Al singlet and triplet composites undergo certain bond cleavages.Structural and some quantum chemical properties, IR-UV spectra etc. have been presented.

Structural response of aluminum core–shell particles in detonation environment

Natural aluminum particles have the core-shell structure.The structure response refers to the mechanical behavior of the aluminum particle structure caused by external influences.The dynamic behavior of the structural response of aluminum core-shell particles before combustion is of great importance for the aluminum powder burning mechanism and its applications.In this paper,an aluminum particle combustion experiment in a detonation environment is conducted and analyzed;the breakage factors of aluminum particles shell in detonation environment are analyzed.The experiment results show that the aluminum particle burns in a gaseous state and condenses into a sub-micron particle cluster.The calculation and simulation demonstrate that the rupture of aluminum particle shell in the detonation environment is mainly caused by the impact of the detonation wave.The detonation wave impacts the aluminum particles,resulting in shell cracking,and due to the shrinkage-expansion of the aluminum core and stripping of the detonation product,the cracked shell is fractured and peeled with the aluminum reacting with the detonation product.

非理想炸药水中爆炸载荷相似律数值仿真

为研究不同尺度非理想炸药水中爆炸载荷的相似性,采用LS-DYNA软件的S-ALE算法,构建了基于JWL-Miller状态方程描述的非理想炸药水中爆炸载荷数值计算模型;利用典型试验数据对计算模型参数进行了标定,匹配设置了典型RDX基非理想炸药的JWL-Miller状态方程参数;通过不同尺度炸药在不同水域环境条件下的爆炸过程模拟,分析了爆炸载荷特征参数的相似性。结果表明,影响非理想炸药水中爆炸冲击波压力峰值相似律的主要因素是其自身的非理想特性;水域环境因素(如自由面及静水压力梯度等)会对气泡脉动周期与半径的相似律产生较大影响。对于15%允许误差范围的工程仿真而言,0.53~5.30 m/kg 1/3比例距离(约10~100倍炸药半径)范围内,非理想炸药自由场水中爆炸载荷参数相似律可近似满足,与理想炸药的相似律特征基本一致,工程可用。基于JWL-Miller状态方程统一参数描述的非理想炸药默认其后燃反应是稳定且完全的。在实际中,由于水下非理想炸药受到复杂的化学反应动力学的控制,几何尺寸效应仍有可能导致非理想成分释能过程的较大差异,因此,精细化数值仿真需要针对不同比例距离或不同尺度模型来匹配不同的Miller模型参数,爆炸载荷相似律也可能在更有限的尺度范围内成立。

含铝炸药深水爆炸能量输出特性高精度数值模拟研究

在深水条件下含铝炸药爆炸不同于理想炸药,高静水压力会影响铝粉参与二次燃烧反应的速率,进而影响能量的释放过程.采用3阶MUSCL有限体积方法结合含铝炸药Miller能量释放模型,研究CL-20基含铝炸药在100~3 000 m水深梯度范围下随水深变化的爆炸能量输出特性.结果表明:爆炸冲击波能会随着水深的增加而不断减小;当水深超过200 m后,CL-20基含铝炸药中铝粉二次反应时间超过气泡周期,在第一个脉动周期内铝粉反应释放能量不充分导致根据气泡周期公式得到的气泡能偏小,气泡能也随着水深增加而减小,爆炸总能量不为定值.

双发CL-20基含铝装药水下爆炸载荷特性

基于水下爆炸理论,采用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)方法,建立了CL-20基含铝炸药水下爆炸模型,分析了冲击波载荷和气泡动力学特性;在此基础上探究了双发CL-20基含铝装药水下爆炸冲击波时空分布规律及气泡融合特性,讨论了不完整刚性边界附近双发CL-20基含铝装药水下爆炸气泡动力学特性,得到了装药种类、破口尺寸和爆距3种关键因素对双发装药水下爆炸气泡载荷特性的影响。结果表明,与TNT装药相比,CL-20基含铝装药水下爆炸气泡半径和脉动周期更大,气泡最大半径增大了27%,脉动周期提高了65%,但气泡脉动压力小于TNT。双发CL-20基含铝装药在水平和垂直位置具有特征尖锐波峰-波谷载荷曲线和特征双峰曲线,冲击波峰值压力大于单发装药,最大增长率可达48.26%。不完整刚性边界破口尺寸、爆距增大会增加双发装药气泡射流宽度和持续时间,CL-20会加剧不完整边界对气泡动力学的影响。

RDX基含铝炸药JWL-Miller状态方程标定及对舰船结构的毁伤特性

为了精确计算某RDX基含铝炸药近场水下爆炸对舰船结构的毁伤特性,提出了一种基于水下爆炸试验和OPTIMUS的炸药JWL-Miller状态方程参数标定优化方法,建立了该型炸药水下爆炸载荷计算模型及对舰船结构毁伤的有限元模型。通过任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法(ALE)和引入JWL-Miller模型数值模拟研究不同爆距、不同攻角工况对舰船结构的毁伤特性,分析冲击波载荷和气泡载荷传播过程,计算得到爆距、攻角对局部结构毁伤影响规律,给出了断裂部位破口尺寸和外板最大凹陷距离。结果表明,运用优化得到的炸药状态方程仿真计算的冲击波压力峰值、冲击波能量结果与试验结果吻合较好;船体结构随着气泡的膨胀和收缩会呈现先中拱弯曲、后中垂弯曲的运动变形过程,随着近距爆距的改变,结构的破坏模式逐渐从冲塞形破口、四周花瓣开裂向长条形撕裂状破口再向外板向内凹陷改变;随着近距攻角的增加,舰船舷侧外板边界处剪应力在冲击波和气泡脉动载荷作用下达到应力衡准,破口面积进一步增加,气泡的溃灭速度随药包与结构之间攻角的增大而加快。

HMX基含铝压装炸药慢速烤燃点火时刻的压力参量计算

为了研究HMX基含铝压装炸药在慢烤过程中点火时刻的压力参量,设计了0.1和1.0℃/min升温速率下的慢烤试验,并对炸药内部进行了多点测温。在此基础上,基于炸药的通用烤燃模型,将HMX的多步分解机制与铝粉反应相结合,并考虑其分解中的相变过程,建立了HMX基含铝压装炸药慢烤反应速率与压力相关的计算模型并进行了数值模拟。试验结果表明,在0.1℃/min的升温速率下,端盖喷出,壳体沿轴向撕开裂缝,无药粉残留,判定炸药发生爆燃反应;在1.0℃/min的升温速率下,壳体发生轻微变形,有部分药粉残留,判定炸药发生燃烧反应。数值研究结果表明,随着热刺激强度的提高,炸药的点火温度呈对数上升趋势,而烤燃弹的反应进度和内部压力呈现指数下降趋势,且烤燃弹内部的反应压力在HMX相变前呈缓慢上升趋势,相变后呈快速上升趋势。

PBT/A3基RDX含铝炸药爆炸能量特性研究

为掌握PBT/A3粘结剂体系对含铝炸药爆炸能量的影响特性,以PBT/A3粘结剂体系为研究对象,复合RDX和Al粉设计PBT/A3基RDX含铝炸药配方。测试炸药复合体系密度、爆速、爆热等性能,并与相同条件HTPB基RDX含铝炸药进行对比,探讨PBT/A3粘结剂对炸药密度及爆炸本征能量爆速和爆热影响;开展PBT/A3基含铝炸药冲击波超压性能测试,对其近/远场冲击波能量释放特性进行分析和讨论。研究结果表明:较于HTPB基RDX含铝炸药,PBT/A3粘结剂对复合体系装药密度提升9.1%,爆速和爆热分别提升1.45%和11.47%,能量密度提升较为明显;PBT/A3基炸药近场超压当量为1.6倍,远场超压当量为1.69倍,PBT/A3含能粘结剂体系的引入改善了复合体系氧平衡,有利于Al粉充分燃烧提高其远场能量释放。

炸药水中爆炸的冲击波性能

采用PCB138压力传感器测量了TNT、RS211、HLZY-1和HLZY-3等几种炸药水中爆炸冲击波远场的压力时间历程,计算得到了这几种炸药水中爆炸冲击波性能参数及其相似常数。研究表明,含铝炸药水中爆炸冲击波远场的传播服从指数变化的相似律,其冲击波性能比标准炸药TNT优越。含铝炸药HLZY-1具有较好的水中爆炸冲击波性能。

RDX基含铝炸药不同尺寸的圆筒试验及数值模拟

为了研究RDX基含铝炸药在不同装药直径下的做功能力,进行了Φ25.4 mm和Φ50.0 mm两种尺寸的圆筒试验。试验结果表明,爆轰产物相对比容均为10时,Φ50.0 mm比Φ25.4 mm圆筒的膨胀速度提高约4.73%。此外,基于Lee-Tarver点火增长模型,采用有限元动力学程序LS-DYNA对两种尺寸的圆筒试验进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果相比较,确定了该含铝炸药爆轰产物的Jones-Wilkins-Lee状态方程和反应速率方程参数。

铝粉粒度和爆炸环境对含铝炸药爆炸能量的影响

采用恒温热量计测量了不同Al粉粒度的含铝炸药在不同爆炸环境下的爆炸能量.分析了铝粉粒度和爆炸环境对含铝炸药爆炸能量的影响规律.结果表明,随着铝粉含量的增加,含铝炸药在真空和1标准大气压空气环境下的爆炸能量逐渐增大.当铝粉的质量分数达到30％时,随着铝粉含量的增加,含细颗粒铝粉炸药的爆炸能量迅速降低;而含粗颗粒铝粉炸药在铝粉质量分数达到35％后,爆炸能量仍有增大趋势.真空条件下,铝粉质量分数小于10％时,含细颗粒铝粉的炸药爆炸能量大于含粗颗粒铝粉的炸药.含铝炸药在1标准大气压空气中的爆炸能量大于真空中的爆炸能量,在铝粉质量分数小于30％时,能量增加量为11％～13％.