A Study on the Interest Linkage Mechanism of the Taxus Industry Chain in Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County

At the Taxus base of Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County,Chongqing,the comprehensive development and utilization of Taxus was carried out with seedling cultivation,understory economy,product processing,ecotourism and other aspects as the main line.The benefit linkage mechanism of the operation of the Taxus industrial chain was explored and analyzed,so as to extend and supplement the Taxus industrial chain.The two models of"company+farmer"and"company+village collective+farmer"are relatively close benefit linkage models,which indirectly promote the increase of farmers income and smoothly guarantee the operation of the industrial chain,thereby playing a positive role during the development of the Taxus industry.This study provides reliable countermeasures and suggestions for the sustained and healthy development of the Taxus industry in Pengshui County.

Pharmacodynamics of frigid zone plant Taxus cuspidata S.et Z.against skin melanin deposition,oxidation,inflammation and allergy

Background:Taxus cuspidata S.et Z.is a precious species of frigid zone plant belonging to the Taxaceae family,which possesses anticancer,anti-inflammatory,hypoglycemic,and antibacterial pharmacological properties.While taxane extracted from Taxus chinensis has been reported to elicit antioxidant activities,whether Taxus cuspidata S.et Z.has skin-protective actions against injuries remained unknown.This study aims to explore the pharmacological effects of three Taxus extracts on skin melanin deposition,oxidation,inflammation,and allergy so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of various diseases related to skin damage.Methods:Skin melanin deposition was evaluated by measuring melanin content in the skin of guinea pigs by alkali lysis method.Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by measuring superoxide dismutase(SOD)concentration and glutathione(GSH)content in skin tissue homogenates of Kunming mice by SOD assay kit and micro reduced GSH assay kit.The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and western blotting were used to examine the levels of both SOD and recombinant glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4).Skin inflammation was evaluated by xylene-induced ear swelling test and egg-white-induced paw swelling test in mice.In a mouse model of skin allergy induced by 4-aminopyridine(4-AP),allergy was determined by licking body counts and histamine concentrations in tissue homogenates using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kits.Two proinflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand interleukin(IL)-1βwere measured by qRT-PCR.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining was conducted to assess the degree of skin lesion.Results:All three Taxus extracts including Taxus chinensis essential oil,Taxus chinensis extract and Taxus chinensis extract compound reduced the melanin deposits in the back skin relative to the non-treated control animals,of which Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the greatest effect.In contrast,the three Taxus extracts elevated SOD and GSH levels in the skin tissues,and the highest increase was seen with Taxus chinensis essential oil.Three Taxus extracts,especially Taxus chinensis essential oil,effectively reduce the rate of ear and paw swelling.All three Taxus extracts reduced the number of body licks,the levels of TNF-αand IL-1β,and the histamine content in tissue homogenates of mice and alleviated skin damage.Consistently,Taxus chinensis essential oil yielded the greatest magnitude of decreases.Conclusion:While all three Taxus extracts possessed the anti-skin melanin deposition,oxidation,and allergy properties,Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the superior effects.

立地条件差异对天然东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)种间竞争的影响

立地因子空间梯度特征是影响种间竞争的重要因素。通过研究主要竞争树种及竞争强度随海拔、坡向、坡位和坡度等立地因子变化的规律,揭示不同立地条件对天然东北红豆杉种间竞争的影响,为濒危东北红豆杉种群的保护与恢复提供理论指导。研究结果表明:东北红豆杉的种间竞争压力主要来自紫椴、臭冷杉、色木槭、红松、青楷槭、枫桦、花楷槭等7个树种,主要竞争树种以小径级个体居多。立地因子差异对种间竞争强度和主要竞争树种的排序有明显影响。东北红豆杉在阴坡受到的种间竞争压力是阳坡的3.27倍,主要树种的竞争强度显著高于阳坡,竞争树种的排序发生更迭;随着坡位的提升,东北红豆杉受到的种间竞争压力明显增加,主要竞争种类和强度也发生变化;坡度增加,种间竞争强度增加,主要竞争树种排序发生变化;海拔对种间竞争的影响总体不大,但影响主要竞争树种的竞争强度和排序。

FIREBIRD雷帕霉素洗脱支架与TAXUS紫杉醇洗脱支架成功置入后长期临床结果观察：单中心、大规模注册研究

目的:比较成功置入FIREBIRD雷帕霉素洗脱支架与TAXUS紫杉醇洗脱支架后长期临床观察结果。方法:本研究入选了2004-04至2006-10期间,在我院择期置入FIREBIRD雷帕霉素洗脱支架与TAXUS紫杉醇洗脱支架共计3 110例患者,并按置入支架的种类分为FIREBIRD组(2 274例)和TAXUS组(836例)。临床随访资料包括术后30天、1年和2年的死亡、心肌梗死、支架内血栓形成、靶病变血运重建、靶血管血运重建和主要心脏不良事件。本研究通过COX比例风险模型比较了倾向性评分匹配前后两组间的2年临床随访结果。结果:两组倾向性评分匹配前COX比例风险模型分析显示FIREBIRD组靶病变血运重建(风险比0.381,95%可信区间0.262～0.541)、靶血管血运重建(风险比0.512,95%可信区间0.383～0.681)以及主要心脏不良事件(风险比0.527,95%可信区间0.410～0.677)的风险低于TAXUS组。经过倾向性评分匹配后COX比例风险模型分析仍显示FIREBIRD组靶病变血运重建(风险比0.330,95%可信区间0.188～0.578)、靶血管血运重建(风险比0.412,95%可信区间0.263～0.643)以及主要心脏不良事件(风险比0.476,95%可信区间0.332～0.681)的风险低于TAXUS组。结论:与TAXUS紫杉醇洗脱支架相比,置入FIREBIRD雷帕霉素洗脱支架可降低靶病变血运重建、靶血管血运重建及主要心脏不良事件发生的风险。

Cypher与Taxus支架治疗冠心病的冠状动脉造影随访结果

目的观察Cypher及Taxus药物洗脱支架治疗冠心病的疗效。方法应用冠状动脉造影随访162例接受Cypher及Taxus药物洗脱支架置入术的冠心病患者,其中Cypher组93例,Taxus组69例。结果Cypher组和Taxus组再狭窄率分别为10.8%和11.6%,靶病变再血管化率分别为5.4%和5.8%,两组比较差异均无统计学意义。支架内晚期管径丢失及支架节段晚期管径丢失在Cypher组低于Taxus组,两组间差异有统计学意义。结论药物洗脱支架可有效降低介入治疗术后再狭窄的发生率,但Cypher组支架内晚期管径丢失低于Taxus组。

Genetic diversity in two threatened species in Vietnam:Taxus chinensis and Taxus wallichiana

Taxus chinensis and T. wallichiana in have been threatened in their distribution areas in recent decades because of their over-exploitation and reduction and destruction of native habitats. Determining the genetic diversity in populations of the two species will provide guidelines for their protection and preservation. Two hundred and fifteen trees from six populations of T. chinensis and150 sampled trees of T. wallichiana were sampled. Six microsatellite primer pairs selected from 16 primer pairs were used to investigate genetic variation at the population and species levels. Five yielded polymorphic alleles, and among the 13 putative alleles amplified, 11 were polymorphic(accounting for 76.33 %).Shannon's information index(I) and percentage of polymorphic bands(PPB)(I = 0.202 and PPB = 67.22 % for T. chinensis; I = 0.217 and PPB = 65.03 % for T. wallichiana). Both species had low levels of genetic diversity(mean H_o= 0.107, H_e= 0.121 for T. chinensis; H_o= 0.095, H_e= 0.109 for T. wallichiana). Genetic differentiation among populations was higher(FST= 0.189) for T. chinensis and lower(0.156) for T.wallichiana, indicating limited gene flow(Nm) among populations for T. chinensis(0.68) and T. wallichiana(0.65).Variation among individuals of T. chinensis was 63.59 and73.12 % for T. wallichiana. Thus, the threatened status of the two conifers is related to a lack of genetic diversity. All populations are isolated in small forest remnants. An ex situ conservation site should be established with a new population for these species that comprises all the genetic groups for the best chance to improve their fitness under environmental stresses.

A New Taxane Diterpenoid from the Seeds of Taxus yunnanensis

A new taxane diterpenoid with a rearranged 5/7/6-membered ring system was isolated from the seeds of the Chinese yew. Taxus yunnanensis. Its structure was established as 9αacetoxy-5α-cinnamoyl-11(15 →1 )-abeotaxa-4(20), 11-dienc-10β, 13α, 15-triol on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. its relative stereochemistry is proposed from the results of a NOESY experment.

Cypher支架并不优于Taxus支架

一项临床试验表明，J&J公司的Cypher西罗莫司(sirolimus)药物涂膜冠状动脉支架(Ⅰ)在预防支架再狭窄方面并不优于Boston Scientific公司的Taxus紫杉醇(paclitaxel)药物涂膜支架(Ⅱ)。

Effect of La,Ce on Taxus Cuspidata Cell Growth,Biosynthesis and Release of Taxol

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Effect of elicitors, precursors and metabolic inhibitors on paclitaxel production by Taxus cuspidata cell culture

In this study, using Taxus cuspidata as a raw material, we obtained stable high-yielding cell lines by subculturing and quantified paclitaxel content using ultrasonic extraction combined with TLC–UV spectrophotometry. In single factor and multiple factors tests to optimize design and study the effects of elicitors, precursors, and metabolic inhibitors on paclitaxel production by Taxus cuspidata cells, paclitaxel production reached 4.32 mg/L when 100 lmol/L methyl jasmonate, 20 mg/L salicylic acid, 400 mg/L phenylalanine and 2 mg/L gibberellin(GA_3) were added to the culture medium of suspension cells. When adding metabolic adjustment factors on the 7th day of culture, extra- and intracellular paclitaxel production was the highest at 4.855 mg/L, paclitaxel release rate was 10.48 %, fresh mass and paclitaxel production of cell increased, respectively, by 6.08 and 11.57 %. By controlling the anabolism of paclitaxel, paclitaxel yield was significantly improved.

Integration of multiple climate models to predict range shifts and identify management priorities of the endangered Taxus wallichiana in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountain region

Taxus wallichiana Zucc.(Himalayan yew)is subject to international and national conservation measures because of its over-exploitation and decline over the last 30 years.Predicting the impact of climate change on T.wallichiana’s distribution might help protect the wild populations and plan effective ex situ measures or cultivate successfully.Considering the complexity of climates and the uncertainty inherent in climate modeling for mountainous regions,we integrated three Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs)(i.e.,RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP8.5)based on datasets from 14 Global Climate Models of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,Phase 5 to:(1)predict the potential distribution of T.wallichiana under recent past(1960–1990,hereafter‘‘current’’)and future(2050s and 2070s)scenarios with the species distribution model MaxEnt.;and(2)quantify the climatic factors influencing the distribution.In respond to the future warming climate scenarios,(1)highly suitable areas for T.wallichiana would decrease by 31–55%at a rate of 3–7%/10a;(2)moderately suitable areas would decrease by 20–30%at a rate of 2–4%/10a;(3)the average elevation of potential suitable sites for T.wallichiana would shift upslope by 390 m(15%)to 948 m(36%)at a rate of 42–100 m/10a.Average annual temperature(contribution rate ca.61%),isothermality and temperature seasonality(20%),and annual precipitation(17%)were the main climatic variables affecting T.wallichiana habitats.Prior protected areas and suitable planting areas must be delimited from the future potential distributions,especially the intersection areas at different suitability levels.It is helpful to promote the sustainable utilization of this precious resource by prohibiting exploitation and ex situ restoring wild resources,as well as artificially planting considering climate suitability.

APOPTOSIS AND TAXOL PRODUCTION IN SUSPENSION CULTURES OF Taxus spp.CELLS

The hallmark of apoptosis, in suspension cultures of Taxus spp. cells induced by fungal extractive or by abiotic means, was studied by total DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and in situ end-labeling. The cleavage of nuclear DNA (nDNA) into oligonucleosomal fragments(DNA laddering) was a characteristic of apoptosis, which involved cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and tracheary elements differentiation. Terminal deoxynucleotidy transferase-mediated dUTP nick end in situ labeling (TUNEL) assay of Taxus spp. cells showed that fungal extractive or abiotic elicltors (Ce4+, Taxol, H2O2) induced TUNEL positive. Also, the increase of the apoptotic cell ratio was accompanied by the increase of secondary metabolites (especially Taxol). These results suggest that apoptosis may have some coincidence with biosynthesis of Taxol. The implication of apoptosis for the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures is discussed.

Effects of flavonoids derived from Taxus yunnanensis on p-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4

The intestinal uptake of paclitaxel is hampered by trans-membrane efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein(P-gp),and paclitaxel is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P4503A4(CYP3A4)presented in the liver.Our previous results demonstrated that flavonoids extracted from Taxus yunnanensis could improve the oral absorption of paclitaxel.The current study was purposed to investigate the effects of the flavonoid extracts on P-gp and CYP3A4 in vitro.The expression and activity of P-gp were detected by western blotting and intracellular rhodamine 123 accumulation assay in Caco-2 cells treated with the flavonoids extract.The expression of CYP3A4 was investigated by western blotting in mouse primary hepatocytes and the activity of CYP3A4 was detected by LC-MS/MS method using rat liver microsomes.Our results showed that the flavonoid extracts from T.yunnanensis could inhibit P-gp activity and concurrently decrease the expression and activity of CYP3A4.In conclusion,activity of P-gp and CYP3A4 could be inhibited by flavonoids extracted from T.yunnanensis which might be potential candidates for development of oral formulation of paclitaxel.

Effects of Piriformospora indica on the Respiration of Taxus chinensis var.mairei under Water Stress

Seedlings of Taxus chinensis var.mairei were used as experimental materials to study the adaptation of Piriformospora indica to this plant under water stress.The materials were divided into two groups,namely,with or without inoculation with P.indica.Each group was subjected to four different levels of water stress.Vitality and physiological and biochemical indexes of the roots of T.chinensis var.mairei were regularly measured.Under water stress,T.chinensis var.mairei had significantly decreased root vitality;root vitality was higher in inoculated roots than in uninoculated roots.Under intense water stress,the inoculated roots had a higher soluble sugar content than the uninoculated roots.Under water stress,T.chinensis var.mairei experienced decreased activity of aerobic respiratory metabolic enzymes.The activity of anaerobic respiratory metabolic enzymes and alcohol dehydrogenase initially increased and then decreased,whereas that of lactate dehydrogenase increased.The inoculated roots had a higher activity of respiratory metabolic enzymes than the uninoculated roots.As water stress was further intensified,the roots had significantly decreased activity of aerobic respiratory metabolic enzymes and significantly increased activity of anaerobic respiratory metabolic enzymes.The activity of respiratory metabolic enzymes decreased faster in the uninoculated roots than in the inoculated roots.This study demonstrated that Piriformospora indica plays a positive role in enhancing the antihypoxic ability of T.chinensis var.mairei,thereby alleviating plant damage due to water stress.

Novel evidence from Taxus fuana forests for niche-neutral process assembling community

Background:Understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly is helpful for conservation and restoration of communities, particularly those that contain rare and endangered species like Taxus fuana, which are endemic to the Western Himalayas. The niche (limiting similarity) vs. neutral (randomness) assembly of the T.fuana forest community in Gyirong County, Tibet, China, was investigated. The net relatedness index (NRI) was calculated using a phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic characteristics of the community and its relationships with environment were analyzed.Results:The value of the mean NRI at the community level was less than-1.96, indicating that the phylogenetic structure was overdispersed;whereas majority of the NRIs at the tree, shrub, and herb layers were within-1.96 to1.96, indicating random dispersion. Environmental factors accounted for 44.38%, 46.52%, 24.04%, and 14.07%of the variation at the community level, tree, shrub, and herb layer, respectively. The phylogenetic structure at the community level and tree layer were significantly influenced by both topographic and soil factors, while shrub and herb layers tended to be affected by a single environmental factor.Conclusions:Community assembly of the T. fuana forest was simultaneously affected by niche and neutral processes, and their variations were closely related to the environment. Neutral process dominated community assembly in the shrub and herb layers. However, the interaction of limiting similarity and randomness played a dominant role at the community level and tree layer;and contributed to maintenance of biodiversity stability. The synergy of multiple environmental factors had a more obvious influence on community assembly than individual environmental factors, especially at the community level. These findings would help to understand the conservation of rare and endangered tree species, such as T. fuana, in the native community;and highlight the importance of random and non-random processes in assembly and biodiversity maintenance of alpine plant communities.

A New Abietane Diterpenoid from the Barks of Taxus yunnanensis

The structure of a new abietane diterpenoid, taxayunnin (1), from the barks of Taxus yunnanensis, was determined by spectroscopic analysis. A known abietane diterpenoid, taxamairin C (2), was also isolated.

Three Novel Bicyclic Taxoids from the Needles of the Chinensis yew, Taxus chinensis var mairei

Three novel bicyclic taxane diterpenoids with the rare 6/12-membered rings wereisolated from the need ies of Taxus chinensis var. mairei. The structures were established with the help of 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.

TAXUS支架治疗急性冠状动脉综合症的疗效评价

目的评价紫杉醇洗脱冠状动脉支架(TAXUStmBoston公司产品)应用于急性冠状动脉综合症病人的临床疗效及安全性。方法自2003年5月至2004年12月接受TAXUS支架治疗的94例急性冠状动脉综合症患者,观察术后即刻效果、术后6个月心脏性死亡、心肌梗塞、再次血管重建及冠状动脉造影复查情况。病例中包括ST段抬高的急性心肌梗塞27例,非ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死8例,不稳定心绞痛59例。结果支架植入成功率为99%,术中和随访期间无死亡,术后1例出现亚急性血栓,1例晚期血栓致心肌梗塞,另有5例随访中进行了血管重建术,6个月主要心脏不良事件(MACE)发生率7.4%。术后6～7个月23例的冠状动脉造影复查再狭窄率为13.0%(支架内为8.6%),靶病变重建率为2.7%。结论应用TAXUS支架治疗急性冠状动脉综合症是安全和有效的,支架内再狭窄率明显低于普通金属支架。

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE PHENOLOGY OF TAXUS CUSPIDATA SIEB.ET ZUCC.

In this paper, the phenomena of the life cycle of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc., such as germination, leafing, flowing seed mature,new shoot growth etc. were observed and measured. As a result, the phenological regularity of Taxus cuspidata was found initially. At the same time,according to its five-day mean increment and height growth curve, the growing process of new shoot of Taxus cupidata was divided into three periods:slow period peak period and decline period. The paper supplied scientific data for the introduction of the rare and imininent variety, domestication,cultivating, expoiting, utilizing and protecting of Taxus cuspdata.

Dynamic Effects of Cerium on Syntheses of Soluble Protein and Taxol in Suspension Culture of Taxus Chinensis Var. Mairei Cells

The dynamic effects of Ce 4+ on the syntheses of soluble protein and taxol in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis var. mairei cells were studied. The phenomena of "partition" and "bifurcation" were observed in studying the dynamic effect of Ce 4+ on soluble protein synthesis and cell activity. That is, Ce 4+ of low concentration improves the soluble protein synthetic strength and cell activity, while Ce 4+ of high concentration is harmful to protein synthesis and cell activity. In addition, Ce 4+ of appropriate concentration enhances taxol synthesis.