Influence of confining stress on fracture characteristics and cutting efficiency of TBM cutters conducted on soft and hard rock

Combined with numerical simulation, the influence of confining stress on cutting process, fracture conditions and cutting efficiencies of soft and hard rock has been conducted on the triaxial testing machine(TRW-3000) designed and manufactured in Central South University(China). Results are obtained by performing analysis on the fracture scopes of cement and granite plates,the characteristics of cutting force in cutting processes and the cutting efficiency. Firstly, the increase of latitude fracture scope and the decrease of longitude fracture scope are both more notable in the tests conducted on cement plates subjected to the increasing confining stresses; secondly, the increase tendency of peak penetration forces obtained from tests conducted on granite plates is more obvious, however, the increase tendencies of average penetration forces achieved from cement and granite plates are close to each other; thirdly, the cutting efficiency could be improved by increasing the spacing between cutters when the confining stress which acts on soft and hard rock increases in a certain degree, and the cutting efficiency of soft rock is more sensitive to the varying confining stresses.

Effects of discontinuities on penetration of TBM cutters

Based on the triaxial testing machine and discrete element method, the effects of embedded crack on rock fragmentation are investigated in laboratory tests and a series of numerical investigations are conducted on the effects of discontinuities on cutting characteristics and cutting efficiency. In laboratory tests, five propagation patterns of radial cracks are observed. And in the numerical tests, firstly, it is similar to laboratory tests that cracks ahead of cutters mainly initiate from the crushed zone, and some minor cracks will initiate from joints. The cracks initiating from crushed zones will run through the thinner joints while they will be held back by thick joints. Cracks tend to propagate towards the tips of embedded cracks, and minor cracks will initiate from the tips of embedded cracks, which may result in the decrease of specific area, and disturbing layers play as ‘screens', which will prevent cracks from developing greatly. The peak penetration forces, the consumed energy in the penetration process and the uniaxial compression strength will decrease with the increase of discontinuities. The existence of discontinuities will result in the decrease of the cutting efficiency when the spacing between cutters is 70 mm. Some modifications should be made to improve the efficiency when the rocks containing groups of discontinuities are encountered.

TBM刀盘裂纹损伤特性及疲劳可靠性研究

刀盘作为硬岩掘进机(tunnel boring machine, TBM)工作过程中的核心受力载体,承受多方向的随机载荷,容易萌生裂纹导致疲劳失效,影响施工进度和安全,因此研究其裂纹疲劳可靠性具有重要意义。本研究通过受力分析得到刀盘易萌生裂纹区域及应力特征,并使用子模型技术法计算刀盘裂纹应力强度因子,研究刀盘裂纹损伤特性;然后结合裂纹疲劳理论,构建了以裂纹扩展寿命为基本变量的TBM刀盘裂纹疲劳可靠性评估模型,应用JC法求解刀盘在不同工作环境下的可靠度,并讨论了不同因素对刀盘可靠度的影响。研究表明:裂纹尖端最深处的裂纹扩展以张开型和撕开型为主,而裂纹两端3种扩展形式都存在;刀盘的裂纹疲劳可靠度随着初始裂纹深度的增大而显著减小,随着裂纹形状比的增大而增大,而临界裂纹深度的变化对可靠度的影响不明显。

完整极硬岩条件下TBM连续高效破岩技术

以某项目螺旋斜坡道工程为背景,分析了影响TBM在完整极硬岩条件下连续高效掘进的因素,提出设计高效耐磨的刀盘系统,具体包括将刀间距优化至60 mm、刀具额定荷载提升至375 kN、提高刀座强度和耐疲劳性、设置两路冷却系统以控制刀盘刀具温度,并重点强化了刀盘的耐磨性;减小刃宽保证贯入度,将边刀刀圈允许磨损部分外侧加厚2.5 mm。在辅助破岩措施上,控制爆破实现人造裂隙;在连续转弯破岩技术环节上,提高TBM主轴承强度,并不断优化掘进参数进一步提高掘进效率。实践应用效果良好。

硬岩隧道TBM施工中的典型掘进破岩难题与对策

全断面岩石掘进机(TBM)在硬岩、极硬岩隧道掘进过程中存在岩爆灾害、滚刀磨损、低掘进速率等典型掘进破岩难题,严重影响隧道的安全高效施工。因此,查明产生这些典型难题的原因并提出相应的对策至关重要。本文首先从岩石硬度、单轴抗压强度、岩石脆性及耐磨性等角度分析了隧道硬岩的相关特征,并阐明了其对各典型掘进破岩难题的影响规律。随后结合国内外隧道施工案例提出了相应的对策:岩爆灾害可采用岩爆监测和岩爆防控相结合的方法进行预防和治理;滚刀磨损通过优化滚刀参数、改良刀圈材料、涂覆刀圈涂层以延长其使用寿命;掘进速率低的难题可通过优化滚刀布置设计、增加刀盘推力及扭矩、增设辅助破岩手段等措施改良。最后,从TBM与隧道围岩的相互作用机理、TBM隧道施工信息化建设、TBM掘进智能控制和优化决策等方面对未来硬岩隧道的掘进提出了几点展望。

考虑岩石细观结构的TBM滚刀破岩过程数值研究

为研究TBM滚刀的破岩机制,基于颗粒离散元方法与Voronoi元素,采用平行黏结接触模型与平节理接触模型,提出具有岩石细观结构特征的改进等效晶质模型,实现对TBM滚刀破岩过程的模拟。通过室内试验与数值模拟计算结果的对比分析,验证该改进等效晶质模型在滚刀破岩研究中的适宜性和可靠性。研究结果表明:滚刀破岩过程可分为4个阶段,即线性加载阶段、屈服硬化加载阶段、卸载阶段和残余跃进阶段;晶间张拉裂纹在总裂纹数中占主导地位,晶内裂纹是引起宏观裂纹产生的重要原因;随晶体平均粒径增加,岩石破碎程度与峰值破岩荷载均增大;随滚刀刀圈宽度增大,裂纹总数与晶内裂纹所占比例均增加,破岩峰值应力与破岩体积也增大。研究结果可为TBM滚刀刀头配置提供参考依据。

TBM掌子面力学模型与滚刀破岩力推力预测

以掌子面岩体破坏前状态建立了滚刀推力作用的双集中力模型,采用弹性半空间理论的Boussinesq解答和叠加原理,给出了双滚刀协同作用下岩体应力分布的解析解。根据应力分布的特点和TBM破岩要求,提出了TBM破岩的必要条件;采用单轴强度理论和多轴强度理论,分别给出了滚刀破岩推力的预测公式。工程实例表明,采用本文提出的基于多轴强度理论的预测公式计算出的滚刀破岩推力与TBM工作时实际使用的推力非常吻合。

Multi-degree-of-freedom coupling dynamic characteristic of TBM disc cutter under shock excitation

When the tunneling boring machine(TBM) cutterhead tunnels, the excessive vibration and damage are a severe engineering problem, thereby the anti-vibration design is a key technology in the disc cutter system. The structure of disc cutter contains many joint interfaces among cutter ring, cutter body, bearings and cutter shaft. On account of the coupling for dynamic contact and the transfer path among joint interface, mechanical behavior of disc cutter becomes extremely complex under the impact of heavy-duty, which puts forward higher requirements for disc cutter design. A multi-degree-of-freedom coupling dynamic model, which contains a cutter ring, a cutter body, two bearings and cutter shaft, is established, considering the external stochastic excitations, bearing nonlinear contact force, multidirectional mutual coupling vibration, etc. Based on the parameters of an actual project and the strong impact external excitations, the modal properties and dynamic responses are analyzed, as well as the cutter shaft and bearings' loads and load transmission law are obtained. Numerical results indicate the maximum radial and axial cutter ring amplitudes of dynamic responses are 0.568 mm and 0.112 mm; the maximum radial and axial vibration velocities are 41.1 mm/s and 38.9 mm/s; the maximum radial and axial vibration accelerations are 94.7 m/s2 and 58.6 m/s2; the maximum swing angle and angular velocity of cutter ring are 0.007° and 0.0074 rad/s, respectively. Finally, the maximum load of bearing roller is 40.3 k N. The proposed research lays a foundation for structure optimization design of disc cutter and cutter base, as well as model selection, modification and fatigue life of the cutter bearing.

Differentiation and analysis on rock breaking characteristics of TBM disc cutter at different rock temperatures

In order to study rock breaking characteristics of tunnel boring machine(TBM) disc cutter at different rock temperatures,thermodynamic rock breaking mathematical model of TBM disc cutter was established on the basis of rock temperature change by using particle flow code theory and the influence law of interaction mechanism between disc cutter and rock was also numerically simulated.Furthermore,by using the linear cutting experiment platform,rock breaking process of TBM disc cutter at different rock temperatures was well verified by the experiments.Finally,rock breaking characteristics of TBM disc cutter were differentiated and analyzed from microscale perspective.The results indicate the follows.1) When rock temperature increases,the mechanical properties of rock such as hardness,and strength,were greatly reduced,simultaneously the microcracks rapidly grow with the cracks number increasing,which leads to rock breaking load decreasing and improves rock breaking efficiency for TBM disc cutter.2) The higher the rock temperature,the lower the rock internal stress.The stress distribution rules coincide with the Buzin Neske stress circle rules: the maximum stress value is below the cutting edge region and then gradually decreases radiant around; stress distribution is symmetrical and the total stress of rock becomes smaller.3) The higher the rock temperature is,the more the numbers of micro,tensile and shear cracks produced are by rock as well as the easier the rock intrusion,along with shear failure mode mainly showing.4) With rock temperature increasing,the resistance intrusive coefficients of rock and intrusion power decrease obviously,so the specific energy consumption that TBM disc cutter achieves leaping broken also decreases subsequently.5) The acoustic emission frequency remarkably increases along with the temperature increasing,which improves the rock breaking efficiency.

基于残余应力分布优化的TBM滚刀刀圈激光熔覆涂层制备工艺研究

目的为改善TBM(全断面隧道掘进机)涂层刀圈残余应力分布,针对刀圈涂层制备过程中的激光扫描路径开展研究,以优化刀圈涂层及涂层/基材界面的残余应力分布。方法使用MSC.Marc 2016软件建立了刀圈涂层制备的三维完全热机耦合模型,通过试验验证了模型的准确性,并针对激光熔覆过程中扫描顺序、扫描方向和扫描终点夹角等3个工艺变量开展了应力场分析研究。结果刀圈表面近涂层区周向/径向残余应力数值计算结果分布趋势与试验基本一致,且在涂层与基材结合的界面处,残余应力梯度达到最大,当激光扫描方向为安装孔到刃顶时,涂层刀圈残余应力的不合理分布得到了明显改善且应力最值显著降低,其中基材部分残余应力最高降低35 MPa,而调整扫描顺序和扫描终点夹角未能有效改善刀圈残余应力的分布及应力最值。结论通过合理设计熔覆过程中的扫描路线,可以有效改善刀圈涂层的残余应力分布并降低残余应力最值,对延长TBM涂层刀圈服役寿命具有重要的指导意义。

TBM滚刀贯入度对破岩效能的影响规律研究

合理设置TBM贯入度参数对于特定地质条件下的掘进效率至关重要。为研究TBM盘型滚刀在不同贯入度下的破岩效果,采用自主研发的滚刀破岩缩尺试验平台,在不同边界条件下对花岗岩开展盘型滚刀线性切割试验,通过使用FEM(finite element method)和SPH(smooth particle hydrodynamics)相耦合的数值模拟方法重现相关试验以验证模型的合理性,并在此基础上建立原尺双滚刀回旋破岩三维数值模型,研究TBM盘型滚刀不同贯入度下对花岗岩的破岩效果。研究结果表明:有侧限条件下滚刀受力和岩碴体积往往更大,且相邻贯入度之间的法向力和岩碴体积增长幅度随着贯入度的增大而减小,但无侧限条件下的破岩效率更高;滚刀破岩过程是阶跃性的,岩碴的产生主要集中在滚刀荷载跌落阶段,无论刀侧是否存在限制,刀下岩石均被碾压至极细的粉末,刀侧岩石崩出,且岩碴的大小与滚刀荷载跌落幅度正相关;刀下岩石破坏区域近似呈“V”形,随着贯入度的增大,滚刀间的“V”形破坏区域持续向安装半径内侧倾斜;滚刀破岩效率随着贯入度的增大先提高后减小,针对试验岩样,最佳贯入度为2~4mm;本研究所采用滚刀破岩缩尺试验与FEM-SPH数值模拟相结合的方法可以很好地重现花岗岩破裂过程,且两者切削力相对误差均在10%以内,可以为后续TBM滚刀破岩研究提供一定参考。

基于脉冲涡流的TBM盘形滚刀磨损检测方法

为保障TBM高效安全运行,提出一种脉冲涡流检测(PECT)的刀圈径向磨损量无损检测方法。先基于Maxwell时变电磁场理论建立有限元模型,采用控制变量法探究线圈高度、内半径和外半径3个激励线圈参数的优化策略;再搭建刀圈径向梯度化磨损量无损检测有限元模型,研究刀圈径向磨损量与前期电压信号积分值的映射关系,提取可连续反映刀圈磨损程度的特征量,并研究不同提离距离下刀圈径向磨损量与特征量的映射关系。结果表明:在给定激励线圈外半径取值的前提下合理调节内半径取值,可最大程度兼顾对激励线圈高分辨率、强耦合程度的要求;检测线圈与刀圈的最远距离为64 mm,在满足48.26 cm刀圈最大径向磨损量为35 mm的基础上保留了29 mm余量,比传统涡流检测的最远提离距离提高了83%;该方法提高了探头远距离检测能力,保障了探头安装空间,同时显著降低了探头被岩碴刮擦损伤的风险。

复杂地层小曲线半径长距离TBM可靠性选型关键技术研究

随着国家抽水蓄能项目的大力发展,越来越多的抽水蓄能项目发展开来,并且随着我国机械化作业的改革,越来越多的隧道采用硬岩掘进机进行施工作业,而且抽蓄工程排水廊道隧洞具有长距离、超小曲线R=30 m、小断面等难点,对设备选型关键技术要求非常高,通过对TBM设备的刀盘刀具、盾体设计、出渣皮带机配置、隧道除尘降温成套技术进行研究,解决设备使用关键性难题,并成功应用于浙江衢江抽水蓄能项目、山西垣曲二期抽水蓄能电站地质勘探平洞项目。

高压水射流前方切缝辅助TBM滚刀破岩试验研究

为提升坚硬岩层TBM滚刀破岩效率,降低滚刀磨损及消耗进而提高TBM整机掘进速度,采用最新研制的高压水射流辅助TBM滚刀破岩试验测试系统,进行坚硬花岗岩水射流先行切割滚刀后行破岩的室内试验,研究同一掌子面相同切深、不同刀间距条件下全尺度滚刀的受力规律和破岩特征。结果表明,完整岩石及水射流作用下滚刀的法向力、滚动力和侧向力随刀间距的增加缓慢增加;相比完整岩石,三向力降低幅度分别为19%~41%、10%~34%和16%~59%,破岩体积增加24%~72%,破岩比能降低7%~48%,切割系数升高幅度为6%~17%,且随着刀间距的增加缓慢降低;水射流切缝岩石碎片的尺寸明显增大,但岩粉质量有所降低,岩石破坏多数以张拉破坏为主。

Design Optimization of TBM Disc Cutters for Different Geological Conditions

A novel optimization methodology for the disc cutter designs of tunnel boring machines (TBM) was presented. To fully understand the characteristics and performance of TBM cutters, a comprehensive list of performance parameters were investigated, including maximum equivalent stress and strain, specific energy and wear life which were closely related to the cutting forces and profile geometry of the cutter rings. A systematic method was employed to evaluate an overall performance index by incorporating objectives at all possible geological conditions. The Multi-objective & Multi-geologic Conditions Optimization (MMCO) program was then developed, which combined the updating of finite element model, system evaluation, finite element solving, post-processing and optimization algorithm. Finally, the MMCO was used to optimize the TBM cutters used in a TBM tunnel project in China. The results show that the optimization significantly improves the working performances of the cutters under all geological conditions considered.

TBM滚刀磨损量的磁力检测方法研究

针对全断面隧道硬岩掘进机(TBM)的滚刀磨损量检测问题,提出磁力磨损量检测方法。方法依循永磁铁与滚刀间的磁力随磨损量增大而减小的物理规律,并通过压力传感器对磁力进行测量,由于非磁性金属及合金对静磁场没有屏蔽性,因此方法极大放宽了检测装置的防护壳材料限制。首先介绍了检测方法的原理,并通过有限元方法分析了可行性。其次,搭建了磨损量的实验检测装置及信号处理电路。最后实验测试结果表明磁力随磨损量的变化规律与有限元结果一致,当磨损量从0增加到25mm时,磁力显著减小4.54N。由于压力传感器的精度高达5mN,因此磁力磨损量检测方法具有很高精确性。

高应力条件下TBM破岩岩渣块度分布规律研究

TBM掘进过程产生的岩石渣料包含丰富的地质信息,为研究地应力对TBM掘进过程产生的岩石渣料的影响,采用PFC2D建立了围压条件下的滚刀破岩模型,提取并分析破岩产生的岩石碎片。数值模拟结果表明:TBM滚刀掘进过程主要产生扁平形岩石碎片。在一定范围内,随着围压增加,岩石碎片的平均粒径呈“W”形变化,并且小粒径碎片的含量增加,但围压较高(>30 MPa)时,反而更容易形成较大粒径的岩石碎片。

TBM新型耐磨滚刀刀圈技术研究及应用

延长滚刀的使用寿命和提升其可靠性对提高隧道施工效率和降低施工成本具有重要意义,故首先对滚刀在不同地质条件中的失效形式进行总结分析,得出正常磨损是滚刀最主要失效形式的结论,延长滚刀寿命关键在于增加刀圈耐磨性。其次结合刀圈磨损机理,从刀圈新材料开发及梯度性能热处理、离心铸造和激光熔覆等刀圈制造、强化工艺方面,阐述新型耐磨滚刀刀圈技术研究及应用。最后对耐磨滚刀刀圈的发展趋势进行展望,指出多技术复合是耐磨滚刀刀圈发展方向的结论。

TBM刀具在超硬岩中的市场调研与应用

TBM硬岩掘进机在隧道工程施工中具有高效、经济、优质、安全、环保等特点,其中设备刀盘上滚刀刀圈为主要消耗部件,占到施工成本中很大的一部分。某工程项目隧道均在全断面超硬花岗岩地层中掘进,为降低刀具使用成本,通过对市场上部份刀具生产厂家的各类型材质刀具的性能进行测试对比,选择出使用寿命较长抗磨性能较好的刀具。结合使用情况提供给厂家不断改进的建议,对刀圈材料的选择和生产工艺上进行调整,针对不同硬岩地质条件合理选择性价比高的刀具。

TBM滚刀磨损研究现状及展望

机械制造技术和经济的发展,促使越来越多的水利、交通和矿山采用全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)进行隧(巷)洞(道)的开挖。TBM刀具的磨损对掘进效率和成本有很大影响,刀具磨损研究对提高刀具耐磨性、提高刀具磨损监测和更换的及时性以及合理预测并控制掘进工期和成本都具有重要意义。从TBM刀具磨损的形式、影响因素、监测方法和滚刀磨损定量预测模型几个方面,综述了国内外TBM掘进过程中滚刀磨损检测与预测相关的研究进展,提出了TBM刀具耐磨性提升、刀具磨损检测和磨损定量预测的研究方向。