Biological function of miRNA-145-5p in angiotensin II induced renal inflammation

Objective:Chronic kidney disease(CKD)is a progressive disorder characterized by intricate structural and functional alterations in the kidneys,attributable to diverse causative factors.Notably,the therapeutic promise of miR-145-5p in addressing renal pathologies has been discerned.This investigation seeks to elucidate the functional role of miR-145-5p in injured kidneys by subjecting human glomerular mesangial cells(HGMCs)to stimulation with Angiotensin II(AngII).Materials and Methods:Cellular viability and the levels of inflammatory mediators were evaluated utilizing Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8),quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),and western blot methodologies,both in the presence of AngII incubation and in scenarios of miR-145p overexpression and downregulation.Furthermore,the cell cycle dynamics were elucidated through Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting(FACS)analysis.Results:AngII incubation induced an upregulation of miR-145-5p and inflammatory factors including Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1(ICAM-1),Interleukin 6(IL-6),Interleukin 8(IL-8),and Interleukin 1β(IL-1β).Additionally,it elevated the expression of Cyclin A2,Cyclin D1,and the G2/M cell cycle ratio.Conversely,inhibition of miR-145-5p heightened the levels of inflammatory factors and cell cycle regulators induced by AngII incubation.Reduced expression of miR-145-5p correlated with a downregulation of Interleukin 10(IL-10)expression,concurrently promoting HGMC proliferation under AngII stimulation.Moreover,ectopic miR-145-5p expression demonstrated a reduction in inflammatory factors,cell cyclin regulators,G2/M cell cycle ratio,and overall proliferation.Conclusion:MiR-145-5p exhibited inhibitory effects on the inflammatory response and proliferation induced by Angiotensin II in HGMCs,showcasing its potential as a therapeutic avenue for the treatment of kidney injury.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 alleviates liver fibrosis through the renin-angiotensin system

The present letter to the editor is related to the study titled‘Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 improves liver fibrosis in mice by regulating autophagy of hepatic stellate cells’.Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 can alleviate liver fibrosis by regulating autophagy of hepatic stellate cells and affecting the renin-angiotensin system.

The Role for AVE0991 (MAS-Receptor Angiotensin II (1-7) Agonist) in Reducing Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury on C57BL/6 Mice

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a condition that causes nephrotoxicity in kidney tissues due to cisplatin-induced cancer treatments. Hence, it is proposed in this review that AVE0991 (a MAS-receptor Angiotensin II (1-7) agonist) may reduce cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by promoting nitric oxide production.

Impacts of angiotensin II on retinal artery changes in apolipoprotein E deficient mice

AIM:To investigate the impacts of angiotensin II(Ang II)on retinal artery changes in apolipoprotein E deficient(apoE^(-/-))mice.METHODS:ApoE^(-/-)male mice were infused by minipumps with Ang II at 1000 ng/kg·min(Ang II group)or saline(control group)for 28d.They were underwent ophthalmic fundus examination on day 0,14,and 28 of infusion.Histopathologic examination,ribonucleic acid(RNA)sequencing and local Ang II measurement of retinas were conducted.RESULTS:Ophthalmic fundus examination showed Ang II infusion promoted the formation of retinal arterial aneurysm-like lesions on day 28.Optical coherence tomography revealed the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer(GCIPL)thickness in the control group was significantly thinner than that in Ang II group(P<0.001).Hematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrated diffused swelling of GCIPL layer and its disordered structure in Ang II group.Transmission electron microscopy showed Ang II infusion caused aggravation of atherosclerotic lesions,including increased swelling,roughness,disorganization of the retinal vasculature,and vacuoles formation.RNA-sequencing and gene ontology enrichment analysis demonstrated that the structure and function of cellular membrane might be disturbed and visual function might be compromised by Ang II.The local level of Ang II was higher in Ang II infusion group but did not show significant differences compared to the control group(P=0.086).CONCLUSION:Ang II infusion promotes the formation of retinal arterial aneurysm-like lesions in apoE^(-/-)mice,causing aggravation of atherosclerotic lesions,more severe disorganization of the retinal vasculature and disturbance of the cellular membrane.

6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)对不同氮素水平下玉米叶片衰老过程中光系统II性能的调控效应

以玉米自交系齐319(Qi319)为试材,利用叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线,研究了喷施外源激素6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)对不同氮素水平下玉米花后叶片光系统II(PSII)性能的调控效应。两年研究结果表明,花后穗位叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)均呈降低趋势。在不施氮条件下,外源喷施6-BA,可提高叶绿素含量及后期Pn,但对PSII反应中心的活性无显著改善。施氮可显著提高Pn和PSII的性能,6-BA可显著增强其效果。二者互作条件下,叶绿素含量显著提高,Pn显著增加(P<0.05),PSII供体侧和受体侧的活性得到有效改善,其中对PSII供体侧性能的改善幅度大于对受体侧,花后10dPSII反应中心的活性提高最显著。光合性能的提高使单株生物量和籽粒产量显著增加(P<0.05)。因此,在适量施用氮肥的条件下结合喷施6-BA可以显著改善叶片光合性能。

基于TCMGIS的青藏高原沙棘生态适宜性研究

目的：明确影响沙棘的重要生态因子，分析其在我国的适宜生长地区，为民族药沙棘的引种栽培以及科学区划提供参考。方法：结合文献研究、标本查阅和野外实地采样结果，应用ArcGIS和气候数据库提取各采样点生态因子，得出沙棘适宜的生态因子范围，并以此为依据应用中药材产地适宜性分析平台（TCMGIS-域）对沙棘的生态适宜区进行分析。结果：沙棘生态相似度95%-100%的地区主要分布于西藏、四川、山西、陕西、甘肃、青海、新疆等15个省（区）387个县（市），适宜总面积为737994.71 km2。其中西藏适宜总面积之和占县（市）的比例最大，包括察隅县、江达县、波密县、八宿县、芒康县等69个县（市）（适宜面积313857.73 km2，占县（市）比例42.53%，下同）；其次为四川（223987.02 km2，30.35%）、甘肃（66314.43 km2，8.99%）、山西（4237.79 km2，0.57%）。此外，辽宁、北京、重庆和湖北等省（市）也有一定面积的适宜区分布。结论：本系统分析出了很多新的适宜区域，通过野外实地考察和田间试验，这些区域非常有可能开发成为沙棘潜在的适生区，这对沙棘的引种栽培、科学区划以及沙棘资源的可持续利用都具有重要的意义。

潜阳育阴颗粒对自发性高血压大鼠AngII及TNF-α的影响

目的研究潜阳育阴颗粒对SHR血液及肾脏AngII含量及肾脏TNF-α表达的影响。方法 40只14周龄雄性SHR随机分为模型组(等量蒸馏水)、缬沙坦组(0.027 g/kg/d)、潜阳育阴颗粒低、中、高剂量组(2.5 g/kg/d、5 g/kg/d、10 g/kg/d),每组8只;8只同周龄雄性Wister大鼠为正常组(等量蒸馏水)。灌胃给药,每日1次,连续6周。末次给药1 h后,取大鼠血清及肾脏。无创性尾动脉测压法检测动脉压,全自动生化仪和放免法检测尿m-ALB、尿β2-MG、尿NAG,ELISA法检测血液和肾脏AngII,免疫组织化学法观察肾脏TNF-α表达。结果潜阳育阴颗粒可以降低SHR动脉压、尿m-ALB、尿NAG;SHR血液及肾脏中AngII含量较Wister明显升高,潜阳育阴颗粒显著降低SHR血液及肾脏AngII含量;SHR肾脏TNF-α表达较Wister明显增多,潜阳育阴颗粒显著降低TNF-α的表达。结论潜阳育阴颗粒对高血压及其早期肾脏损害具有一定的防治作用,可能与其降低AngII含量及TNF-α表达有关。

RP-HPLC法测定怀牛膝中β-蜕皮甾酮和牛膝皂苷II的含量

目的：建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定怀牛膝中牛膝皂苷II和β-蜕皮甾酮的含量方法。方法：Sun Fire ODS C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）,甲醇—0.5 m L/L磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0 m L/min,最大吸收波长（牛膝皂苷II 240 nm,β-蜕皮甾酮250 nm）下检测。结果：牛膝皂苷II在1.42-14.20μg、β-蜕皮甾酮在0.220 8-2.208 0μg范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.999 6,0.999 8,平均回收率牛膝皂苷II为98.31%（RSD=2.43%）,β-蜕皮甾酮为100.00%（RSD=2.88%）。结论：该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于怀牛膝的定量控制。

血清胰岛素样生长因子-2、甲胎蛋白、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶同工酶II及异常凝血酶原联合检测在肝癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨血清胰岛素样生长因子-2(IGF-2)及甲胎蛋白(AFP)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶同工酶II(GGT-II)和异常凝血酶原(APT)联合检测在肝癌诊断中的临床价值,筛选理想的血清肿瘤标志物组合。方法应用放射免疫法检测114例肝癌患者、47例健康体检者和28例肝部良性疾病患者血清IGF-2,同时应用电化学发光免疫分析法测定同一批研究对象的血清AFP、GGT-II、APT的水平,用ROC曲线对各项指标的诊断效能进行分析和评价。结果肝癌患者的血清IGF-2水平及三种血清肿瘤标志物水平均明显高于健康体检组和肝良性疾病组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。IGF-2和AFP、GGT-II、APT在特异性为95.6%(43/45)时,灵敏度分别为76.0%(57/75)、53.3%(40/75)、66.7%(50/75)和42.7%(32/75),以IGF-2最高,在受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)下面积(AUC)分别为0.88、0.836、0.891和0.697,以IGF-2与GGT-II较高;联合检测显著提高诊断灵敏度和诊断效能,联合检测以(IGF-2)+(GGT-II)与(IGF-2)+(AFP)+(GGT-II)较好,灵敏度分别达到了94.7%(71/75)和97.3%(73/75),AUC分别为0.969和0.984。结论血清中IGF-2、AFP、GGT-II和APT对于肝癌的诊断均有一定的临床价值,IGF-2与AFP、GGT-II、APT联合检测可显著提高肝癌诊断的灵敏度和效能。

Co(II)和Ni(II)2-乙酰吡啶乙醇胺配合物合成与结构

目的以Co(II),Ni(II)的氯化物和2-乙酰吡啶、乙醇胺为原料合成新型Schiff碱配合物,并对其结构进行测定。方法采用"一锅煮"法合成得到了两个新的配合物[C23H22N4OCoCl2].(CH3CH2OH)(1)和[C23H22N4ONiCl2].(CH3CH2OH)(2)。结果根据结构分析推测,2-乙酰吡啶、乙醇胺在金属离子模板作用下,发生复杂的反应,形成了新的Schiff碱配体。结论配合物的结构测定表明,新的N4配体与中心金属离子形成1:1的配合物,其中有3个N原子与金属配位,另有2个抗衡阴离子Cl-参与配位,配位单元呈畸变的三角双锥构型[MN3Cl2]。

PI3K-Akt信号而非CaMKIIγ参与CaMKIIδ敲除后的心肌肥厚反应

在2009年5月1日出版的《临床研究杂志》(J Clin Invest)刊载了一篇关于心力衰竭的研究论文,题为"CaMKII参与压力负荷诱导的小鼠从心肌肥厚到心力衰竭的发展过程"。我们对该论文进行了研读,并就文中解释心肌肥厚发生机制的不合理之处提出了自己的见解。撰写的Letter于2009年5月17日发表在《J Clin Invest官方网站上。

A Phase II Study of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 in Children with High-Grade Glioma. Final Report (Protocol BT-06), and Review of Recent Trials

Standard treatment for high-grade glioma involves surgical resection followed by radiation therapy and temozolomide. Unfortunately, there are no standard treatment recommendations after recurrence and new therapies are needed for patients whose tumor recurs after first-line treatment. This single-arm, two-stage, interventional Phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a combination of antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1. Nineteen patients were enrolled in the study (safety population), but fifteen patients with a median age of 9.4 years who met eligibility criteria were evaluated. The majority of subjects (12/15) were Caucasian and 8/15 (53%) were female. More than half (53%) of patients were diagnosed with glioblastoma and 33% with anaplastic astrocytoma. All patients had failed standard therapy including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Antineoplastons were administered intravenously every four hours (median dose of A10 6.9 g/kg/d and AS2-1 0.30 g/kg/d) until objective response was documented and thereafter for a further 8 months. Clinical evaluations were performed every 8 weeks. All patients enrolled in the study were included in the safety analysis but only patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the efficacy evaluation. The duration of treatment with antineoplastons ranged from 2 weeks to 120 weeks. A complete response was documented in 2/15 (13%), partial response in 2/15 (13%), stable disease in 3/15 (20%). Progression-free survival at six months was 47% and overall survival (OS) at one year was 33.3%. One patient (6.7%) survived 10 years from treatment start. A small group of patients suffered reversible Grade 3 and 4 toxicities including hypernatremia 2/19 (11%) and decrease of neutrophils 1/19 (5%). There were no chronic toxicities. There was improvement of quality of life in patients who had objective response. It is concluded that antineoplastons show efficacy with an acceptable profile in this cohort of patients with recurrent high-grade glioma.

A Phase II Study of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 in Adult Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme: Final Report (Protocol BT-21)

Treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (RGBM) creates one of the most difficult challenges to neuro-oncology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of adults with high-grade glioma with special attention to RGBM patients treated with Antineoplastons (ANP) A10 and AS2-1 injections. The study was conducted according to Protocol BT-21, which accrued patients who failed standard radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy. There were 40 candidates registered in the study. Among the intent-to-treat (ITT) population, there were 30 cases of RGBM that progressed during and after prior treatment, 4 patients with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), 1 with anaplastic mixed glioma (AMG), and 5 with persistent GBM. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the responses, survival and toxicity of all 40 patients, the efficacy in 30 patients with RGBM, and in 24 patients with RGBM who received at least 28 days of ANP (ERGBM). All RGBM patients were treated before with RT and chemotherapy, except one patient who only had surgery (patient refused radiation). In this group, 63% had one recurrence, 30% had two recurrences, and 7% had three recurrences. The median duration of ANP and ITT was 12 weeks and the median dosage of ANP A10 was 6.52 g/kg/d and ANP AS2-1 was 0.23 g/kg/d. Responses were assessed by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) repeated every eight weeks. In the ITT population, objective responses (ORs) were determined in 10% of cases (complete response—CR, and partial response—PR in 5% each). Progression-free survival (PFS) in ITT at six months was 17.5%. Overall survival (OS) was 28.3% at one year, 2.6% at two years, five and ten years. In the RGBM population, objective responses (ORs) were determined in 13.3% of cases (CR and PR in 6.7% each). PFS in RGBM at six months was 16.7%. OS was 34.7% at one year, 3.47% at two years, five?and ten years. In the ERGBM population, ORs were determined in 16.7% of cases (CR and PR in?8.3% each). PFS in ERGBM at six months was 20.8%, OS was 39.3% at one year, 4.4% at two years, five and ten years. The treatment was well-tolerated with reversible Grades 3 and 4 toxicity in 17.5% of patients (7 patients who experienced multiple toxicities) and no chronic toxicity. In conclusion, the study reached efficacy endpoint. ANP is well-tolerated and compares favorably to the current treatment for RGBM.

A Phase II Study of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 in Children with Recurrent, Refractory or Progressive Primary Brain Tumors—Final Report (Protocol BT-22)

Primary malignant brain tumors are a leading cause of cancer-related death in children. This Phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 (ANP) in children who developed progression during standard treatment. A total of 43 children were recruited to the study, but only 41 met eligibility criteria. There were twelve cases of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), eight anaplastic astrocytomas (AA), twelve diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG), three supertentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (sPNET), three cases of medulloblastoma and one case each of anaplastic ependymoma (AE), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), and disseminated pilocytic astrocytoma (PAD). ANP was administered intravenously daily every four hours (median dose of A10 8.74 g/kg/d and AS2-1 0.35 g/kg/d), until objective response (OR) was documented, and then a further eight months. All enrolled patients were included in safety, but only eligible patients in the efficacy evaluation. A total of 12.2% of patients obtained OR;2.4% complete response (CR) and 9.8% partial response (PR). Stable disease (SD) was determined in 17.1% and progressive disease (PD) in 43.9% of cases. There were 26.8% of nonevaluable (NE) cases due to premature discontinuation. Out of five OR cases, four patients were diagnosed with recurrent DIPG and one with recurrent AA. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.5 months. Median overall survival was 4.8 months. OS at 6 months was 46.3%, one year was 12.2%, and 4.8% at two, five, and ten years. The longest survivor is a patient diagnosed with DIPG and gliosarcoma who remains alive more than 15 years. A group of eleven patients reported grade 3 and 4 toxicity including hypernatremia in eight cases, somnolence in two cases, and hypokalemia in one case. There were no chronic toxicities, and the quality of life was very good. The largest group of patients were represented by DIPG, GBM, and AA. The best results were obtained in the DIPG and AA groups. In the DIPG group, CR was in 8.3%, PR was 25%, median PFS was 4.8 months, median OS was 6.1 months, and OS at 6 months was 58.3%, at one year 25%, and 8.3% at two, five, and ten years. In the AA group, PR was 12.5%, median PFS was 3.7 months, median OS was 4.7 months, and OS at 6 months was 37.5%, and 12.5%, at one, two, five, and ten years. In conclusion, antineoplastons showed efficacy and acceptable toxicity in patients with recurrent, refractory or progressive primary brain tumors.

An Observational Study of the 30-50 Day Atmospheric Oscillations Part II: Temporal Evolution and Hemispheric Interaction across the Equator

In this part, the temporal evolution and interaction across the equator of 30-50 day oscillation in the atmosphere are investigated further. The annual variation of 30-50 day oscillation is quite obvious in the mid-high latitudes. In the tropical atmosphere, the obvious interannual variation is an important property for temporal evolution of 30-50 day oscillation. The low-frequency wavetrain across the equator over the central Pacific and central Atlantic area, the movement of the long-lived low-frequency system across the equator and the meridional wind component across the equator will obviously show the interaction of 30-50 day oscillation in the atmosphere across the equator.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Tri(4-(3-hydroxy2-ethyl-4-pyridinone-1-yl)-aniline Condensation Salicylaldehydato) Monohydratotricopper(II)Dimethylformamide Monohydrate Solvate

The title complex [Cu3L3(H2O)]DMFH2O (H2L = 4-(3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4- pyridinone-1-yl)-aniline condensation salicylaldehyde) was obtained. The single-crystal X-ray study shows that it is a trinuclear compound [Cu3(C20H15N2O3)3(H2O)]DMFH2O. The coordi- nation sphere about each copper ion in the complex consists of two oxygen atoms from hydroxylpyridinone moiety of one ligand and one oxygen and one nitrogen atoms from salicyladehyde Schiff-base moiety of another ligand arranged in a slightly distorted square planar geometry. Among the three copper ions, one (Cu(2)) is coordinated by the other oxygen atom of water molecule on the fifth coordinate position to form a distorted square pyramid geometry. The crystal is of monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 12.9202(5), b = 27.197(1), c = 17.0116(7) ? b = 100.588(1), V = 5875.9(4) 3, Z = 4, C63H57N7O12Cu3, Mr = 1294.78, Dc = 1.464 g/cm3, m = 1.146 mm-1, F(000) = 2668, R = 0.0784 and wR = 0.1546 for 6926 observed reflections with I > 2s(I). The differences of coordinate bond lengths are observed between anhydrous and hydrous units: in the former unit, the average bond lengths are 1.978 ?for CuN (azomethine), 1.883 ?for CuO (phenolic) in Schiff-base moiety, 1.959 ?for CuO (keto), and 1.919 ?for CuO (hydroxy) in hydroxypyridinone moiety; while those in the latter are longer with the following corresponding values: 1.985(5), 1.908(5), 1.993(5) and 1.919(4) ? respectively. The Cu(2)O (water) bond length is 2.375(6) ?

Solvothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a 1D Helical-chain Cobalt(II) Complex Containing (Quinolin-8-yloxy)acetate

The cobalt（II） complex with （quinolin-8-yloxy）acetate, [CoCl（C11H8NO3）]n （1）, has been prepared via the solvothermal method and characterized by IR, elemental analysis, UV- Vis diffuse-reflection spectra and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complex 1 is a novel carboxylate-bridged one-dimensional helical cobalt（II） polymer, and the Co（II） centre exhibits an approximately square pyramidal CoClNO3 coordination geometry. It crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 9.1594（10）, b = 6.8864（7）, c = 17.290（2） , β = 102.629（3）o, C11H8ClCoNO3, Mr = 296.56, V = 1064.2（2） 3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.851 g/cm3, F（000） = 596, μ = 1.856 mm-1, the final R = 0.0308 and wR = 0.0807. Interestingly, the chain complexes are assembled to form two-dimensional networks through intermolecular face-to-face π-π stacking interactions with the centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.559（1） and the dihedral angle of 8.4（1）° between the aromatic rings.

科安达-提芬巴赫TAZII计轴系统在地铁信号系统中的应用

铁路信号设备是组织指挥列车运行、保证行车安全、提高运输效率、传递信息、改善行车人员劳动条件的关键设施。铁路信号设备是铁路主要技术装备之一。铁路信号的装备水平和技术水准是铁路现代化的重要标志[1]。而科安达-提芬巴赫TAZ II计轴系统又在铁路信号系统中有着不可或缺的地位。

A Phase II Study of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 in Children with Low-Grade Astrocytomas—Final Report (Protocol BT-13)

Nonresectable Low-Grade Astrocytomas (LGA) can compromise function and threaten life. For the majority of patients, the most appropriate strategy is initial chemotherapy followed by Radiation Therapy (RT). Since curative treatment is not available for most of these patients, it is reasonable to conduct clinical studies to evaluate new agents. This Phase II study evaluates efficacy and safety of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 (ANP) in LGA. Sixteen children diagnosed with LGA were treated. They included 12 males and 4 females, ages 1.6 - 17.4 years (median 10.6). Efficacy was evaluated in 16 patients. The majority of patients were previously treated, but 1 patient had stereotactic biopsy only. Out of the remaining 15 patients, 6 patients received chemotherapy, and 7 patients had surgery, and 2 patients received RT and chemotherapy after surgery. The patients received treatment with ANP administered daily every 4 hours (median dose of A10 was 7.71 g/kg/d and AS2-1 was 0.26 g/kg/d) until objective response or stable disease was documented and for 8 months thereafter. The duration of ANP IV ranged from 1.4 to 286 weeks with a median of 83 weeks. A complete response was documented in 25.0%, partial response in 12.5%, and stable disease in 37.5%. Overall survival was 67.7% at 5 years, and 54.2% at 10 and 15 years. Progression-free survival was 48.1%, 34.4% and 34.4% at 5, 10, and 15 years respectively. The treatment was associated with grade 3 or grade 4 Adverse Drug Experiences (ADE) in 6 patients. There were two hypernatremias of grade 4 (12%). Grade 3 ADE included urinary frequency (6%), fatigue (6%) and hypernatremia (6%). There were no chronic toxicities, and there was a high quality of survival. ANP shows efficacy with a very good toxicity profile in this cohort of children with low-grade astrocytoma.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Dichlorobis-(1-methylimidazoline-2(3H)-thione-S) Cobalt(II)

The reaction of anhydrous cobalt(II) dichloride with 1-methylimidazoline-2(3H)- thione in dichloromethane solution gave the title complex, [Co(C4H6N2S)2Cl2]. X-ray single-crystal analysis revealed that the complex crystallizes in a monoclinic system, space group P21/c, a = 13.9707(10), b = 10.0435(7), c = 10.3910(6) ?, β = 91.181(3)o, V = 1457.70(17) ?3, Z = 4, C8H12Cl2N4S2Co, Mr = 358.17, Dc = 1.632 g/cm3, μ = 1.813 mm–1, F(000) = 724, the final R = 0.0710 and wR = 0.1224 for 1549 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The Co atom is coordinated by two S atoms from two 1-methylimidazoline-2(3H)-thione ligands and two chloride ions in a slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry. The intramolecular classical hydrogen-bonding interactions involving chloride ions and N–H groups of the heterocyclic thione ligands are observed. The offset π-π stacking interactions between the imidazole rings of adjacent molecules with a face-to-face dis- tance of 3.604 ? are found in the packing diagram.