Quantitative trait loci （QTL） were detected for 8 internal organ traits, 3 carcass length traits, and teat number trait in 214 pigs in a resource population that included 180 F2 individuals. A total of 39 microsatel...Quantitative trait loci （QTL） were detected for 8 internal organ traits, 3 carcass length traits, and teat number trait in 214 pigs in a resource population that included 180 F2 individuals. A total of 39 microsatellite markers were examined on SSC4, SSC6, SSC7, SSC8, and SSC13. The genetic traits included heart weight （HW）, lung weight （LW）, liver and gallbladder weight （LGW）, spleen weight （SPW）, stomach weight （STW）, small intestine weight （S1W）, large intestine weight （LIW）, kidney weight （KW）, carcass length to the first cervical vertebra （CL1）, carcass length to the first thoracic vertebra （CL2）, rib numbers （RNS）, and teat numbers （TNS）. Results indicated that, 3 highly significant QTL （P≤0.01 at chromosome-wise level） for HW （at 30 cM on SSC6）, RNS （at 115 cM on SSC7）, TNS （at 110 cM on SSC7）, and 6 significant QTL （P≤0.05 at chromosome-wise level） for LW （at 119 cM on SSC13）, LGW （at 94 cM on SSC6）, SPW （at 106 cM on SSC8）, SIW （0 cM on SSC4）, LIW （170 cM on SSC 4）, and TNS （at 95 cM on SSC6） were detected. The phenotypic variances for which these QTL were accounted ranged from 0.04 % to 14.06 %. Most of these QTL had not been previously reported.展开更多
A testing method for N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosatable substances in rubber teats and soothers was modified. N-Nitrosamines are generally analyzed using either a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD) or a thermal ...A testing method for N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosatable substances in rubber teats and soothers was modified. N-Nitrosamines are generally analyzed using either a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD) or a thermal energy analyzer (TEA). However, because few testing laboratories are equipped with these devices, it is difficult to conduct these tests. Therefore, an analysis method for N-nitrosamines using the more widespread gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was improved. In addition, EN 12868 was used to prepare the test solutions because of its worldwide use and compliance with EU regulations. Using GC-MS, EN 12868 method targeting ten kinds of N-nitrosamines was modified. The determination limits of the method were 1.0 -1.5 μg/kg for N-nitrosamines and 4 -6 μg/kg for N-nitrosatable substances. Quantification was possible at 1/5 or less and 1/15 or less, respectively, of the regulation values listed in EU Directive 93/11/EEC. In terms of application, there were no problems with the selectivity of the detector. The recoveries were 58% -109% for N-nitrosamines and 59% -102% for N-nitrosatable substances. Screening and verification were possible by measuring the amount of secondary amines in the boiled solution and migration solution.展开更多
母猪乳头数量是生猪选育中重要参考指标之一,也是生猪繁殖表型数据的组成部分。成年母猪其腹部视频较难获取,且容易受污渍干扰,乳头自动点数实现难度较大,人工计数母猪乳头数工作量大、强度高、效率低、容易产生人为误差。鉴于猪仔从出...母猪乳头数量是生猪选育中重要参考指标之一,也是生猪繁殖表型数据的组成部分。成年母猪其腹部视频较难获取,且容易受污渍干扰,乳头自动点数实现难度较大,人工计数母猪乳头数工作量大、强度高、效率低、容易产生人为误差。鉴于猪仔从出生到成年乳头数量保持一致性,该研究提出了一种基于仔猪腹部视频的深度学习乳头计数及乳房形态评估方法。通过架设在仔猪初生护理平台上的相机拍摄仔猪腹部视频,根据清晰度筛选出细节清晰的帧序列图像集,经过数据预处理再使用改进Pignip-YOLOv5s目标检测网络对仔猪乳头进行自动计数。为提高计数准确率,帧序列图像集的乳头计数使用滑动窗口取众数得到最终计数结果。试验结果表明,改进的Pignip-YOLOv5s平均精度值(mean average precision, mAP)高达0.97,较YOLOv5原模型具备更高的鲁棒性。该研究方案在113段仔猪腹部视频数据集上测试得到仔猪乳头计数方法准确率达90.26%。同时该研究提出仔猪乳房形态评估参数乳头成对数、乳头间距,从而量化仔猪乳头形态表型特征,构建了母猪乳房外在形态指标,可为母猪选育和繁殖工作提供重要的参考依据。展开更多
Background Mammary gland(MG)infections(mastitis)are frequent diseases of dairy cows that affect milk quality,animal welfare and farming profitability.These infections are commonly associated with the bacteria Escheric...Background Mammary gland(MG)infections(mastitis)are frequent diseases of dairy cows that affect milk quality,animal welfare and farming profitability.These infections are commonly associated with the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Different in vitro models have been used to investigate the early response of the MG to bacteria,but the role of the teat in mastitis pathogenesis has received less attention.In this study,we used punch-excised teat tissue as an ex vivo model to study the immune mechanisms that arise early during infection when bacteria have entered the MG.Results Cytotoxicity and microscopic analyses showed that bovine teat sinus explants have their morphology and viability preserved after 24 h of culture and respond to ex vivo stimulation with TLR-agonists and bacteria.LPS and E.coli trigger stronger inflammatory response in teat when compared to LTA and S.aureus,leading to a higher produc-tion of IL-6 and IL-8,as well as to an up-regulation of proinflammatory genes.We also demonstrated that our ex vivo model can be applied to frozen-stored explants.Conclusions In compliance with the 3Rs principle(replacement,reduction and refinement)in animal experimenta-tion,ex vivo explant analyses proved to be a simple and affordable approach to study MG immune response to infec-tion.This model,which better reproduces organ complexity than epithelial cell cultures or tissue slices,lends itself particularly well to studying the early phases of the MG immune response to infection.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China (No. 2006CB102102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30500358).
文摘Quantitative trait loci （QTL） were detected for 8 internal organ traits, 3 carcass length traits, and teat number trait in 214 pigs in a resource population that included 180 F2 individuals. A total of 39 microsatellite markers were examined on SSC4, SSC6, SSC7, SSC8, and SSC13. The genetic traits included heart weight （HW）, lung weight （LW）, liver and gallbladder weight （LGW）, spleen weight （SPW）, stomach weight （STW）, small intestine weight （S1W）, large intestine weight （LIW）, kidney weight （KW）, carcass length to the first cervical vertebra （CL1）, carcass length to the first thoracic vertebra （CL2）, rib numbers （RNS）, and teat numbers （TNS）. Results indicated that, 3 highly significant QTL （P≤0.01 at chromosome-wise level） for HW （at 30 cM on SSC6）, RNS （at 115 cM on SSC7）, TNS （at 110 cM on SSC7）, and 6 significant QTL （P≤0.05 at chromosome-wise level） for LW （at 119 cM on SSC13）, LGW （at 94 cM on SSC6）, SPW （at 106 cM on SSC8）, SIW （0 cM on SSC4）, LIW （170 cM on SSC 4）, and TNS （at 95 cM on SSC6） were detected. The phenotypic variances for which these QTL were accounted ranged from 0.04 % to 14.06 %. Most of these QTL had not been previously reported.
文摘A testing method for N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosatable substances in rubber teats and soothers was modified. N-Nitrosamines are generally analyzed using either a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD) or a thermal energy analyzer (TEA). However, because few testing laboratories are equipped with these devices, it is difficult to conduct these tests. Therefore, an analysis method for N-nitrosamines using the more widespread gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was improved. In addition, EN 12868 was used to prepare the test solutions because of its worldwide use and compliance with EU regulations. Using GC-MS, EN 12868 method targeting ten kinds of N-nitrosamines was modified. The determination limits of the method were 1.0 -1.5 μg/kg for N-nitrosamines and 4 -6 μg/kg for N-nitrosatable substances. Quantification was possible at 1/5 or less and 1/15 or less, respectively, of the regulation values listed in EU Directive 93/11/EEC. In terms of application, there were no problems with the selectivity of the detector. The recoveries were 58% -109% for N-nitrosamines and 59% -102% for N-nitrosatable substances. Screening and verification were possible by measuring the amount of secondary amines in the boiled solution and migration solution.
文摘母猪乳头数量是生猪选育中重要参考指标之一,也是生猪繁殖表型数据的组成部分。成年母猪其腹部视频较难获取,且容易受污渍干扰,乳头自动点数实现难度较大,人工计数母猪乳头数工作量大、强度高、效率低、容易产生人为误差。鉴于猪仔从出生到成年乳头数量保持一致性,该研究提出了一种基于仔猪腹部视频的深度学习乳头计数及乳房形态评估方法。通过架设在仔猪初生护理平台上的相机拍摄仔猪腹部视频,根据清晰度筛选出细节清晰的帧序列图像集,经过数据预处理再使用改进Pignip-YOLOv5s目标检测网络对仔猪乳头进行自动计数。为提高计数准确率,帧序列图像集的乳头计数使用滑动窗口取众数得到最终计数结果。试验结果表明,改进的Pignip-YOLOv5s平均精度值(mean average precision, mAP)高达0.97,较YOLOv5原模型具备更高的鲁棒性。该研究方案在113段仔猪腹部视频数据集上测试得到仔猪乳头计数方法准确率达90.26%。同时该研究提出仔猪乳房形态评估参数乳头成对数、乳头间距,从而量化仔猪乳头形态表型特征,构建了母猪乳房外在形态指标,可为母猪选育和繁殖工作提供重要的参考依据。
基金FEDER/Region Centre Val de Loire ANIMALT grant (FEDER convention number EX007516, Region Centre convention number 2019–00134936, research program number AE-2019–1850)a post-doc fellowship from INRAE–Département Santé Animale
文摘Background Mammary gland(MG)infections(mastitis)are frequent diseases of dairy cows that affect milk quality,animal welfare and farming profitability.These infections are commonly associated with the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Different in vitro models have been used to investigate the early response of the MG to bacteria,but the role of the teat in mastitis pathogenesis has received less attention.In this study,we used punch-excised teat tissue as an ex vivo model to study the immune mechanisms that arise early during infection when bacteria have entered the MG.Results Cytotoxicity and microscopic analyses showed that bovine teat sinus explants have their morphology and viability preserved after 24 h of culture and respond to ex vivo stimulation with TLR-agonists and bacteria.LPS and E.coli trigger stronger inflammatory response in teat when compared to LTA and S.aureus,leading to a higher produc-tion of IL-6 and IL-8,as well as to an up-regulation of proinflammatory genes.We also demonstrated that our ex vivo model can be applied to frozen-stored explants.Conclusions In compliance with the 3Rs principle(replacement,reduction and refinement)in animal experimenta-tion,ex vivo explant analyses proved to be a simple and affordable approach to study MG immune response to infec-tion.This model,which better reproduces organ complexity than epithelial cell cultures or tissue slices,lends itself particularly well to studying the early phases of the MG immune response to infection.
