A Comparative Analysis of the New -3(-n) - 1 Remer Conjecture and a Proof of the 3n + 1 Collatz Conjecture

This scientific paper is a comparative analysis of two mathematical conjectures. The newly proposed -3(-n) - 1 Remer conjecture and how it is related to and a proof of the more well known 3n + 1 Collatz conjecture. An overview of both conjectures and their respective iterative processes will be presented. Showcasing their unique properties and behavior to each other. Through a detailed comparison, we highlight the similarities and differences between these two conjectures and discuss their significance in the field of mathematics. And how they prove each other to be true.

Sequencing and Analysis of ITS Sequences of Bangia atropurpurea

[Object]To providing new data for phylogenesis of Bangia atropurpurea by the sequencing of internal transcribed spacer（ITS region）of rDNA.[Method]B.atropurpurea was collected from Niangziguan Spring in Shanxi,the DNA was extracted and the primers were designed for PCR amplification so as to obtain ITS gene sequence.[Result]The homology of ITS region between B.atropurpurea and Porphyra oligospermatangia was 75%,which was 79% between B.atropurpurea and P.yezoensis.[Conclusion]Compared with other genes,the ITS sequence had a greater evolution rate.The differences in classification and distribution resulted in the sequence diversity.

Application of the first internal transcribed spacer(ITS-1)of ribosomal DNA as a molecular marker to population analysis in farrer's scallop Chlamys farreri

Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA （ ITS - 1 ） was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter＇ s scallop Chlamys farreri. ITS - 1 fragments, with a length of about 300 bp,of 78 individuals collected from Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai in China and Korea respectively were amplified via PCR, cloned and sequenced. Intra-genomic variation was examined by sequencing several clones of single individuals. Alignment and polymorphism analysis detected 44 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic sites which consist of 30 substitutions and 20 indels, indicating a high level of polymorphisms. Sequence analysis also showed a very low level of intra-individual variation. All these features validated the feasibility of application of ITS - 1 fragment to population analysis. Polymorphism analysis showed that the Korea sample has the richest genetic variation, followed by Yantai and Qingdao samples. AMOVA （analysis of molecular variance） showed that the majority （96.26%） of genetic variation was distributed within populations and 3.74% resulted from among populations, but with P 〈 0.05 （ = 0.042）, indicating that the populations in this study have significant divergence. This output was basically concordant with the result arising from RAPD data and different from that from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence data. Discussion on this inconsistency was made accordingly.

On four closely related hypotrichous ciliates(Protozoa,Ciliophora,Spirotrichea):molecular characters,interspecific relationships and phylogeny defined with multigene sequence information

In order to clarify the phylogeny and relationships of the most confused hypotrichous ciliates,Holosticha-complex,four closely related holostichids（five populations）,Holosticha bradburyae,H.diademata,Anteholosticha sp.,and A.manca,were compared and analyzed using ITS2 secondary structures,ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and SSrRNA gene sequences.The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequences of these four species were first sequenced,and they shared sequence identities ranging from 68.0% to 90.1%,while two populations of Anteholosticha sp.differed in three nucleotides（sequence identity 99.8%）.There were several minor differences among ITS2 secondary structures of these species,while two populations of Anteholosticha sp.had the identical secondary structure.Phylogenetic trees inferred from the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequences of stichotrichs using multiple algorithms（Neighbor-Joining,Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian） revealed similar topologies.The results show that：（1） Holosticha bradburyae and H.diademata firmly clustered together with strong bootstrap supports,forming a sister clade with Anteholosticha sp.,（2） Anteholosticha appeared to be a paraphyletic assemblage,in which the morphotype A.manca was more closely related to Diaxonella trimarginata than to its congener Anteholosticha sp.Phylogenetic analyses based on the SSrRNA gene and the combined sequences of SSrRNA gene and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region revealed the similar relationships between Holosticha and Anteholosticha,nevertheless their positions within the subclass Stichotrichia differed from each other inferred from different genes.

一株生防真菌TRCC27001的鉴定及其抑菌特性

通过平皿对峙法测定了菌株TRCC27001对12种常见植物病原真菌生长的拮抗作用,以及不同胁迫条件对菌株TRCC27001发酵液抑菌活性的影响;同时,通过形态学观察与分子生物学手段结合的方式,鉴定了菌株TRCC27001的种类.结果表明,菌株TRCC27001对12种病原真菌都有一定的拮抗作用,其中对黑腐皮壳菌和金黄壳囊孢菌落生长的抑制效果较强,对峙培养96 h后相对抑菌率分别达到6.39±1.22和2.29±0.19.以金黄壳囊孢为指示菌,筛选出TRCC27001的最佳发酵培养基为麸皮培养基,其无菌发酵液的抑菌率达79.40%,且其无菌发酵液的抑菌活性在不同胁迫条件(温度5～105℃,pH 2～12,紫外辐射时间0.5～2.0 h)下具有良好的稳定性.结合形态学特征、ITS序列及Tef1-α序列,将菌株TRCC27001鉴定为绿木霉(Trichoderma virens),是一株具有较高生防潜力的广谱性真菌.

A Characterization for a Sequence to be Potentially K_(r+1) — e-graphic

Let n 〉 r, let lr --- （dl,d2,-,dn） be a non-increasing sequence of nonnegative integers and let Kr＋l - e be the graph obtained from Kr＋l by deleting one edge. If zr has a realization G containing Kr＋l - e as a subgraph, then r is said to be potentially Kr＋l - e-graphic. In this paper, we give a characterization for a sequence π to be potentially Kr＋l - e-graphic.

无柄灵芝遗传多样性的SRAP、ITS、TEF1-α和LSU分析

【目的】研究来自我国不同地区的45株无柄灵芝菌株的遗传多样性。【方法】利用ITS、TEF1-α和LSU多基因分析及SRAP分子标记两种方法,对供试无柄灵芝菌株进行聚类分析和遗传多样性研究。【结果】筛选出8对SRAP引物共扩增出95条条带,其中具有多态性条带79条,平均多态性比例为82.4%,多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅在0.28-0.43,平均为0.38。ITS、TEF1-α和LSU多基因序列分析结果显示,同一地域的部分菌株聚在一起,亲缘关系较近,而地域相隔较远的部分菌株也聚在同一个进化支上,其亲缘关系也很近,这与SRAP聚类分析结果相吻合。【结论】无柄灵芝菌株遗传多样性较为丰富,其遗传相似性与地理分布存在一定的相关性,ITS、TEF1-α、LSU基因及多基因分析更适合无柄灵芝分类鉴定,而SRAP分子标记更适合于无柄灵芝遗传多样性分析。

江苏省水稻恶苗病菌种群鉴定及抗药性检测

由藤仓赤霉复合种Gibberella fujikuroi species complex引起的恶苗病(rice bakanae disease)是严重危害水稻的种传病害。为探明江苏省水稻恶苗病菌的种群结构及对多菌灵、咪鲜胺和氰烯菌酯的抗药性现状,分别对2019年江苏省13个县(市)和2020年18个县(市)采集的恶苗病植株样本的123株和182株单孢菌株进行了形态学初步鉴定,并基于翻译延伸因子1-α(translation elongation factor 1-α,TEF1-α)序列对其进行了分子鉴定和系统发育分析;采用区分剂量法分别检测了菌株对多菌灵、咪鲜胺和氰烯菌酯的抗药性。结果表明,2019年和2020年收集的菌株均被鉴定为藤仓镰孢Fusarium fujikuroi、拟轮枝镰孢F.verticillioides、层出镰孢F.proliferatum和新知镰孢F.andiyazi,分别占比为87.80%、4.07%、5.69%、2.44%和90.11%、1.65%、2.75%、5.49%;基于TEF1-α序列的系统发育分析,镰孢菌可清晰分为4个不同种群,菌株间具遗传多样性。2019年和2020年菌株对多菌灵、咪鲜胺和氰烯菌酯的总抗性频率分别为67.48%、23.58%、9.76%和41.21%、43.96%、29.12%。依据菌株对3种杀菌剂的抗药性表现,可分为7种表现型,其中2019年和2020年对多菌灵、咪鲜胺和氰烯菌酯有抗性的菌株分别占4.07%和1.65%;对多菌灵、咪鲜胺和氰烯菌酯敏感的菌株分别占28.46%和17.58%。江苏省恶苗病菌优势种为藤仓镰孢,病菌对多菌灵和咪鲜胺抗性频率较高,对氰烯菌酯抗性已逐渐扩展。研究结果可为镰孢菌分类鉴定及水稻恶苗病综合防治提供理论依据。

木霉属中国新记录种Trichoderma paratroviride

从山东保护地土壤中分离得到木霉菌Y15,结合ITS、tef1-α和形态学特征进行鉴定.结果发现Y15菌株为近深绿木霉（Trichoderma paratroviride）.该菌株在PDA上菌落稠密,老熟后毡状,灰绿色;分生孢子梗主轴长,着生短的二次分枝,再次分枝少,分枝成对或轮生.瓶梗通常2～4个轮状排列,烧瓶形或锥形,直或弯曲;分生孢子亚球形至卵圆形,绿色,光滑.tef1-α序列与近深绿木霉模式菌株S489和S385序列同源性高达99％,在系统进化树中与其亲缘关系也最近.该种在国内首次报道和描述,为木霉属中国新记录种.

茯苓太空诱变菌株生物特性与品质系统研究

茯苓是我国大宗药食两用资源,对搭载“神舟十号”太空诱变育种的太空10号茯苓菌株进行生物特性研究和品质评价,探讨其推广应用的可能性。采用分子生物技术和大田栽培实验,对比菌株茯苓太空10号与湘靖28、5.78,研究其表观性状、显微结构、基因序列、拮抗反应、生长速度、结苓情况、生物转化率、薄层色谱和浸出物含量指标。结果显示,菌株太空10号菌丝细长,未见锁状联合,菌丝体外观均呈白色绒毛状,菌核呈类球形、椭圆形或不规则的块状,冷冻电镜扫描可见菌核呈柱状凸起的团块。太空10号与湘靖28和5.78的ITS、LSU、TEF1-α基因序列相似性达100%,进化树聚类为一支。太空10号与湘靖28拮抗较弱,与5.78拮抗明显。在20℃条件下,太空10号呈现出较快的生长速度。大田栽培实验显示,太空10号的菌核生物转化率较优,鲜重转化率达23.25%,干重转化率达11.28%,且其薄层色谱和水溶性浸出物、醇溶性浸出物含量均符合药典标准。研究表明经过诱变的菌株太空10号茯苓所属基源和菌核性状符合茯苓药材要求,生长情况良好,品质优良,具有推广应用潜力。

Free fatty acids, glucose, and insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Xu et al used the HOMA2 model to estimate theβ-cell function and insulin resistance levels in an individual from simultaneously measured fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels.This method is based on the assumption that the glucose-insulin axis is central for the metabolic activities,which led to type 2 diabetes.However,significant downregulation of both the NKX2-1 gene and the TPD52L3 gene force an increase in the release of free fatty acids(FFAs)into the blood circulation,which leads to a marked reduction in membrane flexibility.These data favor a FFA-glucose-insulin axis.The authors are invited to extend their study with the introduction of the saturation index(number of carbon-carbon double bonds per 100 fatty-acyl chains),as observed in erythrocytes.

水稻恶苗病病原菌鉴定及室内药剂毒力测定

为探明水稻恶苗病病原菌种类以及9种药剂对各类病原菌的室内毒力,基于形态学特征、致病性测定和TEF1-α序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法分别测定多菌灵、咪鲜胺、氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑、叶菌唑、咯菌腈、氟啶胺和噁霉灵对分离所得病原菌的室内毒力。结果表明,水稻恶苗病病原菌为藤仓赤霉复合种(Gibberella fujikuroi species complex,GFSC)内的藤仓镰孢菌Fusarium fujikuroi、层出镰孢菌F. proliferatum、拟轮枝镰孢菌F. verticillioides和F. andiyazi。多菌灵对层出镰孢菌、拟轮枝镰孢菌、F. andiyazi、敏感及抗性藤仓镰孢菌的EC_(50)均值分别为0.310、0.387、0.310、0.680和2.152μg/mL;咪鲜胺对上述镰孢菌的EC_(50)均值分别为0.010、0.043、0.017、0.038和0.110μg/mL;氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑、叶菌唑、咯菌腈、氟啶胺和噁霉灵对分离所得4种病原菌藤仓镰孢菌、层出镰孢菌、拟轮枝镰孢菌和F. andiyazi的EC_(50)均值分别为0.002～0.097、0.014～0.078、0.044～0.343、0.019～0.074、0.033～0.466、0.019～0.146和13.957～85.558μg/mL。4种病原菌个体对不同药剂的敏感性存在显著差异,其中对氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇和叶菌唑整体较为敏感,而对噁霉灵敏感性最低,但不同病原菌对药剂的敏感性规律却基本一致。

木霉属2中国新记录种

【目的】明确我国南部地区土壤中分离得到的2株木霉菌的分类地位。【方法】采用PDAm培养基分离木霉菌菌株,通过形态学鉴定和内转录间隔区(ITS)序列、翻译延长因子1-alpha(Tef1-α)部分序列相似性分析对菌株进行初步鉴定;选取MEGA 4.0软件用Bootstrap最大简约法、水平3、重复1 000次来构建ITS、Tef1-α序列系统进化树并分析其亲缘关系。【结果】菌株CM01的ITS序列与GenBank基因库中Trichoderma intricatumstrain GJS 02-78 ITS序列同源性高达99%,在ITS序列系统进化树中与模式菌株T.intricatum GJS 02-78、Trichoderma atroviride DAOM 179514亲缘关系最近;其Tef1-α序列与GenBank基因库中Hypocrea intricate strain GJS 02-78 Tef1-α序列同源性高达99%,在Tef1-α序列系统进化树中与模式菌株H.intricata GJS 02-78亲缘关系最近;其形态描述和模式菌株一致。菌株SCGA5003的ITS序列与GenBank基因库中Trichoderma stromaticumstrain GJS 97-181 ITS序列同源性高达99%,在ITS序列系统进化树中与模式菌株T.stromaticum GJS 97-179、GJS 97-180、GJS 97-181、GJS 97-182、GJS 97-183亲缘关系最近;其Tef1-α序列与GenBank基因库中T.stromaticum strain GJS 97-183 Tef1-α序列同源性高达94%,在Tef1-α序列系统进化树中与模式菌株T.stromaticum CQSQ1032、GXNN7006亲缘关系最近;其形态描述和模式菌株一致。【结论】结合形态学特征与分子鉴定结果,判定菌株CM01为交织木霉(Trichoderma intricatum Samuels&Dodd/Hypocrea intricataSamuels et Dodd)、SCGA5003为子座木霉(Trichoderma stromaticum Samuels&Pardo-Schulth/Hypocrea stromatica Bezerra,Costa&Bastos),即发现木霉属2个中国新记录种。

快速检测马铃薯干腐病病原接骨木镰孢的环介导等温扩增技术

本研究基于环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP),建立了一种快速、准确和灵敏的接骨木镰孢的检测技术。通过比对接骨木镰孢与其近源种之间的候选靶标序列,选取TEF1-α(translation elongation factor1-α,翻译延伸因子)基因作为靶标,设计并筛选出一套对该病原菌具有种特异性的LAMP引物,建立了检测接骨木镰孢的LAMP体系。该体系在反应前加入染料羟基萘酚蓝(hydroxynaphthol blue,HNB),经62℃恒温反应70 min之后,可根据肉眼观察到的反应物的颜色判定结果。特异性分析结果表明,仅接骨木镰孢的DNA经检测后呈天蓝色的阳性反应,而其他供试菌株的DNA均呈紫色的阴性反应。该方法对DNA的最低检测限为100 pg·μL^(-1)。在采自内蒙古和黑龙江的28份马铃薯干腐病疑似病害样本中,检测到14份阳性样品。该方法的建立为接骨木镰孢的检测及其所致病害的诊断提供了快捷准确的技术。

Chryseobacterium chengduensis sp. nov. isolated from the air of captive giant panda enclosures in Chengdu, China

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 25-1T, was isolated from the air inside giant panda enclosures at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, China. Strain 25-1T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 28-30 ℃ and in the presence of NaCI concentrations from 0.0% to 0.5%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain 25-1m belongs to the genus Chryseobacterium within the family Flavo- bacteriaceae and is related most closely to C. camis G81m （96.4% similarity）, C. lathyri RBA2-6T （95.8% similarity）, and C. zeae JM1085T （95.8% similarity）. Its genomic DNA G＋C molar composition was 36.2%. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15：0 （44.0%）, iso-C17：0 3OH （19.8%） and C16：1 ω7c/16：1 ω6c （12.7%）. The only isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 6 （MK-6）. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified amino lipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 25-1m and C. lathyri RBA2-6T was 38%. Phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic characteristics indicated that strain 25-1T is a novel member of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name C. chengduensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 25-1T （ccmoc AB2015133T=DSM 100396T）.