Electroacupuncture improves myocardial fibrosis in heart failure rats by attenuating ECM collagen deposition through modulation of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway

Background: To explore the effects of electroacupuncture on cardiac function and myocardial fibrosis in rat models of heart failure, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of electroacupuncture in heart failure treatment. Methods: Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into three groups: Sham group, Model group, and electroacupuncture (Model + EA) group, with each group comprising 8 rats. The model underwent a procedure involving the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce a model of heart failure. The Model + EA group was used for 7 consecutive days for electroacupuncture of bilateral Shenmen (HT7) and Tongli (HT5), once a day for 30 min each time. Left ventricular parameters in rats were assessed using a small-animal ultrasound machine to analyze changes in left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular fractional shortening. Serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cardiac troponin (cTn), and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide precursor levels were measured using ELISA. Histopathological changes in rat myocardium were observed through HE staining, while collagen deposition in rat myocardial tissue was assessed using the Masson staining method. Picro sirius red staining, immunohistochemical staining, and RT-qPCR were utilized to distinguish between the various types of collagen deposition. The expression level of TGF-β1 and SMAD2/3/4/7 mRNA in rat myocardial tissues was determined using RT-qPCR. Additionally, western blot analysis was conducted to assess the protein expression levels of TGF-β1, SMAD3/7, and p-SMAD3 in rat myocardial tissues. Results: Compared with the Sham group, the left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening values of the Model group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01);the left ventricular end-diastolic volume and left ventricular end-systolic volume values were remarkably increased (P < 0.01);serum N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide precursor content was increased (P < 0.01);serum IL-1β and cTn levels were increased (P < 0.01);myocardial collagen volume fraction were increased (P < 0.01);and those of the expression of TGF-β1 and SMAD2/3/4 mRNA was increased (P < 0.01);the expression of SMAD7 mRNA was decreased (P < 0.01);the protein expression levels of TGF-β1, SMAD3, and p-Smad3 were increased (P < 0.01);the protein expression level of SMAD7 was decreased (P < 0.01) in the Model group. Compared to the Model group, the expression levels of the proteins TGF-β1, SMAD3, and p-Smad3 in myocardial tissue were found to be decreased (P < 0.01), and the expression level of the protein SMAD7 was found to be increased (P < 0.01) in the Model + EA group;the collagen volume fraction and deposition of type Ⅰ /Ⅲ collagen were decreased (P < 0.01) in the Model + EA group. Conclusion: Electroacupuncture alleviates myocardial fibrosis in rats with heart failure, and this effect is likely due to attributed to the modulation of the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway, which helps reduce collagen deposition in the extracellular matrix.

Effects of Cigu Xiaozhi Formula on miR-378a-3p Expression and Hh Signaling Pathway in TGF-β1 Induced LX2 Cells

[Objectives]To observe the effects of Cigu Xiaozhi Formula on miR-378a-3p expression and Hh signaling pathway in TGF-β1 induced and activated LX2 cells.[Methods]Cells were divided into control group,induction group,drug-containing serum group,miR-378a-3p inhibitor group,and miR inhibitor NC group.CCK-8 method was used to detect the cell viability of each group,and flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of each group.RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-378a-3p in each group s cells,and RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,andα-SMA in each group s cells.[Results]Compared with the control group,the cell viability and expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,andα-SMA mRNA and protein in induction group increased(P<0.01),while the expression of miR-378a-3p decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the induction group,the cell viability and expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,α-SMA mRNA andα-SMA and Gli2 protein decreased in drug-containing serum group(P<0.05),while cell apoptosis rate and miR-378a-3p expression increased(P<0.01).In miR-378a-3p inhibitor group,cell viability and the expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,α-SMA mRNA and Gli1,Gli2,α-SMA protein increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),while the apoptosis rate and miR-378a-3p expression decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).[Conclusions]Cigu Xiaozhi Formula containing serum can upregulate miR-378a-3p expression and downregulate the expression of Gli2 andα-SMA in TGF-β1 induced LX2 cells,thereby inhibiting the activation of LX2 cells and exerting the effects of anti liver fibrosis.

MiR-146a-5p targeting SMAD4 and TRAF6 inhibits adipogenensis through TGF-β and AKT/mTORC1 signal pathways in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes

Background: Intramuscular fat(IMF) content is a vital parameter for assessing pork quality. Increasing evidence has shown that microRNAs(miRNAs) play an important role in regulating porcine IMF deposition. Here, a novel miRNA implicated in porcine IMF adipogenesis was found, and its effect and regulatory mechanism were further explored with respect to intramuscular preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation.Results: By porcine adipose tissue miRNA sequencing analysis, we found that miR-146a-5p is a potential regulator of porcine IMF adipogenesis. Further studies showed that miR-146a-5p mimics inhibited porcine intramuscular preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, while the miR-146a-5p inhibitor promoted cell proliferation and adipogenic differentiation. Mechanistically, miR-146a-5p suppressed cell proliferation by directly targeting SMAD family member 4(SMAD4) to attenuate TGF-β signaling. Moreover, miR-146a-5p inhibited the differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes by targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6) to weaken the AKT/mTORC1 signaling downstream of the TRAF6 pathway.Conclusions: MiR-146a-5p targets SMAD4 and TRAF6 to inhibit porcine intramuscular adipogenesis by attenuating TGF-β and AKT/mTORC1 signaling, respectively. These findings provide a novel miRNA biomarker for regulating intramuscular adipogenesis to promote pork quality.

Berberine Attenuates Cigarette Smoke Extract-induced Airway Inflammation in Mice:Involvement of TGF-β1/Smads Signaling Pathway

Although several studies confirmed that berberine may attenuate airway inflammation in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),its underlying mechanisms were not clear until now.We aimed to establish an experiment mouse model for COPD and to investigate the effects of berberine on airway inflammation and its possible mechanism in COPD model mice induced by cigarette smoke extract(CSE).Twenty SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into PBS control group,COPD model group,low-dose berberine group and high-dose berberine group,5 mice in each group.The neutrophils and macrophages were examined by Wright's staining.The levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were detennined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The expression levels of TGF-β1,Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA and proteins in lung tissues were respectively detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.It was found that CSE increased the number of inflammation cells in BALF,elevated lung inflammation scores,and enhanced the TGF-β1/Smads signaling activity in mice.High-dose berberine restrained the alterations in the COPD mice induced by CSE.It was concluded that high-dose berberine ameliorated CSE-induced airway inflammation in COPD mice.TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway might be involved in the mechanism.These findings suggested a therapeutic potential of high-dose berberine on the CSE-induced airway inflammation.

Cetirizine regulates scleroderma skin fibrosis in mice via the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the effect of cetirizine on the fibrosis of skin tissue in systemic sclerosis(SSc)mice and its mechanism of action.Methods:Thirty-two BALB/C mice were randomly divided into a blank group,a model group,a cetirizine low-dose group,and a cetirizine high-dose group,with eight in each group.The blank group was injected with normal saline on the back,and the other three groups were injected with bleomycin on the back to prepare SSc mouse models.The mice were injected once a day for 28 consecutive days,while the normal group and the model group were given saline.The dose group was administrated intragastrically at 2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg,respectively,for 28 consecutive days.Detect the thickness of the dermis by taking the skin tissue in the back injection area of each group.Hematoxylin-eosin staining(HE)and Masson staining.Sample hydrolysis method to detect hydroxyproline(HYP)content in skin tissue.Immunohistochemical detection ofα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)expression in skin tissues.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)to detect serum interleukin(IL-6,IL-10)and transforming growth factor(TGF-αand TGF-β1).Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to detect the expression levels of collagen type I(COL1A1),type III collagen(COL3A1),Smad homolog 3(Smad3),and TGF-β1 mRNA.Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of COL1A1,COL3A1 and p-Smad3.Results:Compared with the blank group,the dermis thickness and HYP content of the model group increased,the skin tissue lesions and fibrosis were more severe,theα-SMA positive expression intensity in the skin tissue was higher,and the serum IL-6,IL-10,TGF-α,TGF-β1 content increased,COL1A1,COL3A1,Smad3,TGF-β1 mRNA expression levels increased in skin tissues,COL1A1,COL3A1,p-Smad3 protein expression increased,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the dermal thickness and HYP content of the low and high dose cetirizine groups were reduced,the degree of skin tissue lesions and fibrosis was improved,the expression ofα-SMA in skin tissues was weakened,the levels of IL-6,IL-10,TGF-α,TGF-β1 in serum were reduced,the expression levels of COL1A1,COL3A1,Smad3 and TGF-β1 in skin tissues were reduced,and the expression levels of COL1A1,COL3A1,and p-Smad3 proteins were reduced,the decrease in the high-dose group was more significant,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Cetirizine can improve the degree of fibrosis of skin tissue in SSc mice and reduce the immune inflammation response.The mechanism of action is related to the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.

Role of TGF-βl Signaling in Heart Valve Calcification Induced by Abnormal Mechanical Stimulation in a Tissue Engineering Model

A tissue engineering model of heart valve calcification induced in a bio-reactor was established to evaluate the calcification induced by abnormal mechanical stimulation and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms.Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified decellularized porcine aortic leaflets seeded with human valve interstitial cells (huVICs)were mounted on a Ti-Ni alloy frame to fabricate two-leaflet and three-leaflet tissue engineered valves.The two-leaflet model valves were exposed to abnormal pulsatile flow stimulation with null (group A),low (1000mL/min,group B),medium (2000mL/min,group C),and high velocity (3000mL/min,group D)for 14 days. Morphology and calcification were assessed by yon Kossa staining,alkaline phosphatase (ALP)content,and Runx2 immunostaining.Leaflet calcification and mRNA and protein expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1,bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2),Smadl,and MSX2 were measured at different time points.ALP content was examined in two-leaflet valves seeded with BMP2 shRNA plasmid-infected huVICs and exposed to the same stimulation conditions.The results showed that during 14 days of flow stimulation,huVICs on the leaflet surface proliferated to generate normal monolayer coverage in groups A,B,and C.Under mechanical stimulation,huVICs showed a parallel growth pattern in the direction of the fluid flow,but huVICs exhibited disordered growth in the high-velocity flow environment,yon Kossa staining,ALP measurement,and immunohistochemical staining for Runx2 confirmed the lack of obvious calcification in group A and significant calcification in group D.Expression levels of TGF-β1,BMP2, and MSX2 mRNA and protein were increased under fluid stimulation.ALP production by BMP2 shRNA plasmid-infected huVICs on model leaflets was significantly reduced.In conclusion,abnormal mechanical stimulation in a bioreactor induced calcification in the tissue engineering valve model.The extent of calcification correlated positively with the flow velocity,as did the mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β1,BMP2,and MSX2.These findings indicate that TGF-β1/BMP2 signaling is involved in valve calcification induced bv abnormal mechanical stimulation.

Celastrol Protects TGF-β1-induced Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

The endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition（End MT） in endothelial cells contributes to the development of cardiac fibrosis,ultimately leading to cardiac remodeling.In this study,the effects and molecular mechanisms of celastrol（CEL） on transforming growth factor-β1（TGF-β1）-induced End MT in human umbilical vein endothelial（HUVEC-12） cells were investigated.The presented data demonstrated that CEL significantly blocked the morphology change of HUVEC-12 cells induced by TGF-β1 without cell cytotoxicity.In accordance with these findings,CEL blocked TGF-β1-induced EndM T as evidenced by the inhibition of the mesenchymal markers,including collagen Ⅰ,Ⅲ,α-SMA,fibronectin m RNA expression,and the increase in the m RNA expression of endothelial cell marker CD31.These changes were also confirmed by double immunofluorescence staining of CD31 and vimentin.The in vitro scratch assay showed that CEL inhibited the migration capacity of the transitioned endothelial cells induced by TGF-β1.Further experiments showed that the beneficial effect of CEL on blocking the End MT in HUVEC-12 cells was associated with the suppression of the TGF-β1/Smads signalling pathway,which was also confirmed by the inhibition of its downstream transcription factor snail1,twist1,twist2,ZEB1 and ZEB2.These results indicate that CEL blocks TGF-β1-induced End MT through TGF-β1/Smads signalling pathway and suggest that it may be a feasible therapy for cardiac fibrosis diseases.

Cytokine receptor-like factor 1(CRLF1)promotes cardiac fibrosis via ERK1/2 signaling pathway

Cardiac fibrosis is a cause of morbidity and mortality in people with heart disease.Anti-fibrosis treatment is a significant therapy for heart disease,but there is still no thorough understanding of fibrotic mechanisms.This study was carried out to ascertain the functions of cytokine receptor-like factor 1(CRLF1)in cardiac fibrosis and clarify its regulatory mechanisms.We found that CRLF1 was expressed predominantly in cardiac fibroblasts.Its expression was up-regulated not only in a mouse heart fibrotic model induced by myocardial infarction,but also in mouse and human cardiac fibroblasts provoked by transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).Gain-and loss-of-function experiments of CRLF1 were carried out in neonatal mice cardiac fibroblasts(NMCFs)with or without TGF-β1 stimulation.CRLF1 overexpression increased cell viability,collagen production,cell proliferation capacity,and myofibroblast transformation of NMCFs with or without TGF-β1 stimulation,while silencing of CRLF1 had the opposite effects.An inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2)signaling pathway and different inhibitors of TGF-β1 signaling cascades,comprising mothers against decapentaplegic homolog(SMAD)-dependent and SMAD-independent pathways,were applied to investigate the mechanisms involved.CRLF1 exerted its functions by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.Furthermore,the SMAD-dependent pathway,not the SMAD-independent pathway,was responsible for CRLF1 up-regulation in NMCFs treated with TGF-β1.In summary,activation of the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis increased CRLF1 expression.CRLF1 then aggravated cardiac fibrosis by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.CRLF1 could become a novel potential target for intervention and remedy of cardiac fibrosis.

Jujuboside A ameliorates tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic mice through down-regulating the YY1/TGF-β1 signaling pathway

Diabetic nephropathy(DN)is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus,which is characterized in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis(TIF).The current study was designed to investigate the protective effect of Jujuboside A(Ju A)on TIF in type 2 diabetes(T2DM)mice,and explore its underlying anti-fibrosis mechanism.A mouse T2DM model was established using high fat diet(HFD)feeding combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).Then,diabetic mice were treated with Ju A(10,20 and 40 mg·kg^(−1)·d^(−1),i.g.)for 12 weeks.Results showed that administration of Ju A not only down-regulated fasting blood glucose(FBG)levels,but also improved hyperlipidemia and renal function in diabetic mice.Moreover,the reduced ECM accumulation was observed in the renal cortex of Ju A treated diabetic mice,while the TIF progression was also attenuated by Ju A through blocking the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of renal tubular epithelial cells(RTECs).Further mechanism studies showed that Ju A treatment effectively down-regulated the protein expression and subsequent nuclear translocation of Yin Yang 1(YY1)in the renal cortex of diabetic mice,and reduced the levels of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)in the serum and renal cortex of Ju A treated mice.According to in vitro studies,the up-regulated YY1/TGF-β1 signaling pathway was restored by Ju A in high glucose(HG)cultured HK-2 cells.Taken together,these findings demonstrated that Ju A can ameliorate the TIF of DN through down-regulating the YY1/TGF-β1 signaling pathway.

Anti-ageing effects of a new Dimethylaminoethanol-based formulation on DGalactose induced skin ageing model of rat

Background Dimethylaminoethanol has been widely used to fight against wrinkles, in the field of aesthetic medicine there is an increasing demand for safe and effective Dimethylaminoethanol-based products to counteract the ageing process. Objective To evaluate the anti- ageing effects of a new DMAE- based formulation. Methods 30 male rats were randomly allocated into treatment,D-gal ageing modeland control groups, each of which contained ten rats.Treatment group and D- gal ageing model group were subcutaneously injected with D- galactose prepared in normal saline 125mg·kg-1·d-1for 42 d. Control groups were injected with normal saline for42 d with same method and dose. From the 18 th day,after shaving their hair,the treatment grouprats were injected thisnew DMAE-based formulation at a dose of 1ml per week for 4 weeks in the Dermis of two sides hip skin mark zone.Meanwhile,D-gal ageing model group rats were administrated the same volume of normal saline with same method. Skin specimens were obtained 3days after the last treatment. Dermal collagen density and dermal thickness were evaluated by H&E and Massontrichrome staining. And m RNA expressions of TGFβ1, Smad3, Type I,Type III Pro-collagen,TIMP-1,MMP- 1,were assessed by Real- time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Dermal thickness, dermal collagen density and hydroxyproline content in treatment group increased significantly comparing with D- gal ageing model group. No differences were found in m RNA expression of MMP- 1 and Type III Pro- collagen between the treatment group and D- gal ageing model group. In addition, m RNA expression of TGFβ1, Type I Pre-collagen, TIMP1 and smad3 in treatment group were significantly up- regulated in contrast with D- gal ageing model and control group. Conclusion This new DMAE- based formulationcould generate anti- ageing effects by activating collagen synthesisthrough TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway.

Effects of novel Fufang Biejia Ruangan Tablets with sheep placenta as substitute for Hominis Placenta on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis

Objective:Fufang Biejia Ruangan Tablet(FBRT) is widely used for the treatment of liver fibrosis.However,Hominis Placenta(HP),as an important adjuvant of FBRT,has been restricted for medicinal using due to the limited availability,ethical controversy and safety issues.The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of novel FBRT(N-FBRT) with sheep placenta(SP) as substitute for HP on liver fibrosis and explore its possible mechanisms.Different dosages of SP in N-FBRT were also evaluated.Methods:Rats were subcutaneously injected with CCl_(4)to induce liver fibrosis and then treated with NFBRT and FBRT.The anti-hepatic fibrosis effect was determined based on biomarkers analysis of liver function and hepatic fibrosis,and the liver pathology was visualized by H&E staining and Masson staining.The oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were also detected.Immunohistochemical staining of a-SMA,real time PCR and Western blotting were performed to evaluate hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)activation and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.Results:N-FBRT and FBRT could ameliorate CCl_(4)-induced liver fibrosis and improve liver function,as evidenced by lowering serum biomarkers levels of liver function and hepatic fibrosis,and decreasing hepatic Hyp content and collagen deposition,and improving the hepatic morphology and architecture changes.Moreover,the anti-liver fibrosis effect was better when the dosage of SP used in N-FBRT was 1/2 of HP in FBRT.Administration of N-FBRT markedly alleviated oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines,and inhibited a-SMA expression.Furthermore,the mRNA expression of Col Ⅰ,Col Ⅲ,a-SMA and TGF-β1,and proteins expression of a-SMA,TGF-β1,Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3 were significantly down-regulated by N-FBRT treatment.Conclusion:SP can be used as substitute for HP to prepare N-FBRT for the treatment of liver fibrosis and the anti-liver fibrosis effect of N-FBRT is achieved by eliminating oxidative stress and inflammation,and inhibiting HSCs activation and ECM production by blocking TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.