食物相暴露下三丁基锡(TBT)在疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)体内的吸收和代谢动力学

将牡蛎消化腺分别暴露在1000ng.L-1和100ng.L-1TBT水溶液中4周,然后将染毒的牡蛎消化腺分别投喂疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)。经过45d的暴露和30d的净化,我们发现雌雄疣荔枝螺的消化和生殖系统能较快地吸收TBT(吸收速率ku=0.004-0.022.d-1),并且其代谢(生物代谢系数BDI=5.59-23.30)和排出速率(净化速率ke=0.024-0.053.d-1)也相对较快,各器官中TBT的代谢产物MBT占了相对较高的比例,因此TBT在食物链传递过程中没有出现生物放大的现象。此外,TBT有逐渐从雌螺消化系统向生殖系统转移的趋势,并且雌螺生殖系统对TBT的吸收和富集能力(ku=0.006-0.022.d-1,生物放大系数BMF=0.181-0.664)要显著强于雄螺(ku=0.004-0.014.d-1,生物放大系数BMF=0.142-0.376),但其代谢和净化速率(BDI=5.59-10.50,ke=0.024-0.025.d-1)却显著低于雄螺(BDI=11.5-12.4,ke=0.031-0.050.d-1),雌螺的生殖系统被认为是TBT转移和富集的潜在靶器官,这对我们今后开展TBT污染的环境监测和评价具有重要的参考价值。

Differences in characteristics of colorectal neoplasm between young and elderly Thais

AIM: To analyze the differences of clinical characteristics of colorectal neoplasm including polyps between the elderly and young Thai patients.METHODS: Colonoscopy database from December 2000 to October 2004 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 1822 eligible patients who underwent colonoscopy (with a mean age of 56.6 years). Patients were classified into two groups: the older age group (aged ≥ 60 years; n = 989) and the younger age group (aged < 60 years; n = 833). Data were recorded on age, colonoscopic indications, tumor location, colonoscopic findings and their related histological findings. RESULTS: Colorectal malignancy related lesions were more often found in the older age group (21%) than in the younger age group (12%). Left-sided lesions were detected more commonly than right-sided in both age groups in approximately two-thirds of all cases. Hematochezia showed greater association with left-sided lesions in the elderly. No relationship was found between age and neoplasm staging and severity.CONCLUSION: The chance of detecting colorectal neoplasm by colonoscopy was higher in the elderly than in the young Thais. However, both groups had the lesions predominantly located in the left side.

Seasonal variation in imposex intensity of Thais clavigera

Imposex, specifically caused by TBT pollution, refers to the superimposition of male sexual characteristics in gastropod females. Seasonal variation of imposex intensity in Thais clavigera from both slightly and severely contaminated sites in Hong Kong waters was studied from 1988 to 1999. The male penis length showed significant difference between both sites and seasons. It was shortest during late autumn and early winter (October to December) and longest during spring and early summer (February to June). Female penis length also showed significant difference between sites. It did not change seasonally, however. The RPS (Relative Penis Size) index was the highest during autumn and early winter, and the lowest during spring and early summer. The VDS (Vas Deferens Sequence) index remained stable throughout the sampling period. This study showed that VDS index is a better indicator when we compare relative intensity of imposex. The comparison can only be meaningful provided the samples from different locations are taken during the same season.

Dyslipidemia in Urban Thais

Serum lipid profiles were determined in 2,703 male and 792 female offcials of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), aged 35-54 yrs, and 519 Ramathibodi Hospital Staff (RHS) consisting of 66 mcn and 453 women, aged 19-61 yrs. They are affluent-urban Thais. Mean serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels in EGAT officials were higher than those in RHS with the same sex, whereas the opposite result was observed for their serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Men also showed higher serum TC, LDL-C,and TG but lower HDL-C levels than women. The major type of dyslipidemia in EGAT officials and RHS was hypercholesterolemia due to elevated serum LDL-C levels, but the elevated LDL-C level in RHS was less severe than that in EGAT officials. Besides, the prevalence of serum HDL-C level of 1.55 mmol/L, a negative risk factor for coronary heart disease, in RHS was higher than that in EGAT officials. The mean percentages of dietary fat-calories consumed by EGAT officials and RHS were 39% and 31%, respectively.Thus it is plausible that dietary fat intaly influenccs their serum lipid levels. The beneficial effects of linoleate intake on serum lipoprotein profiles are illustrated in RHS

Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Thais luteostoma extracts and underlying mechanisms

Thais luteostoma has been utilized as a crude drug whose shell and soft tissue have been widely used for the treatment of heat syndrome in China for thousands of years. The present study was designed to investigate the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of T. luteostoma. T. luteostoma was divided into shell （TLSH） and soft tissue （TLST） samples in the present study. The rat model of yeast-induced fever was used to investigate their antipyretic effects; and the rat model of hind paw edema induced by carrageenan was utilized to study their anti-inflammatory activities, and at the same time, the concentration variations of the central neurotransmitter [prostaglandin E2 （PGE2） and cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）], inflammatory mediators [tumor necrosis factor （TNFα）, interleukin-1β （IL-1）, interleukin-2 （IL-2） and interleukin-6 （IL-6）] and ion （Na^＋ and Ca^2＋） were also tested. The results showed that TLSH and TLST extracts significantly inhibited yeast-induced pyrexia in rats （P 〈 0.05）, and exhibited more lasting effects as compared to aspirin, and TLSH had the better antipyretic activity than TLST, and that TLSH and TLST could significantly prevent against carrageenan induced paw edema in rats （P 〈 0.05）; and markedly reduced levels of PGE2, cAMP, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and Na^＋/Ca^2＋. In fever model, TLST could significantly reduce the levels of PGE2 （P 〈 0.01） in rats＇ homogenate and TNF a （P 〈 0.05）, IL-113 （P 〈 0.01） in the plasma than TLSH, whereas TLSH could reduce the content of IL-2 （P 〈 0.01） and IL-6 （P 〈 0.01） in plasma and increase the content of Ca2＋ （P 〈 0.01） in plasma and homogenate more significantly than TLST. In conclusion, T. luteostoma extract has antipyretie and anti-inflammatory activities, which may be mediated through the suppression of production of PGE2, cAMP, Na^＋/Ca^2＋ , TNF a, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6.

Associations of PNPLA3 and LEP genetic polymorphisms with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in Thai people living with human immunodeficiency virus

BACKGROUND The prevalence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a growing public health issue in people living with human immunodeficiency virus(PLWH).However,the pathophysiology of MAFLD is still unknown,and the role of genetic variables is only now becoming evident.AIM To evaluate the associations of gene-polymorphism-related MAFLD in PLWH.METHODS The study employed transient elastography with a controlled attenuation parameter≥248 dB/m to identify MAFLD in patients from a Super Tertiary Hospital in central Thailand.Candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were genotyped using TaqMan®MGB probe 5'nuclease assays for seven MAFLD-related genes.Statistical analyses included SNP frequency analysis,Fisher's Exact and Chi-square tests,odds ratio calculations,and multivariable logistic regression.RESULTS The G-allele carriers of PNPLA3(rs738409)exhibited a two-fold rise in MAFLD,increasing by 2.5 times in MAFLD with human immunodeficiency virus infection.The clinical features and genetic patterns imply that LEP rs7799039 A-allele carriers had a nine times(P=0.001)more significant chance of developing aberrant triglyceride among PLWH.CONCLUSION The current study shows an association between PNPLA3 rs738409 and LEP rs7799039 with MAFLD in PLWH.

Antioxidant Activities and Characterization of Polyphenols from Selected Northern Thai Rice Husks: Relation with Seed Attributes

Rice production generates a significant amount of agricultural waste. This study aimed to give results related to the existence of antioxidant phenols in agricultural waste of selected Northern Thai rice varieties. The antioxidant activities, contents of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the ethanolic rice husk extract were evaluated. The highest antioxidant activities were found in the variety PES1CMU, with 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl as 679.66 and 4.16 mmol/(L·g) trolox equivalent, respectively, ferric reducing antioxidant power as 0.87 mmol/(L·g) Fe2+, total phenolic content as 29.90 mmol/(L·g) gallic acid and total flavonoid content as 12.16 mg/g catechin equivalent. Polyphenol compounds were identified mainly by standard polyphenols using the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, with the highest contents of phytic acid, o-coumaric acid, naringin and kaempferol. The non-glutenous and wetland ecotypes of rice husk samples were the richest in antioxidant activities and polyphenol contents characterized by using principal component analysis. The glutenous rice husk contained higher antioxidant activities than the rest. Interestingly, quercetin is a significant phenolic compound that positively correlated with the overall antioxidant activities of rice husk. This finding will be relevant for future application of rice husk antioxidant components in the production of functional ingredients as well as for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

中国沿岸13荔枝螺的齿舌形态分析

利用扫描电镜对13种荔枝螺属种类的齿舌形态进行观察,发现本属齿舌式均为0:1:1:1:0。齿舌中央齿尖锐突出与本属物种均为肉食性相符。各物种齿舌中央齿基部均较宽,具1枚中央齿中间齿,2枚中央齿侧齿。中央齿上布满侧生小齿,大部分为中央齿侧齿内小齿和侧齿外小齿,同种不同个体的小齿形态、数目存在差异,侧生小齿具有不对称性和可变性,因此在对本属种类分类时中央齿小齿仅可作为部分参考依据。本属种类的中央齿缘齿有较大的区别,红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺不具中央齿缘齿,其余11种具有明显的中央齿缘齿,因此齿舌的分叉类型也分两种,红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺为较原始不具中央齿缘齿的三分叉型,其余11种为两端分叉型。通过齿舌形态的分析,结合比较外部形态和分子系统发育,认为红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺与其余11种之间已达到属间关系,建议将红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺归为红螺亚科的Mancinella属。

稠油热/化学采油技术概述

对稠油热 /化学采油技术的最新进展进行了综述。稠油热 /化学采油技术分为常规热 /化学采油法、改进的蒸汽吞吐方法 (包括蒸汽 /表面活性剂复合采油技术、蒸汽 /碱复合采油技术等 )和稠油井下改质技术 (包括地下水热裂解技术等 )。阐述了各种方法提高采收率的机理 ,指出了各种方法的特点。

THAI技术开发厚层稠油油藏井网参数优选

厚层稠油油藏原油黏度高、埋藏深、油藏流体流动性差、动用程度低,采用THAI(从端部到跟部注空气)技术可提高该类油藏的采收率。通过数值模拟对排状布井方式的井网参数进行优选,得出影响因素的敏感性强弱依次为生产井水平段长度、注气量、井距、注气井到生产井水平段端部的距离。在此基础上,进一步分析厚层稠油油藏中不同布井方式的开发效果。结果表明:随着燃烧前缘向前推进,生产井中会产生气窜通道;方案2VIHP的采油速度和采收率优于其他方案;层厚是影响热量传递的重要因素;垂直注气井的开采效果优于水平注气井。

THAI技术及其在稠油开发中的应用

针对常规火烧油层工艺中使用垂直注入井与生产井进行长距离驱替的缺点,开发了一种新的短距离驱油技术:从水平井端部到跟部注空气技术(THAI)。应用THAI技术在驱油过程中可实现就地升温降粘和非混相空气驱,尤其适合于稠油和超稠油的开采。介绍了THAI技术的原理、与其他热采方式相比的主要优势;通过对THAI技术影响因素的分析,给出了实现该技术的关键工艺。

Detection of Purity of Thai Hom Mali Rice by RAPD

[Objective] The aim was to establish more specific, sensitive, accurate and practical method to detect purity of Thai Hom Mali rice. [Method] RAPD method cooperated with two primers of KDML105 and RD15 was established by feeling for the extraction methods of DNA, optimizing concentrations of the factors influencing the results of RAPD such as template DNA, Mg2＋, random primer, dNTPs and Taq polymerase, and screening the random primers. [Result] The optimum RAPD reaction system was 25.0 μl in total volume, containing 4.0-32.0 ng/μl of template DNA, 200.0 μg/L random primer, 2.0 mmol/L Mg2＋, 200.0 μmol/L dNTPs and 1.0 U of Taq enzyme. Then, the Thai Hom Mali rice and non-Thai Hom Mali rice can be distinguished according to the presence or absence of two DNA markers. [Conclusion] The RAPD technology can effectively cover the shortages of identifications by sense and boiling in water; in addition, it is simple, sensitive and low-cost, suitable to be used in routine tests.

不同湍流模型对氢气分布影响的数值研究

研究严重事故下安全壳内氢气分布有利于评估氢气风险。本文采用三维CFD方法对THAI装置HM2试验进行建模,并分别使用代数模型和k-ε模型模拟氢气分层形成以及破坏过程。分析结果表明,CFD模拟结果与实验数据基本符合,在模拟中可观察到氢气分层现象的形成以及水蒸气对氢气分层的逐步破坏与混合过程;在氢气注射阶段,代数模型和k-ε模型的模拟结果接近,能够反映氢气浓度分层的形成过程;在水蒸气注射阶段,代数模型基于半经验的混合长度理论,在模拟装置较复杂几何结构内水蒸气流动对氢气分层的破坏作用时并不十分理想,标准k-ε模型对装置各测点氢气浓度达到一致的时间预测与试验结果较为接近。

Rate of anticoagulant use, and factors associated with not prescribing anticoagulant in older Thai adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A multicenter registry

Objectives To investigate the rate of anticoagulant use,the reasons for not prescribing anticoagulant,and the factors associated with non-prescription of anticoagulant in older Thai adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.Methods A multicenter registry of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation was conducted during 2014 to 2017 in Thailand.Demographic,medical history,antithrombotic medication,non-antithrombotic medication,and laboratory data were collected and analyzed.Data were compared between the older adult (≥ 65 years) and younger adult (< 65 years) groups.The reasons why anticoagulant was not prescribed were collected,and predictive factors were identified.Results A total of 3218 patients (1873 males) with an average age of 67.3 ± 11.3 years were included.Almost two-thirds (61.0%) of patients were in the older adult group.Anticoagulant was prescribed in 2422 patients (75.3%): 81.4% in the older adult group and 65.7% in the younger adult group.The three main reasons for not prescribing anticoagulant were already taking antiplatelets,patient refusal,and bleeding risk.These reasons were more common in older adults as compared to younger adults.Multivariate analysis revealed current use of antiplatelets to be the most important factor that predict the non-prescription of anticoagulant in older population.Conclusions The prevalence of anticoagulant prescription among older Thai adults with atrial fibrillation is 81.4%.Taking antiplatelet drugs was found to be the strongest reason that predicts the non-prescription of anticoagulant in this patient population.A guideline should be developed to optimize the use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet in older adults.

A Thai family with hereditary pancreatitis and increased cancer risk due to a mutation in PRSS1 gene

AIM: To investigate mutation of serine protease 1-cationic trypsinogen (CT, PRSS1) gene in members of a Thai family with hereditary pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing were performed to analyze the PRSS1 gene in two members of the family affected by pancreatitis. Allele specific amplification (ASA) method was then developed to detect the mutation of the PRSS1 gene in all available members of the family and normal control subjects. RESULTS: A cytosine (C) to thymine (T) mutation at position 2441 (g.2441C>T) of the PRSS1 gene, which results in a substitution of arginine by cysteine at position 116 (R116C) of CT, was identified by direct sequencing in both clinically affected members of the family but was not found in the unaffected member. This mutation, which might be arising from deamination of methylated cytosine in CpG dinucleotide of codon 116 (CGT>TGT), was also detected by the ASA method in the two affected members and a proband's brother but was not observed in unaffected members and 54 normal control subjects. CONCLUSION: Autosomal dominant pancreatitis with increased cancer risk in the studied Thai family is most likely due to missense (R116C) mutation in the PRSS1 gene.

Sulforaphene in Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef increased in late-bolting stage as well as anticancer activity

Objectives: To evaluate the concentration differences of sulforaphene and sulforaphane at various ages and in different parts of Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus with respect to their potential cancer preventive effect on HCT116 colon cancer cells.Methods: FTIR–ATR and GC–MS were used to characterize the isothiocyanates in the plant extracts followed by HPLC for quantification. Antiproliferation and apoptosis induction were determined by using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively.Results: The respective rank of anticancer activity of Raphanus sativus were as follows:vegetative(3 week) < older rosette(4 week) < early-bolting(5 week) < senescence(7 week) < late-bolting(6 week). The low to high concentration of sulforaphene and sulforaphane occurred in the same stage order.Conclusions: The reproductive parts(flower, pod, and dry seed) of Raphanus sativus have the greatest isothiocyanate concentration, evidenced by a sulforaphene concentration higher than the sulforaphane. This result should inform the selection of the most appropriate harvesting stage and plant part for use as a potential chemopreventive agent.

Characterization of the salivary microbiome in healthy Thai children

Objective: To investigate the composition of the salivary microbiome of 50 healthy Thai children. Methods: A total 76 provinces in Thailand are grouped into 5 geographical clusters based on unique economics, foods and lifestyles. Geographical locations and the results of an oral assessment were also considered. Genomic DNA was extracted from stimulated saliva samples. Subsequently, amplicon libraries were prepared by 16 S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation. The amplicons were sequenced using an Illumina Miseq platform followed by bioinformatics and statistical analyses.Results: The correlation between oral hygiene status and caries history varied from r^2=0.887 to r^2=0.999 in the geographical groups, suggesting oral hygiene status a strong association between caries history. Twenty taxonomic groups were found in all subjects and constituted 93.6%-96.5% of the microbiome. Of these, genus Veillonella and Prevotella showed significant differences in their proportions between the geographical groups(P<0.05). Furthermore, the proportion of Veillonella parvula, as well as Rothia aeria and Rothia dentocariosa tended to increase with worse oral hygiene status, which was also related to higher dental caries history.Conclusions: The differences in the salivary microbiome as related to geographic regions suggest that environmental factors, which may include dietary habits, could influence the predominant bacteria found in the mouth of Thai children, especially the genus Veillonella and Prevotella. The ratio of Veillonella parvula, Rothia aeria and Rothia dentocariosa may be indicators of worse oral hygiene status and future caries in this population.

Heart failure mortality compared between elderly and non-elderly Thai patients

Objective To investigate heart failure mortality compared between elderly and non-elderly Thai patients.Methods This study included patients at least 18 years of age who were admitted to the hospital with a primary diagnosis of heart failure(ICD-10-TM code:150.9)during 2008-2012 according to three major Thailand reimbursement systems(civil servant,social security,and universal coverage systems).Patients were categorized into either the elderly group(age>65 years)or the non-elderly group(age<65 years).Mortality rate and survival analysis were compared between groups.Demographic,underlying disease and comorbid condition data were collected.Cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death was also analyzed.Results A total of 201,709 patients were included.The average age of patients was 64.9±14.8 years,and the gender proportion breakdown was 84,155(41.7%)males and 117,554(58.3%)females.Just over half of patients(107,325 patients;53.2%)were elderly.Overall mortality rate was 50.8%.The mortality rate at one month,six months,one year,and three years was 11.0%,24.5%,32.5%,and 46.3%,respectively.Elderly patients had a higher rate of mortality compared to non-elderly patients with an adjusted odds ratio(OR)of 1.47(95%CI:1.46-1.49)for all-cause mortality,an OR of 1.25(95%CI:1.23-1.27)for cardiovascular death,and an OR of 1.72(95%CI:1.68-1.75)for non-cardiovascular death(all P<0.001).After adjusting for potential confounders,elderly status remained the second strongest factor associated with increased risk of mortality after heart failure hospitalization following chronic kidney disease.Conclusions The overall mortality rate after heart failure hospitalization was a very high 50.8%.Multivariate analysis revealed elderly status to be an independent predictor of mortality after hospitalization.This finding suggests that improvements are needed related to the quality of care and follow-up given to elderly Thai heart failure patients.

Development and characterization of seed gums from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula as disintegrating agent for fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet

Crude seed gum and their carboxymethyl derivatives from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were developed and characterized to apply as the pharmaceutical disintegrant in fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet. The chemical structure of crude gum was chemically modified via carboxymethylation. Degree of substitution(DS) of carboxymethylated gums was determined. Carboxymethylated gums with minimum and maximum DS values were chosen for further application. IR absorption spectra of gum samples were observed to verify their chemical structure changes. In physical properties, the intrinsic viscosity and swelling property of all gum samples were evaluated. The results showed that carboxymethylated gums had higher intrinsic viscosity than those of crude gum. Moreover, they could swell and be soluble in cold water better than those of crude gums. In conclusion, the modified gums from both plants could provide higher hardness and be better used than that crude gums for fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet. However, this is a preliminary assessment to expressing pharmaceutical application possibility of these gums as disintegrants, diluents and drug release controlling agents.

New Thai herbal shampoos as pediculicides for killing head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer(Phthiraptera)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Thai herbal shampoos [Cartoxylum formosum(C.formosum) + eucalyptus essential oil(EO), C. formosum + citrus EO, Solanum trilobatum+ eucalyptus EO, Solanum trilobatum + citrus EO, Moringa oleifera + eucalyptus EO and Moringa oleifera + citrus EO] for killing all stages of Pediculus humanus capitis(Phthiraptera).Methods: A filter paper contact method was applied with three concentrations(0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 mL/cm^2) of each Thai herbal shampoo as well as permethrin pediculicide(positive control) and drinking water(negative control) against eggs, nymphs and adults of Pediculus humanus capitis. Mortality rates of the eggs were recorded after 7 days of incubation while those of nymphs and adults were recorded after 5 minutes of contact. Results: All herbal shampoos at the high concentration were highly effective against nymphs and adults, but not effective against the eggs. C. formosum + eucalyptus EO and C. formosum + citrus EO shampoos at all concentrations exhibited the highest efficacy against nymphs and adults with100% mortality rate at 5 min and LC_(50) values of 0.004 and 0.005 mL/cm^2, respectively. All formulation of Solanum trilobatum and Moringa oleifera shampoos added with eucalyptus EO showed mortality rates against nymphs at 92.0%-100.0% and 76.0%-100.0% and against adults at 84.0%-100.0% and 20.0%-32.0%, respectively. Permethrin pediculicide was not effective against the eggs, but showed 68.0%-92.0% and 28.0%-60.0% mortality rates against nymphs and adults. Conclusions: These results indicate that C. formosum + eucalyptus EO shampoo can be used as an effective nymphicide and adulticide against Pediculus humanus capitis.