This paper presents a novel view of the impact of electron collision off-axis positions on the dynamic properties and relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of excited electrons within tightly focused, circ...This paper presents a novel view of the impact of electron collision off-axis positions on the dynamic properties and relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of excited electrons within tightly focused, circularly polarized laser pulses of varying intensities. We examine the effects of the transverse ponderomotive force, specifically how the deviation angle and speed of electron motion are affected by the initial off-axis position of the electron and the peak amplitude of the laser pulse. When the laser pulse intensity is low, an increase in the electron's initial off-axis distance results in reduced spatial radiation power, improved collimation, super-continuum phenomena generation, red-shifting of the spectrum's harmonic peak, and significant symmetry in the radiation radial direction. However, in contradiction to conventional understandings,when the laser pulse intensity is relatively high, the properties of the relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of the electron deviate from the central axis, changing direction in opposition to the aforementioned effects. After reaching a peak, these properties then shift again, aligning with the previous direction. The complex interplay of these effects suggests a greater nuance and intricacy in the relationship between laser pulse intensity, electron position, and scattering properties than previously thought.展开更多
The Joule-Thomson effect is one of the important thermodynamic properties in the system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS). In this work, a set of apparatus was set up to determin...The Joule-Thomson effect is one of the important thermodynamic properties in the system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS). In this work, a set of apparatus was set up to determine the Joule-Thomson effect of binary mixtures(CO_(2)+ H_(2)). The accuracy of the apparatus was verified by comparing with the experimental data of carbon dioxide. The Joule-Thomson coefficients(μ_(JT)) for(CO_(2)+ H_(2)) binary mixtures with mole fractions of carbon dioxide(x_(CO_(2))= 0.1, 0.26, 0.5,0.86, 0.94) along six isotherms at various pressures were measured. Five equations of state EOSs(PR,SRK, PR, BWR and GERG-2008 equation) were used to calculate the μ_(JT)for both pure systems and binary systems, among which the GERG-2008 predicted best with a wide range of pressure and temperature.Moreover, the Joule-Thomson inversion curves(JTIC) were calculated with five equations of state. A comparison was made between experimental data and predicted data for the inversion curve of CO_(2). The investigated EOSs show a similar prediction of the low-temperature branch of the JTIC for both pure and binary systems, except for the BWRS equation of state. Among all the equations, SRK has the most similar result to GERG-2008 for predicting JTIC.展开更多
The influence of acceleration of electrons on relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering in tightly focused linearly polarized laser pulses is investigated for the first time. In the framework of classical electrodynam...The influence of acceleration of electrons on relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering in tightly focused linearly polarized laser pulses is investigated for the first time. In the framework of classical electrodynamics, it is deduced and found that the more severe the change in the electron transverse acceleration, the stronger the asymmetry of the radiation angle distribution, and the greater the transverse acceleration, the greater the radiation energy. Tightly focused, ultrashort,and high-intensity lasers lead to violent electron acceleration processes, resulting in a bifurcated radiation structure with asymmetry and higher energy. Additionally, a change in the initial phase of the laser brings about periodic change of the acceleration, which in turn makes the radiation change periodically with the initial phase. In other cases, the radiation is in a symmetrical double-peak structure. These phenomena will help us to modulate radiation with more energy collimation.展开更多
As a promising method for fast ion diagnostics,collective Thomson scattering(CTS)can measure the one-dimensional velocity distribution of fast ions with high spatial and temporal resolution.The feasibility of diagnosi...As a promising method for fast ion diagnostics,collective Thomson scattering(CTS)can measure the one-dimensional velocity distribution of fast ions with high spatial and temporal resolution.The feasibility of diagnosing fast ions in a compact high-field tokamak by CTS was studied in this work,and the results showed that a wide range of probing frequencies could be applied.A high-frequency case and a low-frequency case were mainly considered for fast ion diagnostics in a compact high-field tokamak.The use of a high probing frequency could effectively avoid the refraction effect of the beams,while the application of a low probing frequency allows greater flexibility in the selection of scattering angle which may help to improve the spatial resolution.Based on typical plasma conditions(B_(0)=12.2 T,n_(e0)=4.3×10^(20)m^(-3),T_(e0)=22.2 keV,T_(i0)=19.8 keV)for a compact high-field tokamak,a220 GHz CTS diagnostic that utilizes a small scattering angle ofθ=30°and a 160 GHz CTS diagnostic that utilizes an orthogonal geometry were proposed.Further study showed that the high-frequency case could operate in a wider range of plasma conditions and provide more information on fast ions while the low-frequency case could achieve higher spatial resolution of the poloidal direction.展开更多
A vertical edge Thomson scattering(ETS) diagnostic system on HL-2M tokamak has been designed.The ETS system collects the scattered light from Nd:YAG laser(1064 nm,2 J,30 Hz,15 ns).The laser beam propagates vertically ...A vertical edge Thomson scattering(ETS) diagnostic system on HL-2M tokamak has been designed.The ETS system collects the scattered light from Nd:YAG laser(1064 nm,2 J,30 Hz,15 ns).The laser beam propagates vertically through the plasma region and the polarization is parallel to the toroidal magnetic field.A special designed Galileo-type telescope with long Rayleigh length is applied to focus the laser size and ensure collimation.A group of doubleGaussian collection lenses image the 600 mm vertical scattered region onto rectangular fiber arrays with a spatial resolution of 10 mm.The 2.20 mm × 2.86 mm fiber optic bundle consists of 130 low hydroxyl(OH) 200/220 μm(core/cladding) diameter fibers with numerical aperture NA=0.22,carrying the light to remotely located multi-channel polychromators.Effect of oblique incidence on narrow band filter has been analyzed.The designed electron temperatures range from 5 to 1000 eV and electron densities from 5 × 10^(18) to 1×10^(20) m^(-3).展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10947170/A05 and 11104291)the Natural Science Fund for Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province (Grant No.10KJB140006)+2 种基金the Natural Sciences Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No.11ZR1441300)the Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (Grant No.NY221098)the Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for their sponsorship。
文摘This paper presents a novel view of the impact of electron collision off-axis positions on the dynamic properties and relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of excited electrons within tightly focused, circularly polarized laser pulses of varying intensities. We examine the effects of the transverse ponderomotive force, specifically how the deviation angle and speed of electron motion are affected by the initial off-axis position of the electron and the peak amplitude of the laser pulse. When the laser pulse intensity is low, an increase in the electron's initial off-axis distance results in reduced spatial radiation power, improved collimation, super-continuum phenomena generation, red-shifting of the spectrum's harmonic peak, and significant symmetry in the radiation radial direction. However, in contradiction to conventional understandings,when the laser pulse intensity is relatively high, the properties of the relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of the electron deviate from the central axis, changing direction in opposition to the aforementioned effects. After reaching a peak, these properties then shift again, aligning with the previous direction. The complex interplay of these effects suggests a greater nuance and intricacy in the relationship between laser pulse intensity, electron position, and scattering properties than previously thought.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21878056)Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology (2019Z002)。
文摘The Joule-Thomson effect is one of the important thermodynamic properties in the system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS). In this work, a set of apparatus was set up to determine the Joule-Thomson effect of binary mixtures(CO_(2)+ H_(2)). The accuracy of the apparatus was verified by comparing with the experimental data of carbon dioxide. The Joule-Thomson coefficients(μ_(JT)) for(CO_(2)+ H_(2)) binary mixtures with mole fractions of carbon dioxide(x_(CO_(2))= 0.1, 0.26, 0.5,0.86, 0.94) along six isotherms at various pressures were measured. Five equations of state EOSs(PR,SRK, PR, BWR and GERG-2008 equation) were used to calculate the μ_(JT)for both pure systems and binary systems, among which the GERG-2008 predicted best with a wide range of pressure and temperature.Moreover, the Joule-Thomson inversion curves(JTIC) were calculated with five equations of state. A comparison was made between experimental data and predicted data for the inversion curve of CO_(2). The investigated EOSs show a similar prediction of the low-temperature branch of the JTIC for both pure and binary systems, except for the BWRS equation of state. Among all the equations, SRK has the most similar result to GERG-2008 for predicting JTIC.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10947170/A05 and 11104291)Natural Science Fund for Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province(Grant No.10KJB140006)+2 种基金Natural Sciences Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.11ZR1441300)Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Grant No.NY221098)sponsored by the Jiangsu Qing Lan Project and STITP Project(Grant No.XYB2013012)。
文摘The influence of acceleration of electrons on relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering in tightly focused linearly polarized laser pulses is investigated for the first time. In the framework of classical electrodynamics, it is deduced and found that the more severe the change in the electron transverse acceleration, the stronger the asymmetry of the radiation angle distribution, and the greater the transverse acceleration, the greater the radiation energy. Tightly focused, ultrashort,and high-intensity lasers lead to violent electron acceleration processes, resulting in a bifurcated radiation structure with asymmetry and higher energy. Additionally, a change in the initial phase of the laser brings about periodic change of the acceleration, which in turn makes the radiation change periodically with the initial phase. In other cases, the radiation is in a symmetrical double-peak structure. These phenomena will help us to modulate radiation with more energy collimation.
基金supported by the National MCF Energy R&D Program of China(No.2019YFE03020003)partly supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(No.2021BAA167)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51821005)。
文摘As a promising method for fast ion diagnostics,collective Thomson scattering(CTS)can measure the one-dimensional velocity distribution of fast ions with high spatial and temporal resolution.The feasibility of diagnosing fast ions in a compact high-field tokamak by CTS was studied in this work,and the results showed that a wide range of probing frequencies could be applied.A high-frequency case and a low-frequency case were mainly considered for fast ion diagnostics in a compact high-field tokamak.The use of a high probing frequency could effectively avoid the refraction effect of the beams,while the application of a low probing frequency allows greater flexibility in the selection of scattering angle which may help to improve the spatial resolution.Based on typical plasma conditions(B_(0)=12.2 T,n_(e0)=4.3×10^(20)m^(-3),T_(e0)=22.2 keV,T_(i0)=19.8 keV)for a compact high-field tokamak,a220 GHz CTS diagnostic that utilizes a small scattering angle ofθ=30°and a 160 GHz CTS diagnostic that utilizes an orthogonal geometry were proposed.Further study showed that the high-frequency case could operate in a wider range of plasma conditions and provide more information on fast ions while the low-frequency case could achieve higher spatial resolution of the poloidal direction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2019YFE0302002, 2017YFE0301203 and 2017YFE0301202)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12175055)。
文摘A vertical edge Thomson scattering(ETS) diagnostic system on HL-2M tokamak has been designed.The ETS system collects the scattered light from Nd:YAG laser(1064 nm,2 J,30 Hz,15 ns).The laser beam propagates vertically through the plasma region and the polarization is parallel to the toroidal magnetic field.A special designed Galileo-type telescope with long Rayleigh length is applied to focus the laser size and ensure collimation.A group of doubleGaussian collection lenses image the 600 mm vertical scattered region onto rectangular fiber arrays with a spatial resolution of 10 mm.The 2.20 mm × 2.86 mm fiber optic bundle consists of 130 low hydroxyl(OH) 200/220 μm(core/cladding) diameter fibers with numerical aperture NA=0.22,carrying the light to remotely located multi-channel polychromators.Effect of oblique incidence on narrow band filter has been analyzed.The designed electron temperatures range from 5 to 1000 eV and electron densities from 5 × 10^(18) to 1×10^(20) m^(-3).
