Facile synthesis of tin oxide nanocrystals and their photocatalytic activity

Tin oxide nanociystals with diameters smaller than 10 nm were synthesized using Na2SnO3 and CO2 as reactants and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide（CTAB） as stabilizer under mild conditions.As a mild acidic gas,CO2 is favorable for the accurate adjustment of pH value of Na2SnO3 solution.Stannate salt is stable,cheap and easy in operation.The effects of Na2SnO3concentration,CTAB concentration,aging temperature,and aging time on the nanociystals were studied.It was found that,with the increasing Na2SnO3 concentration,aging temperature and aging time,SnO2 nanociystals size decreases.The formation of SnO2nanociystals can be interpreted by electrostatic-interaction mechanism.SnO2 nanociystals show high photocatalytic activities in the degradation of Rhodamine B solution.The catalytic activity of small nanocrystals is higher than that of large ones.

Effects of hierarchical structure on the performance of tin oxide-supported platinum catalyst for room-temperature formaldehyde oxidation

Flower-like tin oxide-supported platinum（Pt/SnOx） with a hierarchical structure was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD,SEM,TEM,high resolution TEM,XPS and nitrogen adsorption.The flower-like Pt/SnOx microspheres of 1 μm in diameter were composed of staggered petal-like nanosheets with a thickness of 20 nm.Pt nanoparticles（NPs） of 2-3 nm were well dispersed on the SnOx nanosheets.The catalyst was tested in the catalytic oxidation of gaseous formaldehyde（HCHO） at room temperature,and exhibited enhanced activity compared to Pt NPs supported on commercial SnO and ground SnOx.HCHO removal of 87%was achieved over the hierarchical Pt/SnOx after 1 h of reaction,which was 1.5 times that over the ground SnOx-supported Pt（Pt/g-SnOx）,and the high activity was maintained after six recycles,showing the high stability of this catalyst.HCHO decomposition kinetics was modeled as a second order reaction.The reaction rate constant for Pt/SnOx was 5.6 times higher than Pt/g-SnOx.The hierarchical pore structure was beneficial for the diffusion and adsorption of HCHO molecules,and the highly dispersed Pt NPs on the SnOx nanosheets were the active sites for the oxidative decomposition of HCHO into CO2 and H2O.This study provided a promising approach for designing efficient catalysts for indoor HCHO removal at ambient temperature.

Study on the Multi-Sensing System Based on the Tin Oxide pH Electrode

In this study,the multi-sensing system based on the tin oxide pH electrode for the ion-determination was presented. With the advantages of the real-time supervisory control apparatus,the measured values could be displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD) immediately.In this study,the basic sensor was the tin oxide pH electrode,which was fabricated by radio frequency (r.f.) sputtering system on the indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrate.Moreover,the major blocks of the system consist of the tin oxide electrode-based ion selective electrodes (ISEs),an analog front-ended readout circuit,a microcontroller with built-in analog to digital (A/D) converter.In addition,by the embedded system design,the measurement results can be transmitted to a portable system or computer through the Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) interface immediately.According to the experimental results,the multi-sensing system has high performance and reliability for pH,K^+,and Na^+ detection.

Support effect of zinc tin oxide on gold catalyst for CO oxidation reaction

Nanostructured gold catalyst supported on metal oxide is highly active for the CO oxidation reac‐tion. In this work, a new type of oxide support, zinc tin oxide, has been used to deposit 0.7 wt%Au via a deposition‐precipitation method. The textural properties of Zn2SnO4 support have been tuned by varying the molar ratio between base （N2H4＆#183;H2O） and metal ion （Zn2＋） to be 4/1, 8/1 and 16/1. The catalytic tests for CO oxidation reaction revealed that the reactivity on Au‐Zn2SnO4 with N2H4＆#183;H2O/Zn2＋ = 8/1 was the highest, while the reactivity on Au‐Zn2SnO4 with N2H4＆#183;H2O/Zn2＋ =16/1 was almost identical to that of the pure support. Both fresh and used catalysts have been characterized by multiple techniques including nitrogen adsorption‐desorption, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray adsorption fine structure, and tempera‐ture‐programmed reduction by hydrogen. These demonstrated that the textural properties, espe‐cially pore volume and pore size distribution, of Zn2SnO4 play crucial roles in the averaged size of gold nanoparticles, and thus determine the catalytic activity of Au‐Zn2SnO4 for CO oxidation.

Preparation of indium tin oxide targets with a high density and single phase structure by normal pressure sintering process

The present work mainly describes the technology for preparing indium-tin oxide （ITO） targets by cold isostatic pressing （CIP） and normal pressure sintering process. ITO powders were produced by chemical co-precipitation and shaped into an ITO green compact with a relative density of 60% by CIP under 300 MPa. Then, an ITO target with a relative density larger than 99.6% was obtained by sintering this green compact at 1550℃ for 8 h. The effects of forming pressure, sintering temperature and sintering time on the density of the target were inves- tigated. Also, a discussion was made on the sintering atmosphere.

Nitrogen doped tin oxide nanostructured catalysts for selective electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate

Tin/tin oxide materials are key electrocatalysts for selective conversion of CO;to formate/formic acid.Herein we report a tin oxide material with nitrogen doping by using ammonia treatment at elevated temperature. The N doped material demonstrated enhanced electrocatalytic CO;reduction activity, showing high Faradaic efficiency（90%） for formate at -0.65 V vs. RHE with partial current density of 4 mA/cm;.The catalysis was contributed to increased electron negativity of N atom compared to O atom. Additionally, the N-doped catalyst demonstrates sulfur tolerance with retained formate selectivity. The analysis after electrolysis shows that the catalyst structure partially converts to metallic Sn, and thus the combined Sn/N-SnO;is the key for the active CO;catalysis.

Preparation of silver tin oxide powders by hydrothermal reduction and crystallization

Silver tin oxide composite powders were synthesized by the hydrothermal method with a silver ammine solution and a Na2SnO3 solution as raw materials. H2C2O4 was used as the co-precipitator of silver ions and tin ions. The co-precipitation conditions were investigated. The results show that the co-precipitate of Ag2C2O4 and Sn（OH）4 is available when the pH value of the solution is 4.27-8.36. Using the obtained precipitate as precursor,the reduction of Ag＋ and the crystallization of tin oxide were carried out simultaneously by the hydrothermal method and silver tin oxide composite powders were obtained. The composite powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis,scanning electron microscope （SEM）,and energy spectrum analysis. The results show that the silver tin oxide composite powders are small with a diameter of about 2 μm and with homogeneous distribution of tin.

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl_4 and SbCl_3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using： （1） an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and （2） isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.

Tin oxide-graphite composite for lithium storage material in lithium-ion batteries

A SnO-graphite composite material, which can deliver high capacities and good cycling stability compared with unsupported SnO, was described. This material prepared via chemical co-precipitation reaction in the presence of graphite consists of high dispersion of SnO with a size of about several hundred nanometers in the graphite. The phase structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology and the element distribution were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy spectrum. The results show that the SnO-graphite composites produced by slowly hydrolysis have higher rechargeable capacities than pure graphite and better cycling performance than SnO.

Preparation of High Quality Indium Tin Oxide Film on a Microbial Cellulose Membrane Using Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering

Microbial cellulose （MC） membranes produced by Acetobacter xylinum NUST4.1,were used as flexible substrates for the fabrication of transparent indium tin oxide （ITO） electrodes.Transparent and conductive ITO thin films were deposited on MC membrane at room temperature using radio frequency （RF） magnetron sputtering.The optimum ITO deposition conditions were achieved by examining crystalline structure,surface morphology and op-toelectrical characteristics with X-ray diffraction （XRD）,scanning electron microscopy （SEM）,atomic force mi-croscopy （AFM）,and UV spectroscopy.The sheet resistance of the samples was measured with a four-point probe and the resistivity of the film was calculated.The results reveal that the preferred orientation of the deposited ITO crystals is strongly dependent upon with oxygen content （O2/Ar,volume ratio） in the sputtering chamber.And the ITO crystalline structure directly determines the conductivity of ITO-deposited films.High conductive [sheet resis-tance ～120 Ω·square-1 （Ω·sq-1）] and transparent （above 76%） ITO thin films （240 nm thick） were obtained with a moderate sputtering power （about 60 W） and with an oxygen flow rate of 0.25 ml·min-1 （sccm） during the deposi-tion.These results show that the ITO-MC electrodes can find their potential application in optoelectrical devices.

Tin oxide(SnO_2) as effective electron selective layer material in hybrid organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells

The emergence of hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells （PSCs） causes a break through in the solar technology recently due to its fabrication processes. The dramatic enhancenlent in in 2009 to the recent certified record PCE of 22.7% superior optoelectronic properties and the low-cost power conversion efficiency （PCE） of PSCs flom 3.8% ndicates huge potential of PSCs for future high efficiency and large scale photovoltaic manufacturing. The electron selective layer （ESL） plays an important role in electron extraction and hole blocking function in PSCs, and there have been great interest in developing efficient ESL materials. Recently, tin oxide （SnO2） as an ESL has attracted significant research attentions owing to its low temperature preparation processes as well as yielding high PCE and good stability of PSCs. In this perspective article, we focus on the development progress of SnO2 as an ESL m PSCs, and discuss the strategies for preparing SnO2 to achieve PSCs with high efficiency, less hysteresis and good device stability.

Preparation of Indium Tin Oxide Films on Polycarbonate substrates by Radio-frequency Magnetron Sputtering

Indium tin oxide（ITO）thin films（100±10nm）were deposited on PC（polycarbonate）and glass substrates by rf（radio-frequency）mannetron spuutering.The oxygen content of the ITO films was changed by variation of the sputtering gas composition.All the other deposition parameters were kept constant.The sheet resistance.optical transmittance and microstructure of ITO films were investigated using a four-point probe.spectrophotometer,X-ray diffractometer（XRD）and atomic force microscope（AFM）.Sheet resistances for the ITO films with optical transmittance more than 75% on PC substrates varied from 40Ω/cm^2 to more than 104 Ω/cm^2 with increasing oxygen partial pressure from O to about 2%.The same tendeney of sheet resistances increasing with increasing oxygen partial pressure was observed on glass substrates.The X-ray diffraction data indicated polycrystalline filns with grain orientations predominantly along（440）and （422）directions.The intensities of （440）and （422）peaks increased slightly with the increase of oxygen partial pressure both on PC and glass substrates.The AFM images show that the ITO films on PC substrates were dense and uniform.The average grain size of the films was about 40nm.

Effects of annealing process on characteristics of fully transparent zinc tin oxide thin-film transistor

Annealing effect on the performance of fully transparent thin-film transistor （TTFT）, in which zinc tin oxide （ZnSnO） is used as the channel material and SiO2 as the gate insulator, is investigated. The ZnSnO active layer is deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering while a SiO2 gate insulator is formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The saturation field-effect mobility and on/off ratio of the TTFT are improved by low temperature annealing in vacuum. Maximum saturation field-effect mobility and on/off ratio of 56.2 cm2/（V.s） and 3×10^5 are obtained, respectively. The transfer characteristics of the ZnSnO TPT are simulated using an analytical model and good agreement between measured and the calculated transfer characteristics is demonstrated.

Electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide/epoxy composite film

The electrical and optical properties of the indium tin oxide （ITO）/epoxy composite exhibit dramatic variations as functions of the ITO composition and ITO particle size. Sharp increases in the conductivity in the vicinity of a critical volume fraction have been found within the framework of percolation theory. A conductive and insulating transition model is extracted by the ITO particle network in the SEM image, and verified by the resistivity dependence on the temperature. The dependence of the optical transmittance on the particle size was studied. Further decreasing the ITO particle size could further improve the percolation threshold and light transparency of the composite film.

Soft chemical synthesis and electrochemical properties of tin oxide-based materials as anodes for lithium ion batteries

A novel soft chemical approach was developed to synthesize tin oxide-based powders. The microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and electrochemical methods. The results show that the particles of tin oxide-based materials form an interconnected network structure like mesoporous material. The average size of the particles is about 200 nm. The materials deliver a charge capacity of more than 570 mA·h·g-1. And the capacity loss per cycle is about 0.15% after being cycled for 30 times. The good electrochemical performance indicates that tin oxide-based materials are promising anodes for lithium ion batteries.

Preparation,Characterization and Electronic Properties of Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Films

Tin oxide（SnO2） and fluorine doped tin oxide（FTO） films were prepared on glass substrates by sol-gel spin-coating using SnCl4 and NH4F precursors.Fluorine doping concentration was fixed at 4 at%and 20 at%by controlling precursor sol composition.Films exhibited the tetragonal rutile-type crystal structure regardless of fluorine concentration.Uniform and highly transparent FTO films,with more than 85%of optical transmittance,were obtained by annealing at 600℃.Florine doping of films was verified by analyzing the valence band region obtained by XPS.It was found that the fluorine doping affects the shape of valence band of SnO2 films.In addition,it was observed that the band gap of SnO2 is reduced as well as the Fermi level is upward shifted by the effect of fluorine doping.

Preparation and Characterization of Transparent Conductive Zinc Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Radio-frequency Magnetron Sputtering

High transparent and conductive thin films of zinc doped tin oxide （ZTO） were deposited on quartz substrates by the radio-frequency （RF） magnetron sputtering using a 12 wt% ZnO doped with 88 wt% SnO2 ceramic target.The effect of substrate temperature on the structural,electrical and optical performances of ZTO films has been studied.X-ray diffraction （XRD） results show that ZTO films possess tetragonal rutile structure with the preferred orientation of （101）.The surface morphology and roughness of the films was investigated by the atomic force microscope （AFM）.The electrical characteristic （including carrier concentration,Hall mobility and resistivity） and optical transmittance were studied by the Hall tester and UV- VIS,respectively.The highest carrier concentration of -1.144×1020 cm-3 and the Hall mobility of 7.018 cm2（V ·sec）-1 for the film with an average transmittance of about 80.0% in the visible region and the lowest resistivity of 1.116×10-2 Ω·cm were obtained when the ZTO films deposited at 250 oC.

Study on the Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Tin Oxide Electrode

An amperometric glucose biosensor based on a tin oxide (SnO_2) electrode has been developed.The SnO_2 electrode is prepared by depositing the SnO_2 thin film onto a carbon electrode.To fabricate the SnO_2 amperometric glucose biosensor,the glucose oxidase and electron transfer mediator (ferrocenecarboxylic acid,FcA) are coimmobilized on the SnO_2 electrode using polyacrylamide.The detection range is up to glucose concentration of 520mg/dl as the applied potential is set at 300mV. Moreover,the most merit for the SnO_2 electrode as the base electrode of the SnO_2 amperometric glucose biosensor is that it can be operated at 150mV constant applied potential.The interference reduction,detection range,sensitivity and linearity are improved as the SnO_2 thin film is deposited onto a carbon electrode.Furthermore,due to the low cost substrate and simple fabrication characteristics,a disposable amperometric glucose biosensor based on the SnO_2 electrode has been realized in this study.

Isothermal thermo-analytical study and decomposition kinetics of non-activated and mechanically activated indium tin oxide(ITO) scrap powders treated by alkaline solution

Isothermal decomposition process of chemically transforming indium tin oxide（ITO） powders into indium（III） hydroxide powders was investigated. Two types of powders were analyzed, i.e., non-activated and mechanically activated. It has been found that in the case of activated sample, shorter induction periods appear, which permits growth of smaller crystals, while in the case of non-activated sample, long induction periods appear, characterized by the growth of larger crystals. DAEM approach has shown that decomposition processes of non-activated and mechanically activated samples can be described by contracting volume model with a linear combination of two different density distribution functions of apparent activation energies（Ea）, and with first-order model, with a single symmetrical density distribution function of Ea, respectively. It was established that specific characteristics of particles not only affect the mechanism of decomposition processes, but also have the significant impact on thermodynamic properties.

Preparation of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Using a Sol-Gel Process Based on Tin Dichloride and Absolute Ethanol

Tin oxide nanoparticles with the average size of 17.4 nm (firing at 600℃for 2 h) have been successfully prepared through a sol-gel process starting with tin dichloride and absolute ethanol as precursors.The particles were characterized by TGA,XRD,SEM and TEM.And preliminary sensing properties were given.